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Pakistan's energy sector has been in crises since 2005. Major reasons behind crises include huge dependence on imported fossil assets and lack of integrated energy planning. These crises have challenged energy sector and require special attention to solve them through proper planning using energy modeling tools. In this research, Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) is used for modeling Pakistan's energy sector for period 2020 to 2070. Energy demand, production and CO 2 emissions are forecasted under the Progressive (PROG) and Renewable Energy Sources, Technologies and Efficiency Measures (RESTEM) scenarios by considering techno-economic parameters. Results of this study suggest that transition towards defossilized energy system is possible through RESTEM scenario. Model results shows that energy demand for 2020 is 112 TWh and for 2070 is 2684 TWh. On supply side, energy production for 2020 is 114 TWh and for 2070 it is 2696 TWh. Share of renewable sources in total energy mix is increased from 38.5% in 2021 to 59.1% in 2070 and share of non-renewable sources is reduced from 53.1% in 2021 to 40.9% in 2070. CO 2 emissions are also reduced from 153,083.7 million tons to 56,152 million tons under RESTEM scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the recent climate change, organizations all over the globe are developing plans for reducing carbon emissions by developing clean energy technologies and energy efficient devices. In this regard, the developments have not been done over the past two decades on green energy in Pakistan and in general, the representation of renewable sources especially biomass feedstock supply such as agriculture residue, forest residue, municipal waste and animal waste for green energy transition pathways is limited. Using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP®) software, path for green energy transition is analyzed in Pakistan by incorporating the biomass feedstock under the ongoing and sustainable energy scenarios from 2022 to 2050. Results showed that the bioelectricity production will increase from 18.73 TWh (in the ongoing scenario) to the 265.20 TWh (in the biomass based sustainable energy scenario) till 2050. Furthermore, the development of biomass plants would help in reducing the CO 2 emissions from 138.47 million metric tonnes in the current scenario to 8.71 million metric tonnes in the sustainable energy scenario by 2050. This study will provide the fundamental data and aid the policy makers and other stakeholders to shift toward developing renewable and sustainable energy systems in Pakistan. • Role of biomass in energy mix is significant for Pakistan. • Pakistan is producing 560.19 million tons of biomass resource annually. • Bioelectricity production will increase from 18.73 to 265.20 TWh using biomass till 2050. • LEAP® model is developed for sustainable climate change. • Bioelectricity will reduce CO 2 emissions from 138.47 to 8.71 million metric tonnes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power sector of Pakistan is facing many issues such as departmental mismanagement, huge dependence on imported fossil fuels, the greater cost of power generation, lower production of energy along with old monitoring and controlling mechanism equipped with outdated devices. These all issues are responsible for energy crises in the country for the last two decades. The motive of this paper is to implement a smart grid model as per National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) interoperability (protocols and standards, release 4.0) in Pakistan's electric network for the efficient management of an integrated energy system. In this regard, discusses the current condition of Pakistan's power sector for smart grid integration. Issues and challenges are presented for smart grid deployment with possible approaches to tackle these problems. Implement smart grid model and its synopsis with the help of available smart technologies and energy resources that are responsible to interconnect the power sector organizations and national power system. The implemented model and its synopsis are evaluated using SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threads) and STEEPLE (Social, Technical, Environmental, Economic, Political, Legal, and Ethical) analysis. In this paper, the authors find the smart grid as the best option and shows that how smart grid technology can be implemented in Pakistan and how this technology can manage the integrated energy system efficiently. • Review on Pakistan's electric network for the deployment of smart grid. • Analysis on issues, challenges and potentials for smart grid deployment. • Assess smart technologies and energy sources for smart grid integration. • Develop smart grid model and its synopsis for integrated energy management system. • Propose an energy solution for Pakistan to achieve sustainable energy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has been in severe energy crises since the year 2004. Major reasons behind energy crises are lack of use of modeling tools in power planning and policy development, dependence on imported energy sources and poor governance. In this paper, electricity demand forecasting for Pakistan up to the year 2030 and a proposal for utilizing domestic energy resources, such as, coal, natural gas, and solar resources available in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the electricity needs of the country are presented. Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) software is used to develop energy demand model for Pakistan that forecasts energy demand under two scenarios, i.e., baseline scenario and energy conservation scenario for the period from 2018 to 2030. Electrical power generation capacity of coal, natural gas and solar resources is also calculated considering the capacity factor of each type of energy asset using MATLAB. This work suggests that Pakistan's energy demand forecast is 399 TWh under the baseline scenario and 312 TWh under the energy conservation scenario. The power generation potential of domestic energy assets available in Baluchistan is 500.041 TWh in total, which includes Natural Gas 392.768 TWh, Solar 84.935 TWh and Coal 22.338 TWh. This research would help relevant government departments in Pakistan for power capacity development as per the required energy demand and alleviate energy crises in Pakistan. • Create balance between power demand and supply for economic development. • Forecast energy demand of Pakistan through the application of LEAP software. • Forecast power generation capacity of domestic energy sources and propose integrated energy policy for Pakistan. • Provide sufficient power at competitive price and avoid capacity shortfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]