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Poultry can see in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and supplementation of UVA has been shown to reduce laying hens' fear and stress. The shorter wavelengths (UVB) also facilitate vitamin D 3 production. However, UV spectrums are typically not included in indoor commercial poultry lighting which may result in less than optimum welfare of laying hens. This study predicted that UVA and UVA/B supplementation would increase desirable behaviours such as foraging and exploratory pecking and reduce measures of fear and stress. The effects of UV light supplementation were assessed on 252 ISA Brown hens during the period from 16 to 27 weeks of age. Birds were housed in eighteen pens (14 hens/pen) under three different light treatment groups each with six replications: (i) UV0: standard control lighting with LED white light, (ii) UVA: control lighting plus a supplemental 'daylight' avian bulb providing UVA, and (iii) UVA/B: control lighting plus a supplemental full spectrum reptile bulb containing both UVA and UVB wavelengths. Behavioural time budgets were assessed in the home pens at 18 and 24 weeks. At 20, 23, and 26 weeks, assessments included: individual behavioural tests of tonic immobility and open field, pen-level novel object tests and blood heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios. At 27 weeks the UV supplemental lights were turned off for 3 days as a 'stressor' with bird locations in the pen measured before and during the stressor, along with H/L ratio and attention bias test assessments. Results showed limited effects of the supplemental lights. At 26 weeks both UV light treatments reduced tonic immobility duration (P = 0.006) and vocalisations across time in the open field test (P = 0.0003), while the UVA/B hens had lower H/L ratios than the UV0 hens (P = 0.01). However, removing the treatment lights did not result in greater stress and anxiety and there were few differences observed in the home pen time budgets. Overall, these results align with complementary findings in the same birds showing minimal impact of the UV treatments on measures of egg production, egg quality, bone health, and circulating plasma P and Ca but with an increase in serum vitamin D (25(OH)D 3) for the UVA/B hens. The supplemental UV lights in this study were only on one side of the pens which could have minimised their impacts. Similarly, effects may vary at different points in the production cycle than included in this study. • Ultraviolet (UV) light supplementation reduced tonic immobility durations at 26 weeks • UVA/B supplementation reduced heterophil/lymphocyte ratios compared to control light • Removing UV supplementation did not increase measures of stress and anxiety • Overall, UV supplementation had limited positive or negative impacts during early lay [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simulation of highly efficient CZTS solar cell. • Introduce CZTSe back surface field (BSF) layer to reduce back contact recombination. • Marked enhancement in PCE achieved. • Effect of back contact metals analyzed and Mo, Ni, Au, and Pt proposed as back contacts. • Detail analysis presented to guide the cells grower. Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) thin film solar cell achieved a great attention of researchers due to its optimum direct energy gap, higher absorption coefficient and good electronic properties. In this work, the CZTS/CdS based solar cell structure with and without back surface field (BSF) layer has been investigated numerically by using SCAPS-1D. Firstly, a basic experimentally reported structure (FTO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/Mo) without BSF layer is considered and replicated. Then, by inserting p-CZTSe material as BSF layer in between the absorber and back contact, a new device structure (FTO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/CZTSe/Mo) has been proposed. The performance of both structures; with and without BSF layer, have been analyzed with respect to different layer parameters like: thickness, carrier concentration, and defect densities (N t). A negative effect on cell performance has been observed with working temperature. From these analyses the optimum conversion efficiency of CZTS based PV cell without BSF layer has been found to be around 8.55% using CZTS absorber. The cell with CZTSe BSF layer (FTO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/CZTSe/Mo) gives an overall conversion efficiency of 22.03%. The efficiency of both cells improved by replacing back contact metal with higher work function. This study gives the highest efficiency of about 29.86% for FTO/ZnO/CdS/CZTS/CZTSe/Pt structure. These simulation results could be an important guideline to a researcher for fabricating cost effective, non-toxic, and highly efficient CZTS solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of ferryl porphyrin, induced by electrochemical reduction of FeIIITMPyP, was examined by measuring luminol chemiluminescence and recording the absorption spectrum using a flow-injection method. Both the anodic oxidation and the cathodic reduction of iron(III) porphyrin induced the formation of a ferryl species, which is widely accepted to be responsible for stimulating luminol chemiluminescence. Emission was observed both below the reduction potential of FeIIITMPyP (−0.08 V at pH 11, −0.02 V at pH 7 and 0.15 V at pH 3) and above the oxidation potential (0.6 V at pH 11, 0.75 V at pH 7 and 1.1 V at pH 3). The emission was relatively greater below the reduction potential than in the oxidative region. It was significantly higher especially at lower pH (424 nm) compared to the original spectrum of FeIIITMPyP (422 nm). Computer analysis also showed that the spectra on both sides were perfectly reproduced by a combination of two spectra, those of FeIIITMPyP and OᆖFeIVTMPyP (436 nm in pH 11). We therefore believed that the ferryl species, formed by the autoxidation reaction of electro-generated ferrous porphyrin, was responsible for the emission. Although, ferryl formation by anodic oxidation has been reported, this is the first time, to our knowledge, that the cathodic formation has been reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sunlight intensity and UV radiation may affect free-range hens' use of the outside range, particularly when sunlight is intense with a high UV index. However, it is uncertain what aspect of sunlight (brightness or UV) may be most aversive to hens to discourage them from leaving standard indoor lighting conditions to venture outdoors. A controlled indoor-based choice study was conducted to determine whether hens showed preferences for different light wavelengths and intensities that may affect outdoor range usage. Cage-reared ISA Brown laying hens (n = 84) at 44 wk of age in 3 groups (28 hens/group) were tested for preferences of indoor standard light emitting diode (LED) white light (control) vs. one of three different treatment lights: 1) visible spectrum plus infrared wavelengths (VIS); 2) visible spectrum plus UVA wavelengths (UVA); and (iii) visible spectrum plus UVA and UVB wavelengths (UVA/B) presented successively at low, medium, or high levels of intensity. Hens within each group were individually tested for 2 h in an apparatus with 2 compartments (control vs. treatment) connected by a tunnel on both sides. Videos of hens' time spent in each compartment and behaviors were decoded and analyzed using GLMM. Hens spent more time under the low intensity of the UVA/B light treatment (62%), the low intensity of VIS light (61%), medium intensities of both UVA/B light (60%), and UVA light (59%), and the high intensity of the VIS light (58%) when compared with control light (all P ≤ 0.05). Hens spent less time feeding under all intensities of UVA light (all P ≤ 0.03) and showed more foraging, ground pecking, and preening at lower levels of UVA/B light (P < 0.05). The study suggests that UVA/B light (sunlight) may have positive effects for hen range use, but during peak sun intensities, hens may need additional measures (e.g., shelter) to protect themselves. Confirmation of these findings in a free-range setting is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective is to identify factors that impact the time to decannulation in pediatric patients ages 0 through 18 years who are tracheostomy-dependent. This retrospective chart review from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2020 identified pediatric tracheostomy patients at a single pediatric institution. Data extracted included demographic, socioeconomic factors, and clinical characteristics. Multivariate regression and survival analysis were used to identify factors associated with successful decannulation and decreased time with tracheostomy. Of the 479 tracheostomy-dependent patients identified, 162 (33.8%) were decannulated. Time to decannulation ranged from 0.5 months to 189.2 months with median of 24 months (IQR 12.91–45.71). In the multivariate analysis, patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.021) and those with Passy-Muir® Valve at discharge (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with decannulation. In contrast, neurologic comorbidities (p = 0.06), presence of gastrostomy tube (p < 0.001), or discharged on a home ventilator (p < 0.001) were associated with indefinite tracheostomy. When adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and insurance status, for every one month delay in establishment of outpatient otolaryngology care, time to decannulation was delayed by 0.5 months (p = 0.010). For each additional outpatient otolaryngology follow-up visit, time to decannulation increased by 3.36 months (p < 0.001). Decannulation in pediatric tracheostomy patients is multifactorial. While timely establishment of outpatient care did correlate with quicker decannulation, factors related to medical complexity may have a greater impact on time to decannulation. Our results can help guide institutional decannulation protocols, as well as provide guidance when counseling families regarding tracheostomy expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple object tracking is an important but challenging computer vision problem. The complex motion of objects makes tracking difficult during long periods of object occlusion, and as a result occlusions frequently cause fragmented tracks with gaps. Previous works use linear interpolation to fill in such gaps, a technique which is only able to model simple motion. As a result, tracked bounding box locations can be quite poor in these situations. In this paper, we propose a 1D CNN based solution to filling gaps which models complex motion in a data-driven way. Our proposed solution uses only bounding box coordinates as input, and as such does not incur the computational cost of processing image features directly. We show that our model significantly outperforms linear interpolation on dynamic sports datasets in terms of mean intersection over union between predicted and ground truth bounding boxes. • Overlap between athletes in team sports creates fragmented tracks. • A learned method to fill fragmented tracks. • Repair fragmented tracks using 1-dimensional convolutional neural networks. • Track highly complex motion of players in team sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to focus attention on the choice of the reserve price made by the telecom regulator to explain the under-performance of spectrum auctions in Bangladesh. The overestimation of the reserve prices for several auctions in Bangladesh including the auction of the 3G – 2100 MHz band in 2013, the 2G - 1800 MHz band in 2015, and the 4G – 1800 and 2100 MHz bands in 2018 is established by comparing the reserve prices to the economic value of spectrum, determined by using the engineering valuation and production function approaches. Possible reasons for the inflation of the reserve price are discussed. • The resultant opportunity cost of spectrum clearly indicates the valuation gap. • Opportunity cost of spectrum decrease when the spectrum assignment increases. • Spectrum value impacts by the combined effect of spectral efficiency and the amount of spectrum. • Cobb Douglas production function and engineering valuation model shows almost similar results. • These methods are by nature more certain of past conditions than future scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature infants represent a unique subset of patients who may require tracheostomy. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is among one of the most common sequelae of prematurity contributing to the need for prolonged ventilation requiring tracheostomy after other airway options have been exhausted. Our objective is to understand socioeconomic barriers to decannulation and identify factors that accelerate safe decannulation, focusing on patients with BPD. An existing internal database from a tertiary pediatric hospital of patients undergoing tracheostomy prior to one year old was reviewed. Data from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2020 was used to compare patients who were successfully decannulated to those who were not. A further subset of infants with BPD were identified and analyzed. Of those decannulated, survival analysis was used to identify factors associated with decreased time to decannulation. We identified 303 infants who underwent tracheostomy at less than one year old with 125 of those infants having a diagnosis of BPD. Of the 125 infants with BPD, 44 (35.2 %) were decannulated and 81 (64.8 %) were not. There was no significant difference in sex, race, ethnicity, insurance status, comorbidities, or presence of syndromes between those patients with BPD who were decannulated and those who were not. Those who were not decannulated had a significantly longer length of hospital stay, prolonged ventilator requirements after tracheostomy, and were more likely to be discharged home on the ventilator (p = 0.030; 0.020; 0.002, respectively). Of the 44 decannulated patients, mean and median time to decannulation were 37.9 and 27.8 months respectively (range 10.8–160.6 months). There was an inverse association with decannulation and both Black race (HR: 0.30) and neurological comorbidity (HR: 0.37) on multivariate analysis. Black race, presence of syndrome, and length of ventilator dependence were significantly associated with increased time to decannulation. Time to decannulation from time off the ventilator was not significantly influenced by sex, race, ethnicity, state of residence, or insurance status, but was significantly influenced by age (95 % CI: −6.9, −0.1; P = 0.044). While time from discharge to first follow up visit did not significantly impact time to decannulation, every additional follow up visit increased time to decannulation by 3.78 months when adjusting for confounding variables. In infants with BPD under one year requiring tracheostomy, socioeconomic factors were not found to influence likelihood of decannulation, however Black race, presence of underlying syndrome, and increased length of ventilator dependence were associated with prolonged timing. Children with more frequent follow up visits similarly had an increased time to decannulation, illustrating a vital point in the process. Ventilator weaning protocols and standardized decannulation protocols in patients with BPD, along with caregiver education, can safely expedite and facilitate decannulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigate an association between upper airway obstruction (UAO) management in Robin Sequence (RS) and need for bilateral myringotomy and tubes (BMT). Retrospective chart review of RS patients treated at a tertiary free-standing pediatric hospital from 1995 to 2020 was performed. Patients were grouped based on airway management: conservative, tracheostomy, tongue-lip adhesion (TLA), and mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). Demographic data, cleft palate (CP) association, numbers of BMT and ear infections, and audiogram data including tympanograms were collected. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests were used to compare continuous and categorical data, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis was used to compare BMT rates between treatment groups. One hundred forty-eight patients were included, 70.3 % of which had CP. Most patients (67.6 %) had at least one BMT; 29.1 % required two or more BMT. The rate of BMT was higher in patients with CP compared to those with intact palates (p = 0.003; 95 % CI 1.30–3.57) and those treated with tracheostomy (p = 0.043; 95 % CI 1.01, 2.27). Surgically managed patients were more likely to have hearing loss (67.5 % vs. 35.3 %, p = 0.017) and ear infections (42.1 % vs. 20.0 %, p = 0.014) pre-compared to post-procedure for airway management. Most RS patients require at least 1 set of BMT. Those with CP and/or treated with tracheostomy had a higher likelihood of needing BMT. Rate of hearing loss and ear infection was higher in surgically managed RS patients. Patients with RS and overt CP require a statistically higher number of BMTs compared to those with either submucous cleft palate or intact palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution of Fe- and Fe-Ti oxides in sands sourced from the Meghna River Bangladesh. Image prepared based on EPMA mapping of sample 5B from the Hizla, Barisal District. [Display omitted] • Bangladesh is an emerging source of valuable heavy minerals from river sands. • Heavy minerals in Meghna River sands were characterized. • The heavy minerals ilmenite and garnet were assessed for potential exploitation. • Ilmenite will require processing by the sulphate route to pigment. • Garnet compositions were similar to commercial abrasive concentrates. Heavy mineral (HM) concentrations in sand bar deposits of the Meghna River were evaluated using optical microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) to determine the mineralogy, geochemistry and likely source rocks of the sands, and to examine the distribution and HM potential of the valuable heavy minerals, ilmenite and garnet. The Meghna sands were dominated by the light minerals quartz and feldspar and grainsize analysis results showed that>78 wt.% of the sand population fell within the size range of fine to very fine sand (−250 + 63 μm). The HM component made up around 9 wt.% and consisted mainly of amphibole (∼17–46 wt.%), epidote (∼7–30 wt.%) and garnet (∼3–21 wt.%). Fe-Ti oxide minerals including ilmenite, rutile, and titanomagnetite were present at levels of 0.7–7 wt.% with the magnetite content at 0.9–7 wt.%. The textures (moderate sorting, sub angular) and significant feldspar (6–15 wt.%) content in the sands indicated low degrees of hydraulic sorting and low amounts of alteration/weathering. The HM assemblage indicated a likely mixed source area of varying metamorphic grade (low to high) facies and igneous rocks. EPMA results from the detrital ilmenites and garnets showed that for ilmenite, TiO 2 contents were between 42.9 and 54.5 wt.% (ave. 51 wt.%), with overall low impurities, while the garnet compositions were dominated by Fe-rich, almandine types. From the chemical analysis of individual garnet and ilmenite grains, it is likely the Meghna River sands have good potential for commercial extraction of garnet and ilmenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bangladesh has heavy mineral sands in shoreline and fluvial placer deposits. • Heavy minerals from the Jamuna River were separated and characterised. • Jamuna River sands have good potential for recovery of garnet and ilmenite. A mineralogical and chemical investigation of surface and subsurface samples from the upper, middle and lower parts of the Jamuna River was carried out with a view to assessing the distribution and recovery potential of the heavy minerals ilmenite and garnet. The HM component in the Jamuna sands is ~10% consisting predominantly of amphibole, epidote and garnet with significant amounts of opaque minerals (ilmenite, magnetite, titanomagnetite, etc). A greater abundance of garnet was present in the fine to medium sized fractions (125–250 µm) and lower garnet concentrations were observed in the very fine sized fraction (<63 µm). The fine size fractions also have increased amounts of clays and clay-like minerals. Potentially high value HMs such as zircon and rutile were also concentrated in the <63 µm size fractions. The ilmenite grains are characterised by TiO 2 content between 34.2 and 52.8 wt-% with low levels of impurities. The garnet geochemistry is more variable but dominated overall by almandine-rich compositions. The characteristic heavy mineral suite of garnet, epidote, amphibole, kyanite, and staurolite, as well as the garnet and ilmenite chemistry reveals the sediments are derived from mixed source areas of varying metamorphic grade (low to high) facies and igneous rocks. Based on these results, the Jamuna River sands have good potential for recovery and exploitation of both garnet and ilmenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), results in approximately 4–5 million outpatient visits per year in the United States. In pediatric patients, OSA is primarily caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and therefore, adenotonsillectomy remains an effective surgical treatment. We investigate whether 3D ultrasound (3DUS) imaging can accurately and objectively assess tonsillar hypertrophy for the potential identification and stratification of candidates for adenotonsillectomy. A prospective study was performed evaluating pediatric patients (N = 17) between the ages of 4–14 years who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSA symptoms. On the day of surgery, tonsillar ultrasound was performed by a single attending radiologist. Tonsillectomy was performed and each tonsils' principal axes and physical volume by water submergence were measured. The findings were compared using paired T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. The average tonsillar physical measurements of length, width and height were 1.54 ± 0.28, 2.0 ± 0.31 cm and 2.72 ± 0.41 cm, and 1.73 ± 0.17, 1.61 ± 0.21 mm and 2.98 ± 0.28 mm from physical and 3DUS estimations, respectively (P < 0.001 for all measurements). The average tonsillar volume was 3.84 ± 1.23 ml and 4.30 ± 1.15 ml from physical and 3DUS measurements, respectively (p = 0.04). The Bland-Altman mean difference ± 95% limit of agreement between length, width, height, and volume results from the two measurements were −0.186 ± 2.01 cm, −0.393 ± 6.33 cm, 0.25 ± 7.71 cm, and 0.45 ± 2.32 ml, respectively. While 3DUS is feasible, it may not be an accurate estimate of tonsillar volume for assessing hypertrophy. A larger study will be required to establish the accuracy of 3DUS measurements of tonsillar volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narayanganj, contributes to the economy, employment, and export earnings of Bangladesh. Its history, natural endowments and strategic location have made it an important hub of all major knitwear, garments, and textile industries. This profile of Narayanganj reveals that, despite its good business environment and being a top destination for foreign and local investment, industrialisation has been both a boon and a bane. Population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation are major challenges causing environmental deterioration and skewed land distribution, placing pressure on the social welfare of Narayanganj's residents. The newly formed city corporation faces a lack of fiscal strength that retards the overall progress of the city. This study suggests that effective monitoring of industrial activities and a comprehensive code of conduct/norms with fiscal strength to regulate the industrial sector can mitigate present injustices to make Narayanganj a more desirable and liveable city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to analyze factors associated with readmission after tonsillectomy to understand socioeconomic factors associated with readmission. Single institution retrospective study of pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy over an 8 year study period, comparing patients who required readmission for bleeding concerns or pain/dehydration to those who did not require readmission. Of the 14,152 tonsillectomy patients, 508 (3.6%) were readmitted with 423 (83.3%) for bleeding concerns and 85 (16.7%) for pain or dehydration. Overall readmission was more likely in age >6 years (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34–1.92, P < 0.001), while poverty level below 10% (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.94, P = 0.008) and parental college education above 25% (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65–0.96, P = 0.016) were associated with lower incidence of overall readmission. For patients readmitted for bleeding concerns, age >6 years (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.37–2.02, P < 0.001) was associated with readmission on multivariate analysis. Within the pain/dehydration group, African American race was associated with increased readmission rates, while poverty level below 10% and parental college education above 25% were associated with decreased readmission rates. Socioeconomic factors and age play a role in readmission rates following pediatric tonsillectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Balsaminaceae), an annual herb locally called “Dopati”, is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in Bangladesh. Flowers of the plant are used in folk medicine to treat lumbago, neuralgia, burns and scalds. Aim of the study: This study evaluated the antinociceptive effect of the methanol extract of I. balsamina flowers (MIB). Materials and methods: The extract was evaluated for antinociceptive activity using chemical- and heat-induced pain models such as acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate, tail immersion and formalin test. To verify the possible involvement of opioid receptor in the central antinociceptive effect of MIB, naloxone was used to antagonize the effect. The effect of MIB on central nervous system (CNS) was also studied using hole cross and open field tests. Results: MIB demonstrated strong and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in all the chemical- and heat-induced mice models (p<0.05). These findings imply the involvement of both peripheral and central antinociceptive mechanisms. The use of naloxone confirmed the association of opioid receptors in the central antinociceptive effect. MIB also showed significant central nervous system depressant effect (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study reported the peripheral and central antinociceptive activity of the flowers of I. balsamina and rationalized the traditional use of the flower in the treatment of different painful conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To study the effectiveness of lip balm in reducing skin irritation and preventing pressure induced injury in tracheostomy dependent children. The skin of tracheostomy patients presenting to a pediatric otolaryngology clinic over a 12 month period from 2018 to 2019 was assessed and categorized as hyperemic blanchable (abnormal pre-pressure injury), hyperemic non-blanchable, partial thickness skin loss, or full thickness skin loss. Caregivers were instructed to apply lip balm to the skin under soft ties three times per day and with tracheostomy tie changes. Patients were followed prospectively by a tracheostomy care nurse. 24 patients enrolled and reported daily adherence with lip balm use. Median age was 7.3 years (interquartile range, IQR, = 1.3–12.4) with 10 females and 14 males. The majority of patients (n = 20) were identified as having hyperemic blanchable skin. 96% (23/24) of caregivers reported a subjective benefit. 79.2% (95% CI: 57.8%–92.9%) of patients with hyperemic skin (n = 24) demonstrated complete resolution with continued application, and was found to be significant: all patients had skin hyperemia before application, while 20.8% (5/24) continued to have hyperemia after application (P <.001). Infants and ventilation dependent patients demonstrated recovery rates of 88.9% and 75% respectively. Median duration of follow-up was 6.3 months (IQR = 3.4–11.3). There were no documented allergic reactions, accidental decannulations, or skin deterioration in the cohort. Lip balm appears to be a low cost, hydrophobic, and friction-reducing agent that is potentially useful in preventing at risk pressure injuries in tracheostomy dependent pediatric patients. • Can lip balm help reduce at risk injuries in tracheostomy dependent children? • This prospective cohort study involved 24 patients with hyperemic irritated skin. • 79.2% of patients with hyperemic skin demonstrated resolution and was significant. • Lip balm may be a low-cost alternative in preventing skin breakdown on the neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World leaders signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 to keep global temperatures well below 2 °C. This Paris Agreement will facilitate achieving Sustainable Development Goal-13 (Climate Action) by 2030. However, without collective action, it is quite impossible to achieve the terms of this agreement. In this regard, the mass media can contribute to making people aware of the subsequent effect of climate change at all levels. The mass media, as a source of information, might play a significant role in raising public awareness and understanding of climate sciences. This paper examines the influence of the mass media on awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change, which may lead to environmentally friendly behaviour. This paper employs structural equation modelling to examine the relationship among the studied variables. The results reveal that the mass media influences awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change. This study also finds mediating effects of awareness, attitudes and knowledge of climate change between the mass media and environmentally friendly behaviour. The results imply that the mass media contributes to creating awareness, enhancing understating and shaping favourable attitudes towards climate change. The findings could guide policymakers to take appropriate steps to promote a greater awareness of climate change using the mass media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]