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Increasing transparency and accountability in the current global food value chain is one of the biggest debates in food policy. Food waste generation and management is a global challenge that requires urgent prevention measures. Efforts are also required to develop significant conceptual frameworks and theoretical developments with a clear focus on a wide range of practical applications. The true cost paradigm identifies new research venues for the cross-disciplinary theme of waste in the food value chain. This commentary examines True Cost Accounting (TCA) as a potential theoretical and methodological framework to evaluate the impact of food waste in relationship to cost-externalizing and the hidden costs of food systems. The article opens up a discussion on true cost theory and its application to food waste. Additionally, it provides directions for future research in four specific areas: the broad food value chain, social policy, social sustainability aspects, and final consumers. • True cost of food as a theoretical framework to evaluate the impact of food waste. • TCA of food as a unified methodology to quantify cost-externalizing and hidden costs of food waste. • Directions for future research in redefining pricing in the cost of food waste along the value chain. • Discusses the development of instruments for social policy, taxes, and incentives. • Explores communication of fair price/value of food and end-users and consumption decisions and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human malaria continues to be a public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Malaria control is achieved through both individual protection against mosquito bites and drug treatment, which is hampered by the spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most antimalarials, including artemisinin derivatives. One of the key pharmacological strategies for controlling malaria is to block transmission of the parasites to their mosquito vectors. Following this rational, MEFAS, a synthetic hybrid salt derived from artesunate (AS) and mefloquine has been previously reported for its activity against asexual P. falciparum parasites in vitro , in addition to a pronounced reduction in the viability of mature gametocytes. Herein, MEFAS was tested against asexual forms of Plasmodium vivax and for its ability to block malaria transmission in Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes in a membrane feeding assay using P. vivax field isolates. MEFAS demonstrated high potency, with a IC50 of 6.5 nM against asexual forms of P. vivax. At 50 μM, MEFAS completely blocked oocyst formation in mosquitoes, regardless of the oocyst number in the control group. At lower doses, MEFAS reduced oocyst prevalence by greater than 20%. At equivalent doses, AS irregularly reduced oocyst formation and caused only slight inhibition of mosquito infections. These results highlight the potential of MEFAS as a novel transmission-blocking molecule, as well as its high blood schizonticidal activity against P. vivax and P. falciparum field isolates, representing a starting point for further development of a new drug with dual antimalarial activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tipping behavior is a vital way for waiting staff to enhance their wages, and for managers to monitor guest satisfaction. Despite its importance, there is not yet an established consensus on reasons why people tip. Our lack of understanding about tipping behavior is exacerbated by a strong reliance on studies conducted in countries that have a system of voluntary tipping (e.g., the United States). The study aims therefore at expanding our understanding of tipping behavior beyond voluntary tipping countries and more specifically explaining tipping behavior under service-inclusive pricing. Data obtained from 1458 guests in five European countries show that income and payment method are the strongest predictors of customers' decision to tip, whereas bill size is the most robust predictor of tip amount. Results advance knowledge by suggesting that social norm theory plays a major role to understand tipping behavior in service-inclusive pricing. • Income relates positively to tipping behavior in service-inclusive pricing contexts. • Service quality relates positively to tipping behavior in these contexts. • Customers who pay with cash are more likely to tip in these contexts. • Results favor both a social norm and equity explanations for tipping behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Innovation in hospitality has attracted considerable interest, partly because its processes and activities are so diverse, and partly because its impact on performance is still a puzzle. This study proposes a comprehensive theoretical model that reviews combinations of technological and non-technological innovation and the interrelation between different innovation strategies that contribute to generating competitive advantages. Using data from 2010 and 2012 CIS, it empirically examines different innovation strategies, analyzes their role in organizational performance, and thoroughly researches sectoral variation in innovation strategies between hospitality and other service subsectors. Comparative analysis suggests that hospitality is the least innovative service activity. The findings also show that in hotels sales turnover is positively related only to complex innovation strategies that emphasize both technological and non-technological innovation. The study concludes that the level of innovation varies from sector to sector and that innovation strategies can have different effects on performance depending on the sector. Highlights • Application of innovation theory to study innovation strategies in the service sector. • Innovation strategies have different effects on performance depending on the service subsector. • There are sectoral variations in innovation strategies between hospitality and other service subsectors. • Hospitality is the least innovative service activity. • Total sales turnover in hospitality is positively related only to complex innovation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Kenya's Arabica coffee is highly rated in the world and is a major source of income for over half a million smallholder farmers. Production has declined by 50% over the past 25 years despite efforts by initiatives. This study tries to unravel what drives coffee production in Kenya. Data were collected on six cooperatives through household interviews and discussions with farmers, cooperative officials, and key informants. Yields ranged from ten to 3889 kg/ha/year, averaged 474 kg/ha/year and were positively correlated with intensity of crop management (r = 0.09, P < 0.05). Coffee represented about 25–50% of total household income. The oldest farmers (average 63 years) were poorer, had less diversified income sources and managed coffee less intensively than younger farmers. Intensity of management differed among cooperatives and was positively correlated with trust in the cooperative (r = 0.209, P < 0.001). Households that received credit from marketers were 30% more likely to use fertilizers than other households. We show that the yield gap can be closed by existing practices, and intensification is influenced by household characteristics and services received. We conclude that increasing the participation of young farmers in coffee production and creating an enabling environment for intensification can have a positive and sustainable effect on national production. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Annual coffee yields are poor but variability is high (yield and standard deviation ≈ 474 kg/ha). • Maximum yields increase with intensity of crop management, and intensity of management was positively correlated to trust. • Young farmers have more diversified income portfolios than old and poor farmers. • Youngest farmers have smaller farms than oldest farmers, smaller coffee land, but better yields. • Strengthening or targeting of younger and more entrepreneurial farmers is needed for sustainable and improved production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Application of innovation theory to study food waste in the foodservice sector. • Foodservice professionals implement incremental and radical food waste innovations. • Introduction of different innovations is based on financial cost/benefit analysis. • Professionals approach innovations from an experience-based learning perspective. • Professionals lack systematic implementation of waste reduction strategies. Abstract There is growing evidence that a significant share of global food is thrown away, with concomitant detrimental repercussions for sustainability. Reducing food waste is a key sustainability challenge for the food service industry. Despite the significance of this issue to the global foodservice industry, the link between innovation practices and food waste management has received limited attention in the academic literature. This paper uses innovation management and social constructionism to investigate interrelationships of food service provisions and innovations in waste management. It is based on the evaluation of food waste solutions and innovations that combine strategic dimensions of waste management with practice-driven initiatives, including incremental (processes and technologies) and radical innovations. The paper presents a range of waste management initiatives, showing that their implementation in the foodservice sector varies depending on management's beliefs, knowledge, goals and actions. The concepts discussed here could help practitioners to become more aware of the factors that drive the adoption of food waste innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Changing environmental conditions introduce uncertainty into organizational operations, and airlines respond in various ways. Scholars traditionally explore responses to environmental uncertainty by drawing upon theories of communication networks, coordination, organizational resilience, and high reliability organizing. Yet, the research has competing communication predictions, which makes planning and designing organizational responses challenging, as the level and type of uncertainty changes over time. Research also does not address variations in responses across different groups of employees. Using longitudinal network data from the United Airlines operations tower in Newark Airport (USA), this research examines communication for the purpose of relational coordination in a dynamically adaptive organizational network. Results reveal different patterns of organizational communication as different employee groups (frontline, cross-functional boundary spanners, and managers) face varying conditions of uncertainty. This paper concludes with theoretical contributions and practical recommendations for managing complex communication networks to respond to dynamic conditions of uncertainty in the airline operations settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 25-year-old male with no past medical history presented with 1 day of chest pain. The patient had exercised with high intensity for a bodybuilding competition. He had fever, malaise, sore throat, and cough 1 week before presentation. He was tachycardic and tachypneic. Cardiac examination was unremarkable. Electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST segment elevation. Laboratory results showed leukocytosis, creatinine kinase 3078 unit/L, and troponin I 78.06 ng/mL. Coronary angiography revealed no occlusion. Echocardiogram showed ejection fraction of 45% with global hypokinesis. The next day, the patient became dyspneic, hypoxic, and hypotensive. Chest X-ray showed pulmonary edema requiring intubation for respiratory failure. Inotropic support and intra-aortic balloon pump were started. A viral panel was ordered and antibody titer of coxsackievirus B type 4 was ≥1:640. On obtaining further history, it was found that he took liothyronine 75 mcg daily for 3 weeks. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was 0.015 U/mL and free T3 was 4.4 ng/mL. Burch–Wartofsky score was 75. Methimazole and hydrocortisone were started. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse myocardial inflammation and edema. There was multifocal dense epicardial and midmyocardial necrosis in all segments. The patient was discharged on metoprolol and enalapril. The patient was instructed to refrain from supplements. < Learning objective: Exogenous thyroid hormone abuse may be an unusual cause of acute myocarditis in young healthy individuals. Physicians should emphasize to athletes to avoid overtraining and to minimize exposure to infection. Athletes with a clinical diagnosis of viral myocarditis should be temporarily excluded from competitive physical activity. Physicians should check whether athletes’ immunizations are up-to-date and advise athletes against the use of thyroid hormone.> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace rituals are powerful learning mechanisms for core values that underpin organizational culture in restaurants. Yet, more research is needed to identify different types and how these rituals operate to reinforce core values in different organizational cultures. Drawing on ritual theory, organizational culture and hospitality research, we use 52 semi-structured interviews and 20 observations to study four restaurants representing clan, ad hoc, market, and hierarchy cultures. We identify and unpack eight employee-focused emotional, behavioral, and cognitive workplace rituals linked with owners’ core values such as comradery, creativity, competition and efficiency. Finally, we discuss practical implications of workplace rituals as they relate to business identity, selection, retention and day-to-day management of employees to further strengthen said culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issues related to water conservation in urban centers are the increase in water supply cost, demand growth, pollution and differences in the distribution of water resources. Water conservation, the controlled and efficient use of water, includes both measures as reasonable means of water reuse. Thus, conservation practices are an effective way to meet demand and supply water to new activities and users without jeopardizing the supplying water bodies and preserving the natural environment. This study aims to examine the water management of a shopping mall, the use of rainwater harvesting combined with greywater reuse, to investigate the feasibility of these water reuse systems. For buildings in general, water loss is common due to leaks in the hydraulic and restroom equipment. These losses, which are caused by a high volume of water used and wasted in the system, are often the result of design errors, incorrect maintenance procedures and users' bad habits. In southern Brazil, where there is an abundance of rainwater, water shortages occasionally occur, particularly in the winter. One difficulty that appears on rainwater studies is the proper determination of rainwater volume that can be used to address water supply systems. In this work, the simulation method was used to determine this volume. Thus, simulations with the following variables: rainfall, catchment area and water consumption were performed. For mall's hydraulic systems, segmented alternatives are adopted. That is, focusing on the use of rainwater or greywater reuse. Other alternatives are underutilized due to sanitary issues, those are water from toilets and kitchen sinks. The adoption of greywater may be feasible if there is a significant flow of greywater to comply water demand for toilet flushing. The inspections made in this study found that the quantity of sinks was insufficient to supply an adequate amount of water to toilets and urinals. The greywater reuse system was found to be infeasible. Conversely, the rainwater harvesting system was entirely feasible and easily supplied water to all restrooms and contributed to the cooling of the air conditioning system with a short payback period. One of the challenges of this work was the need to compare the actual water consumption with a water consumption parameter used in buildings. Thus, a method that addresses the generation of specific consumption indexes for specific activity (like a mall) was used. The water consumption indices showed that this mall has a satisfactory water management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keg wine technology that allows for more sustainable packaging and distribution of wine is an innovation launched in the otherwise conservative wine industry. Yet, the study of keg wine through the lenses of sustainable offering in services is daunted by the challenges around sustainability innovation in service providers. Drawing on the sustainability-oriented service innovation (SOSI) tool (Calabrese et al., 2018a , 2018b), this paper uses keg wine as a case study of the forces that drive or hinder the adoption of sustainability innovation in service activities like foodservice. Data from owners and general managers of Swiss foodservices provides initial insight into the perceived benefits and challenges for the adoption of innovations with sustainability potential. Specifically, results show that the willingness to adopt keg technology increases when potential long-term sustainability benefits are paired with new business interactions and new delivery systems. The study offers insights that could be used whether a restaurant is adopting innovative keg wine or not, especially as sustainability is an increasingly determinant driver of customer purchase behavior. • Keg wine technology and packaging is a service innovation for sustainability in foodservice. • SOSI forces driving willingness to adopt keg wine technology are new business interactions and new delivery systems. • Sustainability innovation offers insights for the willingness to adopt keg wine. • Foodservices should inform their customers about the sustainability benefits of keg wine as SOSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ternary eutectic reaction L → Nb2Al + Al3Nb + AlNbNi occurs at the composition of Al–40.4Nb–2.42Ni and the temperature of 1553.6 °C. The third phase is an Al-rich AlNbNi phase with the composition Al–33.3Nb–12.3Ni. Ternary Nb–Al–Ni eutectic exhibits regular microstructure with the predominantly fibrous morphology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Under directional growth, the eutectic transformation L ⇄ Al 3 Nb + Nb 2 Al + Nb(Ni 1−x Al x) 2 resulted in a very organized three phase microstructure. While many features of this eutectic have already been explored, crystallographic details of its phases are still missing. This paper aims to investigate composition and crystallographic features of a directionally solidified eutectic made up of the Al 3 Nb, Nb 2 Al and Nb(Ni 1−x Al x) 2 phases. It was observed that the Nb(Ni 1−x Al x) 2 intermetallic phase has the C14 structure, with composition 56.91 ± 0.43 at.% Al, 10.11 ± 0.12 at.% Ni and 32.98 ± 0.53 at.% Nb. Selected area diffraction in a transmission electron microscope permitted interplanar spacings to be determined and values obtained are consistent with those in the literature. Accurate lattice parameters were determined using powder X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement. It was found that the lattice parameters of the Nb(Ni 1−x Al x) 2 (x = 0.85) phase are a = 5.031 Å and c = 8.298 Å and these lattice parameters depend on Al content. Highlights • The eutectic growth resulted in a well-organized rod-like three-phase arrangement. • XRD and Rietveld refinement allowed precise calculations of lattice parameters. • Laves phase lattice parameters depend on Al content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports on a study of composites of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETr) and sugarcane bagasse fiber with and without compatibilizing agents. The interfacial behavior of these composites was investigated by torque rheometry, tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A comparison of the torque values resulting from the use of ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (EBGMA) and ethylene–methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymer compatibilizing agents indicated that EBGMA increased the interaction between the constituents more effectively than EMA. The addition of bagasse sugarcane fiber did not affect the tensile modulus and reduced the tensile strength and elongation of PETr, as is normally observed in these types of composites. Consistent with the results of torque rheometry and DMA, the SEM analyses indicated that EBGMA improved adhesion between the constituents. All the composites showed promise as good alternatives for the production of environmentally friendly products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the Western Strait of Magellan in southernmost Chile marine transgression occurred between 14,500 and 13,500cal.BP. This is indicated by strongly increased accumulation of biogenic carbonate and first appearance of foraminifers in sediment records. From that time until 11,500cal.BP, sedimentation in the western fjords became predominant autochthonous, due to higher salinity and clay flocculation, and Late Glacial glacier retreat. Present day thermohaline zonation pattern, extensively representative for the Holocene, and sedimentation rates indicate that westerlies hampered westward outflow of superficial (0–30m water depth) glacial clay-rich freshwater from glaciated areas. During the Holocene, isostatic uplift of the Andes overcompensated sea level rise. In areas with high Glacial glacier loading this led to shallowing fjord sills and restricted exchange with marine water, especially since high freshwater inflow produced strong pycnoclines and preserved old saline water in fjord bottoms. To the east of the climate divide the Seno Skyring fjord system shows a year-round stable stratification, despite a strong wind-induced eastward superficial current in the upper 30–50m of the water column. Such currents enabled significant Late Glacial eastward transport of glacial clay. Sediment cores from this area indicate that east-ward sediment flux slowed down during the Holocene, probably due to less intense westerlies. Investigated present day thermohaline characteristics of the fjord system across the superhumid climate divide of the Southern Andes indicate details of the exchange between marine and freshwater which are fundamental for evaluation of sediment transport pathways, biogenic productivity and interpretation of paleoclimate records in this area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Monomethyl mercury (MeHg+) from the diet can cause mild to severe neurotoxicosis in fish-eating mammals. Chronic and low-level in utero exposure also can be neurotoxic, as documented in laboratory animal studies and epidemiologic investigations. In free-ranging animals, it is challenging to study low-level exposure related neurotoxicosis, and few studies have investigated the relationship between mercury (Hg) and adverse outcomes in wild populations. Relative to Hg concentrations on admission we evaluated different types of behaviors for 267 Pacific harbor seal (HS; Phoca vitulina richardii) pups at The Marine Mammal Center from 2015 to 2019 during rehabilitation after stranding and maternal separation. Admitted HS pups underwent a clinical exam; including sex and weight determination, and hair (partly lanugo grown in utero) and blood samples were collected for total Hg concentration ([THg]) determination. All pups were monitored weekly (behavior assessments included response to tactile stimulation, movement, swimming, interactions with other seals, hand feeding, and feeding independently), and days in rehabilitation and survival were recorded. There was a significant negative correlation between [THg] and responses to tactile stimulation and movements, measured in both hair and whole blood (p < 0.05). This relationship was found both during the intensive care unit (ICU) stage, and during the pool stage of rehabilitation. Additionally, there was a significant association between greater [THg] and number of days spent in rehabilitation, although there was no relationship between [THg] and survival. There was a significant sex difference, with greater [THg] in female pups, which contrasts with previously published findings in juvenile and adult harbor seals. Our findings support small, but significant associations between gestational THg exposure and clinical effects for tactile sensory response and movement, and longer rehabilitation durations for HS pups, although there was considerable variability among animals. Unlabelled Image • Wild-born harbor seal pups adversely affected by gestational Hg exposure. • Adverse effects included decreased response to tactile stimuli and less movement. • Greater [THg] also led to longer stays in rehabilitation for stranded pups. • Exposure to Hg can put wild animals at risk for neurodevelopmental abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bombay (Oh) phenotype is a rare phenotype in which red blood cells lack the H antigen as a result of a point mutation in the H gene. Oh patients are a challenge in transfusion medicine. We present a case of a pediatric patient with the Bombay phenotype who was carried to the emergency department of the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación in Medellín, Colombia. The patient presented gastrointestinal hemorrhage and required transfusion therapy. Pretransfusion and molecular immunohematological analyses identified the Bombay phenotype. The patient was transfused with Oh red blood cells imported to Colombia from the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Ceará (Hemoce) in Fortaleza, Brazil. This first case of an Oh individual in Colombia highlights the need to look for donors with rare phenotypes to fulfill the transfusion requirements of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Klebsiella pneumoniae persists in both fresh and marine water for more than 40d. • Persistence of K. pneumoniae is not directly correlated to mucoviscosity. • Hypermucoviscous (HMV) and non-HMV K. pneumoniae are capable of biofilm formation. • HMV K. pneumoniae biofilms are more resistant to disinfectants than non-HMV biofilms. Hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae (HMV) are emergent zoonotic pathogens associated with increased invasiveness and pathogenicity in terrestrial and marine mammals. In this study, HMV and non-HMV isolates recovered from stranded pinnipeds were used to investigate: 1) their persistence in sea and fresh water microcosms at 10 and 20°C, 2) their capacity to form biofilms, and 3) the biocide efficacy of four disinfectants on their planktonic and biofilm phenotypes. Results indicated that although HMV isolates were significantly more mucoviscous, non-HMV isolates displayed significantly greater capacity to form biofilms (p < 0.05). Additionally, non-HMV isolates persisted in greater numbers in both sea- and freshwater, particularly at 20°C. These two phenomena could be associated with the greater growth observed for non-HMV isolates in in-vitro growth-curve assays (p < 0.05). Similar susceptibility to disinfectants was detected in HMV and non-HMV isolates when exposed for 24 h; however, the minimal biofilm disinfectant eradication concentration for HMV isolates was significantly higher than that for non-HMV when exposed to disinfectants for 0.5 h. This information should be taken into consideration when developing biosecurity protocols in facilities holding marine mammals in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]