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Late-repair craniosynostosis (LRC), defined as craniosynostosis surgery beyond 1 year of age, is often associated with increased complexity and potential complications. Our study analyzed data from the 2010–2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database to investigate patient factors related to LRC. Of 10 830 craniosynostosis repair cases, 17% were LRC. These patients were predominantly from lower-income families and had more comorbidities, indicating that socioeconomic status could be a significant contributor. LRC patients were typically treated at teaching hospitals and privately owned investment institutions. Our risk-adjusted analysis revealed that LRC patients were more likely to belong to the lowest-income quartile, receive treatment at privately owned investment hospitals, and use self-payment methods. Despite these challenges, the hospital stay duration did not significantly differ between the two groups. Interestingly, LRC patients faced a higher predicted mean total cost compared with those who had surgery before turning 1. This difference in cost did not translate to a longer length of stay, further emphasizing the complexity of managing LRC. These findings highlight the urgent need for earlier intervention in craniosynostosis cases, particularly in lower-income communities. The medical community must strive to improve early diagnosis and treatment strategies in order to mitigate the socioeconomic and health disparities observed in LRC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early cholecystectomy (E-CCY; 8 weeks or less) after percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) placement has been associated with increased postoperative complications, but this finding has not been validated at a national level and PCT-related complications and interventions (PCT-RCIs) were not evaluated.Study Design: Adults with PCT for acute cholecystitis subsequently undergoing CCY were identified within the Nationwide Readmission Database (2010-2015) and our institution (2017-2019). Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) of postoperative complications were estimated using Poisson regression comparing E-CCY with delayed cholecystectomy (D-CCY; more than 8 weeks) within the nationwide cohort. Institutional PCT-RCIs, operative data, and postoperative outcomes were compared between E-CCY and D-CCY using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results: Of 6,145 patients from the Nationwide Readmission Database, 32.9% were D-CCY. Risk-adjusted analysis identified no differences between E-CCY and D-CCY in complications (aRR 0.98; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.07), mortality (aRR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.81), or 30-day readmissions (aRR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.27). Risk-adjusted analyses assessing the association of time to interval cholecystectomy (IC) with morbidity indicated an increased risk of surgical complications in the first month after PCT placement (aRR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.33). In the institutional cohort (E-CCY, n = 23; D-CCY, n = 45), there were no statistically significant differences found in estimated blood loss, length of stay, and postoperative complications. There were increased PCT-RCIs in the D-CCY group (26.9% E-CCY vs 69% D-CCY; p < 0.01) based on our unadjusted analysis.Conclusions: Increased operative complications when IC is performed within 1 month of PCT placement and increased PCT-RCIs when IC is performed 8 weeks after PCT placement suggest that the most favorable timing for IC is between 4 and 8 weeks after PCT placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic bariatric surgery have decreased steadily during the past 2 decades. National data on the rates at which these patients may require return to the hospital beyond 30 days are lacking. We aimed to determine the national burden and causes of readmission after the 3 most common bariatric procedures in the United States. All adult patients with morbid obesity (>18 years old) who underwent a laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, or laparoscopic gastric bypass between 2010 and 2015 were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes from the Nationwide Readmission Database. The Nationwide Readmission Database permits longitudinal tracking of patients between hospital admissions and allows for nationally weighted estimates. The primary outcome was 180-day readmission; secondary outcomes included causes, mortality, time to readmission, costs, and procedures during readmission. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with increased 180-day readmission after adjusting for differences in patient and hospital characteristics. Records from 228,043 patients were identified, of whom 10.1%, 36.1%, and 53.9% underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic gastric bypass, respectively. The overall 180-day readmission rate was 10.8% (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding 8.3%, LGS 7.8% and laparoscopic gastric bypass 13.2%). Readmission analysis showed that 64.5% were directly relates directly to the index procedure, 31.2% were readmitted to a different hospital, the median time to readmission was 28 days (interquartile ratio 9–77), 23.9% had a gastrointestinal procedure, and 0.48% died within the 180-day readmissions. Factors independently associated with increased readmission were the following: greater preoperative comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2, odds ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–1.44); either Medicare status (1.84 [1.72–1.97]) or Medicaid status (1.60 [1.48–1.73]) relative to private insurance; moderate (1.09 [1.03–1.15]) or major (1.33 [1.13–1.56]) severity of illness relative to minor Nationwide Readmission Database-provided severity of illness; nonresident of state where they were admitted initially (1.49 [1.31–1.69]); discharge to a health care system other than home (1.70 [1.46–1.97]); short-term hospital 1.70 [1.46–1.97]); admission to private hospital (1.11 [1.01–1.22]) relative to nonprofit hospital; prolonged duration of initial hospital stay (1.81 [1.70-1.92]); and a serious adverse event occurring during the index admission (1.20 [1.02–1.42]). Patients who were readmitted had an incremental mean difference of $15,781 (95% confidence interval, $15,168–$16,394.4; P <. 001) in total costs. Readmissions after bariatric surgery continue to occur even 6 months after discharge. Most of these readmissions were related directly to the index procedure. Almost a fourth of those patients who were readmitted d required a procedure and almost a third presented to a different hospital than the hiatal of their initial operation. These readmissions carry a substantial burden for the health care system and may impair quality of life for patients. Strategies targeted to prevent readmissions beyond the traditional 30-day benchmark are warranted in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The 30-day readmission rate is increasingly utilized as a metric of quality that impacts reimbursement. To date, there are no nationally representative data on readmission rates after thyroid surgery. We aimed to determine national readmission rates after inpatient thyroidectomy operations and whether select clinical factors were associated with increased odds of postthyroidectomy readmission. Methods Using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we identified patients undergoing inpatient thyroid surgery as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, procedure codes for thyroid lobectomy, partial thyroidectomy, complete thyroidectomy, and substernal thyroidectomy. Descriptive statistics were used to report readmission rates, most common diagnosis and causes of readmission, and timing of presentation after discharge. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders were used to determine whether select factors were associated with 30-day readmission. Results A total of 22,654 patients underwent inpatient thyroid surgery during the study period, 990 of whom (4.4%) were readmitted within 30 days. Among these, the most common diagnoses during readmission were disorders of mineral metabolism and hypocalcemia, accounting for 36.0% and 26.6% of readmissions, respectively. This held true regardless of the apparent indication for thyroid surgery (goiter, cancer, or thyroid function disorder) or timing of readmission after discharge. Calcium-related abnormalities were the top diagnoses at readmissions (22.1%). Most readmissions (54.6%) occurred within 7 days of discharge, with 24.6% within the first 2 days Factors associated with an increased odds of readmission included having Medicare (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.47 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–2.11) or Medicaid insurance (AOR 1.44 [CI 1.04–1.99]), being discharged to inpatient post acute care (AOR 2.31 [CI 1.48–3.62]) or to home health care (AOR 1.78 [CI 1.21–2.63]), having an Elixhauser comorbidity score ≥ 4 (AOR 2.04 [CI 1.27–3.26]), and a duration of stay ≥2 days after the thyroid surgery (AOR 2.7 [CI 1.9–3.82]). The only complication during index admission associated with increased odds of readmission was hypocalcemia (AOR 1.5 [CI 1.1–2.06]. Indications for thyroid surgery were not associated with increased odds of readmission. Conclusion Readmissions after thyroid surgery are relatively low and occur early after surgery. The most common diagnoses identified on readmission were calcium and mineral metabolism disorders, which also were the most common cause of readmission. Socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and complications during the index admissions were found to be associated with nonelective, postthyroidectomy readmissions. Recognition of these risk factors may guide the development of interventions and protocols to decrease readmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recommendations of the Joint Commission discourage the use of surgical skull caps in favor of bouffant or helmet headwear; however, data supporting such recommendations are limited and have been questioned in recent studies, as well as by our departmental and hospital leadership. At the end of December 2015, surgical caps were removed from our institution with the theoretic goal of decreasing surgical site infections. We aimed to assess the impact of this intervention on surgical site infection occurrence at our institution. Methods Using our institutional American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program General and Vascular procedure-targeted data, we identified patients undergoing any surgical procedure classified as clean or clean-contaminated during a 12-month period before and after implementation of the surgical headwear policy. Patients without complete 30-day follow-up were excluded. Cases with active infection at the time of operation were excluded. Vascular surgery operations were excluded because of the implementation of a separate intervention to decrease surgical site infections during the study period. Patients were grouped according to timing of the operation in relation to the policy change (12 months before or after). Descriptive statistics focused on proportions and adjusted logistic regression models were used to investigate the association of alternative headwear use with any type of surgical site infection. Models were adjusted for potential confounders that included demographics and clinical characteristics (age, sex, race or ethnicity, obesity, diabetes, steroid use, smoking status, cancer, urgency of the operation, and wound classification). Results A total of 1,901 patients underwent 1,950 procedures during the study period, with 767 (40%) before and 1,183 (60%) after the headwear policy measure was adopted. The most common procedures overall were colectomy (18%), pancreatectomy (13.5%), and ventral hernia repair (8.9%). The overall rate of any surgical site infection was 5.4%, with no difference before and after policy implementation (5.3% versus 5.5%; P =.81). Multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, race or ethnicity, obesity, diabetes, smoking status, steroid use, cancer diagnosis, and type of wound classification showed no association between implementation of this new policy and surgical site infections occurrence (odds ratio 1.12 [95% confidence interval 0.73–1.71]; P =.59). Conclusion In our institution, the strict implementation of bouffant or helmet headwear, with removal of skull caps from the operating room, was not associated with decreased surgical site infections for clean and clean-contaminated cases. Further evidence is required to assess the validity of this headwear guideline of the Joint Commission and support nationwide implementation of this policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Geriatric patients remain largely unstudied in low-middle income health care settings. The purpose of this study was to compare the epidemiology and outcomes of older versus younger adults with emergency general surgical conditions in South Asia. Methods Discharge data from March 2009 to April 2014 were obtained for all adult patients (≥16 years) with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes consistent with an emergency general surgery condition as defined by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Multivariable regression analyses compared patients >65 years of age with patients ≤65 years for differences in all-cause mortality, major complications, and duration of hospital stay. Models were adjusted for potential confounding owing to patient demographic and clinical case-mix data with propensity scores. Results We included 13,893 patients; patients >65 years constituted 15% ( n = 2,123) of the cohort. Relative to younger patients, older adults were more likely to present with a number of emergency general surgery conditions, including gastrointestinal bleeding (odds ratio OR [95% CI], 2.63[1.99–3.46]), resuscitation (2.17 [1.67–2.80]), and peptic ulcer disease (2.09 [1.40–3.10]). They had an 89% greater risk-adjusted odds (1.89 [1.55–2.29]) of complications and a 63% greater odds (1.63 [1.21–2.20]) of mortality. Restricted to patients undergoing operative interventions, older adults had 95% greater odds (1.95 [1.29–2.94]) of complications and 117% greater odds (2.17 [1.62–2.91]) of mortality. Conclusion Understanding unique needs of geriatric patients is critical to enhancing the management and prioritization of appropriate care in developing settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence supporting worse outcomes among obese patients is inconsistent. This study examined associations between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes after major resection for cancer. Methods Data from the 2005–2012 ACS-NSQIP were used to identify cancer patients (≥18 years) undergoing 1 of 6 major resections: lung surgery, esophagectomy, hepatectomy, gastrectomy, colectomy, or pancreatectomy. We used crude and multivariable regression to compare differences in 30-day mortality, serious and overall morbidity, duration of stay, and operative time among 3 BMI cohorts defined by the World Health Organization: normal versus underweight, overweight-obese I, and obese II–III. Propensity-scored secondary assessment and resection type-specific stratified analyses corroborated results. Results A total of 529,955 patients met inclusion criteria; 32.06% had normal BMI, 3.45% were underweight, 32.52% overweight, and 17.76%, 7.51%, and 4.94% obese I–III, respectively. Risk-adjusted outcomes for underweight patients consistently were worse. Overweight-obese I fared similarly to patients with normal BMI but had greater odds of isolated complications. Obese II–III patients experienced only marginally increased odds of morbidity. Analyses among propensity-scored cohorts and stratified by cancer-resection type reported similar trends. Worse outcomes were observed among morbidly obese hepatectomy and pancreatectomy patients. Conclusion Evidence-based assessment of outcomes after major resection for cancer suggests that obese patients should be treated with the aim for optimal oncologic standards without being hindered by a misleading perception of prohibitively increased perioperative risk. Underweight and certain types of morbidly obese patients require targeted provision of appropriate care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between the need for trauma care and trauma services has not been characterized previously. We compared the distribution of trauma admissions with state-level availability of trauma centers (TCs), surgical critical care (SCC) providers, and SCC fellowships, and assessed the association between trauma care provision and state-level trauma mortality.Study Design: We obtained 2013 state-level data on trauma admissions, TCs, SCC providers, SCC fellowship positions, per-capita income, population size, and age-adjusted mortality rates. Normalized densities (per million population [PMP]) were calculated and generalized linear models were used to test associations between provision of trauma services (higher-level TCs, SCC providers, and SCC fellowship positions) and trauma burden, per-capita income, and age-adjusted mortality rates.Results: There were 1,345,024 trauma admissions (4,250 PMP), 2,496 SCC providers (7.89 PMP), and 1,987 TCs across the country, of which 521 were Level I or II (1.65 PMP). There was considerable variation between the top 5 and bottom 5 states in terms of Level I/Level II TCs and SCC surgeon availability (approximately 8.0/1.0), despite showing less variation in trauma admission density (1.5/1.0). Distribution of trauma admissions was positively associated with SCC provider density and age-adjusted trauma mortality (p ≤ 0.001), and inversely associated with per-capita income (p < 0.001). Age-adjusted mortality was inversely associated with the number of SCC providers PMP. For every additional SCC provider PMP, there was a decrease of 618 deaths per year.Conclusions: There is an inequitable distribution of trauma services across the US. Increases in the density of SCC providers are associated with decreases in mortality. There was no association between density of trauma admissions and location of Level I/Level II TCs. In the wake of efforts to regionalize TCs, additional efforts are needed to address disparities in the provision of quality care to trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]