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• Developing collaborative multi-depot green vehicle routing problem using micro hubs. • Self-adaptive water drops simulated annealing algorithm as a hybrid solution method. • Using a feedback control system to direct solution convergence to the global minimum. • Reducing vehicle kilometres travelled by 43 % and carbon emissions by 25 %. Global climate change-related initiatives such as the 2015 Paris Agreement have highlighted the necessity of sustainable transportation. Nevertheless, the rapid growth of e-commerce has notably escalated vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) and CO 2 emissions within cities, posing a direct challenge to sustainability initiatives. To address these challenges, this study formulates a collaborative multi-depot green vehicle routing problem. This model utilises micro-consolidation centres (MCCs) as shared hubs alongside a microscopic approach linking emission rates to vehicle and route characteristics, in order to assess MCCs' effectiveness in reducing CO 2 emissions. Introduced here is an innovative self-adaptive metaheuristic algorithm hybridising intelligent water drops and simulated annealing. This methodology differs from established approaches by incorporating a feedback control system that actively monitors the algorithm's performance and convergence towards the global minimum solution. Through continuous adjustments to algorithm parameters via a feedback loop, this methodology strikes a balance between exploitation and exploration. The algorithm is tested in a context-specific approach, first applying it to the Cordeau benchmark and comparing it with previous state-of-the-arts, followed by a case study comparing the collaborative network to an independent one. This approach achieves 43 % and 25 % reductions in VKT and emissions, respectively, enhancing urban logistics networks' efficiency and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable and efficient land management is crucial for preserving our natural resources. Social, environmental, and economic management aspects of a country are all dependent on the Land Administration Systems (LASs). It is also crucial for any country or jurisdiction to have a LAS in order to manage the ownership, their people's relationship to land, and disasters, improve resilience, support, and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A successful implementation, however, depends on designing appropriate systems by considering a number of important parameters. Our societies today face many sustainability challenges such as population growth, disaster occurrences, and scarcity of land resources. By considering global initiatives for sustainability and community resilience, current LASs should be assessed to make sure they are efficient in addressing sustainability challenges. Therefore, their design framework and components require ongoing adjustments. In this context, the need for advancing LASs design has become increasingly evident since international institutions and land administration agencies have been pursuing research and development to improve LASs. These authorities have proposed several related frameworks and models, including SDGs, the New Urban Agenda (NUA), the Framework for Effective Land Administration (FELA), and the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF). In addition, there are several investigations proposing frameworks for the evaluation of LASs. Therefore, this study aims to do a comprehensive investigation of relevant global initiatives and research-driven evaluation frameworks that lay the foundation for advancing parameters in LASs. By implementing the Document Analysis method, this study proposes the required parameters and their indicators that are critically important for advancing LASs. • This study identifies LAS advancement parameters in the context of global trends. • Key parameters identified in Governance, Operational, and Sustainability categories. • It also proposes an evaluation framework to measure the performance of LAS. • It identifies gaps in global initiatives to cover all aspects of LAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most existing accessibility analysis tools are ad-hoc systems with predetermined geographic coverage, spatial resolution, methodology and indicators. These features are often challenging to modify by end-users without collaboration with the original tool developers. This might partially explain why accessibility tools remain in use predominantly within the academic realm, resulting in a seemingly low uptake among transport and planning professionals. ADAPT (Automatic Dynamic Accessibility Planning Tool) was designed as the first step to bridge this gap by enhancing user empowerment. It enables users to supply their own analysis areas, choose the resolution, and focus on any specific indicator (e.g. residents' access to jobs, education and services; businesses' access to the labour pool or potential clients/customers). The goal is to provide a versatile tool, in which users can insert their available data and geography and measure and map accessibility, without requiring prior geospatial analysis expertise or reliance on specialised closed-system tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A 3D integrated legal-physical model of underground assets was developed. • A new ADE for CityGML was proposed at the conceptual, logical, and physical levels. • The ADE defines semantic entities for underground legal spaces. • The viability of the model was tested in a real-world complex underground area. • The prototype showcased benefits of CityGML for underground land administration. Current practices of managing and communicating underground physical and cadastral (legal) data are based on fragmented and silo-based 2D methods, which cannot provide unambiguous, coordinated, and reliable representations of assets and their rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) in subterranean environments. There is also no link between underground physical and legal data in current practices, resulting in ineffective Underground Land Administration (ULA). A single 3D integrated model of underground assets associated with the cadastral data at a city-scale can improve understanding and interpretation of underground legal and physical aspects. Extending a 3D city model to include underground legal data requirements can potentially provide a viable approach for developing a 3D integrated model. This research aims to develop a new Application Domain Extensions (ADE) for CityGML 3.0 (called VicULA ADE) to manage underground data using a single 3D integrated legal-physical model at a city-scale. The VicULA ADE proposes semantic entities for underground legal spaces, enabling the model to define spatial and semantic relationships between different types of legal spaces. The proposed approach comprises identifying requirements based on the Victorian state of Australia, developing the conceptual and logical data models in UML, and implementing the XML schema as the physical data model. The viability of the VicULA ADE is tested in a complex real-world case study that has various underground legal and physical objects, shifting this data model from a conceptual level to the implementation level. The proposed ADE of the CityGML 3.0 standard revealed how underground legal data elements can be logically embedded in this 3D data model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Examination of 3D PLRs defined in Victorian Planning Provisions. • Classification on explicit 3D, non-geometrical and implied 3D PLRs. • Possible contribution of current 3D spatial models to 3D PLRs' modelling. The urban environment is characterised by increasingly complex relations driven by the needs of modern societies, such as multi-purpose buildings and composite infrastructures. However, the capabilities for extensive vertical exploitation of land provided by construction technology are related to the expansion of public utilities. This results in administrative restrictions on land and developments, known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs impose explicit and implied 3D restrictions, as well as restrictions of non-geometrical characteristics such as noise or groundwater pollution. This paper investigates if and how 3D modelling may contribute to better manage and enforce PLRs in a 3D framework. To this end, the 3D PLRs required for the urban planning approval process in Victoria, Australia are examined. Requirements and guidelines were analysed in order to identify explicit, non-geometrical and implied 3D PLRs. To accomplish this, the spatial structure of two well-known 3D data models, CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), were investigated, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of these models in the management of 3D PLRs. The paper concludes that the implementation of a 3D PLR system requires addressing issues of scale differentiations (building scale or city scale of 3D data models in contrast to extensive, non-parcel-based PLRs), "translation" of qualitative characteristics to specific height, depth or volumetric restrictions, and modelling of invisible, non-material legal spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The Australian digital cadastre initiative, namely ePlan, has been introduced and discussed. • The main challenges of visualising digital cadastral plans in Victoria are discussed and illustrated by images. • A research methodology to tackle the digital cadastral data visualisation challenges in Victoria is discussed in detail. • Implementation of a tool enabling the surveyors to enhance the presentation of digital cadastral plan is discussed. • The results of the usability evaluation of the tool and the future direction for this research are discussed. Abstract ePlan, as a digital cadastral data initiative, is a collaborative program between the land authorities and the surveying industry which aims to replace paper and PDF cadastral plans and surveys with digital data in LandXML format. ePlan has been adopted by Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. ePlan has been operational in the State of Victoria for 2D plans since 2013. The ePlan files are automatically converted into PDF plans by the ePlan visualisation service within the Victorian state's digital lodgement portal, namely Surveying and Planning through Electronic Applications and Referral (SPEAR). Cadastral plan in PDF format forms part of the legal title in Victoria. Presently, ePlan, in terms of development, has limitations in visualising detailed, complex and large scaled 2D plans. The visualised plan from the LandXML file must comply with accepted Victorian survey drawing standards as the plan is a source for plan certification by council, forms part of a contract of sale, and when the plan is registered by the State of Victoria land authority, Land Use Victoria (LUV), it becomes the title diagram. In addition, through significant engagement with the Victorian Surveying industry, LUV has received feedback from surveyors that they would like to have the ability to enhance the presentation of visualised plans to create enlargements, define additional sheets, exaggerate the position of lines, and move the placement of visualised labels. These enhancement provisions would provide greater scope to ensuring plans complied with the aforementioned drawing standards. A Licensed Surveyor, the creator of the LandXML file is also duty bound to sign the visualised plan. In addressing the abovementioned problem, a research methodology, including the conceptual, choice of technology, development and evaluation phases has been defined and implemented at LUV. The 'conceptual' phase considered the business and technical requirements for developing a tool to support surveyors to enhance the presentation of the visualised ePlans. The 'choice of technology' phase focused on defining the most suitable technologies for developing the tool. In the 'development' phase, the tool was implemented within SPEAR. The surveyors' feedback on the tool usability was collected as part of the 'evaluation' phase. The main outcome of this research has been the ePlan Visualisation Enhancement Tool (VET) developed within SPEAR based on OpenLayers technology, which enables surveyors to improve the presentation of auto-generated cadastral plans. The evaluation phase showed that end users were generally satisfied by the usability of VET and identified the areas that need further improvement. This paper first provides an overview of the ePlan project in Victoria with a focus on the research problem and objective. The relevant interstate and international experiences are then reviewed. Next, the paper discusses the research methodology including the above four phases in detail. The outcomes of the evaluation phase are then discussed. The paper concludes with some discussions around the approach taken for this research, the surveyors' feedback and the future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Urban underground space (UUS) as a contributor to low carbon cities is analyzed. • Quantification measures for positive low carbon effects of UUS are set up. • Negative effects of UUS on low carbon cities are summarized and responded. • UUS planning implications for low carbon cities are concluded. Abstract Urbanization is progressing rapidly, while problems raised by climate change are occurring across the globe. Cities are at the center of both of the two tendencies therefore, low carbon or zero carbon cities are being promoted. Urban underground space (UUS) is a key component in the process of urbanization and plays a significant role in creating low carbon cities, as highlighted in this paper. Meanwhile, UUS also involves unavoidable drawbacks regarding energy consumption in terms of lighting, ventilation and dehumidification. In this paper, the advantages of UUS in creating low carbon cities are analyzed, and a framework for calculating the positive low carbon effects derived from UUS use is established. Additionally, some alleviating measures in response to the potential low carbon disadvantages of UUS are proposed. Based on the analysis, some planning and design implications for the development of urban underground space in order to fulfill its role as a contributor to urban sustainability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments establish land administration systems to formally acknowledge and protect property rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR). The protection and recording of property rights is implemented under a jurisdiction-specific complex set of policies, laws, systems, and procedures. In recent decades, the World Bank and many other development partners have provided funding to support land administration reform so that governments can formally acknowledge and protect property rights and provide efficient and effective land administration services. The experience and lessons from these projects have been documented. There have been successes but there have also been projects that have failed to realise clearly stated objectives. A recurrent theme in these evaluations is that many projects fail to create effective, transformative change in the delivery of land administration services and gain the critical mass, and the community participation, necessary to ensure the sustainability of land administration reform. The traditional approach for land administration reform projects has been to focus on the economic and technical design of interventions based on a library of best practice, with perhaps too little attention on politics and governance in land administration reform. Many of the issues or problems noted in the literature relate not to economic or technical matters, but to policy and political decisions. The current approach to land administration reform would appear to need reform itself. The sector needs to seriously consider the political economy issues that impact on the provision of efficient and effective land administration services. There have been concerted efforts to develop more politically informed ways of thinking and working in the design of donor-funded interventions using a range of methodologies including 'Thinking and Working Politically' (TWP). Adopting a TWP, or similar politically informed approach, has a lot of potential, but may not be the full answer and TWP may complement rather than replace existing approaches to reform assessment, design, and implementation. This paper sets out a broad review of the experience, lessons, and literature on land administration reform and the potential for adopting a new approach for reform. [Display omitted] ● Experience and lessons from land administration reform have recently been reviewed systematically. ● The design of land administration reform needs to better address policy and politics. ● More politically informed approaches such as Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) have been developed. ● The TWP approach has potential, but it complements rather than replaces the traditional approach to reform design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies in Australia and New Zealand have explored various technological, legal, and institutional aspects of 3D cadastre modernisation. The majority of these studies concentrate on a single jurisdiction. The reason is that each jurisdiction is in charge of its own cadastral system. As a result, each jurisdiction's standards, rules, and processes for implementing 3D digital cadastre are unique. In Australia and New Zealand, however, the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has established national frameworks for cadastral systems. To implement 3D digital cadastre at a national level, it is vital to identify the variations and commonalities across existing cadastral systems. Comparisons of 3D cadastre for several civil law countries as well as international standards have been undertaken in the present literature. However, common law jurisdictions such as Australian states and New Zealand have not been compared in terms of 3D cadastre. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to propose a multi-jurisdictional framework that includes variations and commonalities in the current methods adopted for subdividing ownership of vertically placed properties in order to support 3D digital cadastre in all Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions. The proposed framework comprises four layers: definition, core, interoperability and jurisdictional. This framework would potentially serve as a starting point for building a nationally integrated digital data ecosystem for 3D cadastre in Australia and New Zealand. • The study identifies 3D primary and secondary parcels, boundaries, and spatial relationships in Australia and New Zealand. • A multi-jurisdictional framework that includes variations and commonalities across the studied jurisdictions. • The framework provides a foundation for a national digital data ecosystem for 3D cadastre in Australia and New Zealand. • Having a standardized approach for 3D digital cadastre will facilitate sharing data across multiple jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the world’s population do not have access to proper land administration systems to register their land and property information. The land community has come to believe that this problem is strongly related to the data collection process, where the use of highly accurate, expensive and time-consuming spatial data collection methods such as field surveying, is overemphasised. To overcome this, innovative spatial data collection methods are employed in many jurisdictions (e.g. using GPS for low-cost boundary surveys, using the power of citizen in the process of data collection). However, little is known about the parameters that affect the choice of a spatial data collection method to be appropriate for its intended purposes. Arguably, establishing a fit-for-purpose data capture method for collecting or updating RRRs related to land and property is essential for enabling the range of land administration functions around the world. This paper reports on a systematic study to determine a set of parameters that could influence the choice of a spatial data collection method in land administration. Data was collected using a Delphi study, which establishes consensus among land administration experts. This method allowed us to unlock knowledge through an iterative process with controlled feedback. For the first time in this study, an international group of land administration experts reached consensus regarding a set of parameters that should be considered in the process of selecting a fit-for-purpose spatial data collection method. These findings are incorporated to formulate a generic and innovative framework, which could potentially serve as a basis for ensuring that the choice of a spatial data collection method in land administration is fit for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data ambiguity and invalidity can cause significant expensive issues in the cadastral domain (e.g. legal disputes). An automated data validation can significantly help to reduce the potential issues. Quality assurance has been comprehensively investigated in various domains, however, the validation of 3D cadastral data is still in its early development. The availability of various regular and irregular shapes for 3D cadastral objects and modern building designs has resulted in a critical need for developing validation rules to ensure data validity and quality. The land registry in Victoria, Australia, is investigating the technical requirements for implementing a 3D digital cadastre. The study of 3D cadastral data validation requirements has been part of this ongoing investigation. This study is being undertaken in three main phases including 1) developing geometrical validation rules, 2) developing non-geometrical validation rules, 3) implementing an online service to validate 3D cadastral data. This paper aims to discuss the initial outcomes of the first phase of the aforementioned study which has focused on developing geometrical validation rules for 3D cadastral objects. The paper reviews the development of four geometrical validation rules which have been formalised using mathematical expressions to check the individual 3D parcels and their relationships with adjoining or neighbouring parcels. The first validation rule checks the compatibility of the cancelled parcel against the created parcels. The second rule deals with parcel collision detection which is required for flagging unacceptable intersection of 3D objects. The third rule ensures the faces forming a 3D parcel are flat. The fourth validation rule assures 3D objects are watertight. The paper concludes with a discussion around the impacts of the proposed validation checks on the subdivision process and future research for the Victorian 3D digital cadastre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excitement about the potential usage of sensor data sourcing to provide near real-time information has spread to the emergency management sector. Despite the advantages that shared sensor-derived situational awareness may provide, research has been limited on the actual utilization of multi-vendor sensor data in disaster management. In consideration of this shortcoming, an empirical case study is conducted in the Australian state of Victoria to understand the current practices and requirements for access, exchange, and usage of multi-agency sensor data amongst participants in flood disaster organizations. First-hand knowledge of sensor data producers and disaster decision-makers is used, disclosing serious technical barriers to interoperable access to the highly disparate organizational sensor data. The findings also uncover the mechanisms in use for integrating multi-agency sensory information in disaster management, revealing the capabilities required of stakeholders to derive disaster information from raw sensor feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 15 years, there has been great interest and commensurate momentum in the land administration industry on realising the notion of ‘3D cadastres’. This leverages 3D digital technologies for producing, managing, registering and communicating information about complex, volumetrically defined land and property rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) that are commonly found in cities and urban areas around the world. There has been significant technical progress but implementation remains uncertain. This paper draws on research conducted on the implementation of 3D Building Information Models (BIM) for regulatory processes in the land development industry in Singapore to illustrate the range of strategies used to induce change in an instance of 3D digital innovation. The adoption of institutional theory as an analytical framework provides insight into the cultural and behavioural underpinnings of these strategies and what makes them particularly effective in producing a positive response to change. Given the similarity in the institutional characteristics of the land development and land administration industries, the case study findings are used to develop a framework of strategic principles that could conceivably be used to support ongoing international efforts to realise 3D cadastres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land administration systems assist citizens in identifying their rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) associated with land and property. However, delineating the spatial extent of all RRRs regulated in legislation remains a challenge. Approaches that have been used so far are mainly based on accurate surveying processes, which are untimely and too expensive. Previous studies proposed Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) as a practical and low-cost method for fast acquisition of spatial data from volunteered contributions, mostly for countries where a limited number of land rights records exist. However, VGI could be beneficial for advanced and developing land administration systems in terms of collecting a range of RRRs which are not spatially well recorded and represented. A multidisciplinary review of the literature on VGI and land administration reveals the lack of a comprehensive conceptual framework for utilising VGI in land administration for the purpose of collecting a range of RRRs related to land and property. This paper investigates the main aspects of utilising VGI in land administration based on qualitative content analysis of available resources. The outcome of this research suggests that using VGI in land administration requires a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and interconnections of legal, institutional, technical and social aspects within each jurisdiction. These findings are merged to formulate a generic and innovative conceptual framework which serves as a basis for the process of collecting land and property RRRs from volunteer contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth and lack of available land in urban areas have resulted in intensive property development both above and below ground. According to the ‘Cadastre 2034 Strategy’ published by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for Australia in 2014, the current digital cadastres have limitations in positional accuracy and do not adequately represent the three-dimensional nature of real property. This strategy highlights the fact that land parcels that are limited in vertical dimension are not adequately represented in the current digital cadastre. This makes it difficult to visualise security of tenure as it relates to a building or an apartment within a building. Since 2011, a national cadastral data model (ePlan Protocol) is being implemented in different Australian jurisdictions including Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland for 2D (non-building) plans of subdivision. Following the ICSM’s strategy, the ePlan Working Group has started to investigate the requirements for supporting 3D building subdivisions in ePlan. As part of this investigation and to assess the potential of the ePlan Protocol in terms of supporting 3D spatial units associated with land and property management, a research project was recently undertaken in Victoria, Australia. In this research, various building subdivision plans were investigated and modelled in ePlan and a number of technical and non-technical challenges were identified. Overall, the study confirmed that the ePlan Protocol is able to support 3D building subdivision plans, however curved shapes are not well handled. This paper also proposes future investigations for implementing a 3D digital cadastre in Victoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study explores three urban planning scenarios for Melbourne, Australia in 2030 and their implications for transport sustainability. As part of the analyses, a transport sustainability index, derived from 10 sustainability indicators, was developed and applied to compare the scenarios. A base-case scenario, an activity-centres scenario, and a fringe-focus scenario were used to consider compact to expanded urban development patterns. The activity-centres scenario, which favours compact development patterns, had the highest transport sustainability index. In contrast, the fringe-focus scenario that significantly expands urban development in the fringe resulted in a lower transport sustainability index. The results of scenario analysis would influence decisions regarding urban development in 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as an International Standard (ISO 19152), land administration organisations worldwide are considering the adoption of this standard into their current processes and cadastral information systems. Although LADM is a data standard, its adoption can have significant impacts on the process of managing cadastral information. These impacts include the influence on existing institutions and their operations, the description of cadastral information, the organisation of data in cadastral databases and the knowledge and capacity of human resources utilising and managing cadastral information. Therefore, the adoption of the LADM requires a holistic approach that considers the LADM not only as a data model for cadastral information, but also as a cornerstone in systems of land administration. This paper aims to introduce a LADM implementation roadmap including important factors that can be used by land administration organisations when adopting the LADM. The paper methodology presents this roadmap using two case studies, the first in Victoria, Australia and the second in Belize, Central America. Using these case studies, this paper analyses the potential impact of the LADM adoption in a jurisdiction with an established cadastral information system (CIS) and in a jurisdiction that is in the process of establishing a CIS. These factors include consideration of organisational motivation, institutional arrangements, information interpretation, information organisation, involvement in the LADM governance and capacity building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property disputes in multi-owned buildings (MOB) should be effectively managed to ensure harmonious land use in urban areas. Many studies indicate that a well-planned governance structure of MOBs relying on ownership systems could mitigate property disputes by eliminating their causes contrary to owner needs. However, issues in MOB use and management, stemming from the ownership systems and its relevant architectural systems, are hardly addressed in 2D-based building subdivision practices and frequently result in property disputes. To proactively address these issues, this paper proposes an approach based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) to minimize disputes in MOBs at planning stages in the context of Victoria, Australia. The paper argues that BIM is a suitable data environment to represent and detect dispute triggers interpreted in the spatial context. We first modeled a MOB governance structure as a sociotechnical system (STS) to provide a consistent view for characterizing dispute triggers. We then developed a BIM-based framework for identifying dispute triggers in the MOB governance STS. We implemented the framework and tested its feasibility using a real-world complex building. The results confirmed that the proposedframework would help developers, surveyors, and architects recognize dispute triggers and make better decisions to minimize disputes in planning MOBs. • An approach to property ownership of multi-owned buildings (MOBs) from governance aspects is proposed to minimize disputes. • A view on dispute triggers is established as sociotechnical elements of MOB governance systems founded on property ownership. • BIM appears as a suitable data environment to represent and manage dispute triggers interpreted in the spatial context. • A BIM-based framework is constructed to automatically detect dispute triggers in MOB sociotechnical governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing size and complexity of indoor structures and increased urbanization has led to much more complication in urban disaster management. Contrary to outdoor environments, first responders and planners have limited information regarding the indoor areas in terms of architectural and semantic information as well as how they interact with their surroundings in case of indoor disasters. Availability of such information could help decision makers interact with building information and thus make more efficient planning prior to entering the disaster site. In addition as the indoor travel times required to reach specific areas in the building could be much longer compared to outdoor, visualizing the exact location of building rooms and utilities in 3D helps in visually communicating the indoor spatial information which could eventually result in decreased routing uncertainty inside the structures and help in more informed navigation strategies. This work aims at overcoming the insufficiencies of existing indoor modelling approaches by proposing a new Indoor Emergency Spatial Model (IESM) based on IFC. The model integrates 3D indoor architectural and semantic information required by first responders during indoor disasters with outdoor geographical information to improve situational awareness about both interiors of buildings as well as their interactions with outdoor components. The model is implemented and tested using the Esri GIS platform. The paper discusses the effectiveness of the model in both decision making and navigation by demonstrating the model's indoor spatial analysis capabilities and how it improves destination travel times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadastral systems differ in countries due to specific historical, political, economic and cultural context. The fundamental role of cadastral system in land administration is well acknowledged which leads to increasing interest from researchers worldwide. Despite China being the most populous country in the world, its cadastral system is rarely studied. This paper aims to use path dependence as an interpretive lens to analyse the historical background and existing situation of the cadastral system in China. Three stages in the Chinese cadastral system are identified: the contingent phase, the self-reinforcing phase and the lock-in phase from the perspective of path dependence. According to the analysis, it is evident that the current cadastral system in China shows the strong path dependence both in legal and organisational processes in the development of a system embedded in a wider social context. This analysis will be of value for the limited research currently available on the Chinese cadastral system by increasing our understanding of the evolution of the system through the path dependence perspective. Ultimately, a better understanding of this perspective will assist in the development of the Chinese cadastral system and also provide perspective for comparative studies in different countries on cadastral issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excitement about the potential of 3D technologies to support production and management of complex building information has extended to the land administration sector. Structural characteristics of high-rise buildings are compounding complexity in the design and layout of private, public and communal ownership rights, restrictions and responsibilities, leaving a legacy of ongoing management issues for urban communities. Despite the premise of 3D innovations and significant technical progress, widespread adoption remains elusive. Attention is turning to understanding the social and cultural influences – the ‘invisible’ constraints, otherwise regarded as institutional aspects, to explain deeply embedded attitudes and behaviours that are posing resistant to current change strategies. An interpretive case study in the city of Melbourne provides context for exploring institutional issues within the land administration sector regarding high-rise developments. The plan of subdivision is used to trace institutional influences, conceptualising these as regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive elements. These elements constrain stakeholders to current 2D ways of behaving, limiting movement towards 3D innovation. The findings suggest clear institutional ‘gaps’ that deliberate strategies will need to address, but also highlight the importance of understanding the interdependency between all elements for strategic response. Finally, the findings indicate that a new focal actor that is in a position to generate the required intention for change has not emerged and therefore, an industry-wide strategic response is not apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been greater tendency towards embracing the potential of the Web 2.0 in knowledge creation with user contributions becoming significantly important in the development of open data such as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). An increasing number of volunteers which add value to geospatial data require effective ways of organising and providing access to value-added or newly created data. Metadata records are often unavailable for VGI, making it problematic for users to discover data in the VGI system. This paper discusses potential approaches that can be used to create metadata for VGI. This includes Linked Data, professionally created metadata and metadata created by volunteers. The paper then discusses the shortcomings of these approaches and proposes an unconventional alternative, Geospatial Metadata 2.0. This approach involves VGI users in the creation of metadata, and builds on folksonomies created by them. The paper presents the design and implementation of this idea in a prototype system along with an assessment result. The implementation includes Geospatial Metadata 2.0 add-ons in Geonetwork, and the assessment benefits from the input of metadata experts worldwide. The assessment of the benefits results indicate such an approach of metadata creation is promising and has the potential to be employed in VGI systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Integrated land administration processes are essential for effective land delivery. [•] Land policy, administration processes, and spatial data infrastructure should integrate. [•] An assessment framework is required to assess levels of integration. [•] Land administration integration assessment matrix is developed to assess integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We identify the challenges and limitations of 2D land & property information. [•] We suggest a framework for sourcing 3D land and property information. [•] We develop & apply an evaluation strategy based on the suggested framework. [•] A thorough evaluation of 3D data sourcing methods is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Review legal issues regarding 3D property as defined within the literature. [•] Analyse impact of legislation in the context of current registration practices. [•] Finding that registration of 3D property occurs regardless of legal limitations. [•] Introduce institutionalism and applicability to this research domain. [•] Reconceptualisation of legislation through institutional framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Current cadastral data models are not sufficiently supporting the requirements of 3D cadastres. [•] 3D physical objects as well as 3D legal objects are important in 3D cadastres. [•] We proposed 3DCDM model as a 3D cadastral data model to improve the current cadastral data models. [•] The 3DCDM model has two hierarchies, legal and physical, which are linked in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly literature on terrorism is analysed in its full scope with three main goals: (i) to objectively determine the structural makeup of the field, (ii) to document its current and past temporal trends; and (iii) to identify underrepresented areas. The size of the literature is estimated to have exceeded 18,000 items. At the highest level of aggregation, the field is found to be composed of four major divisions representing: (a) political, ideological and criminological, (b) economic, (c) psychological; and (d) emergency response aspects of terrorism research. The literature has been largely driven and guided by outside political events. Two major spikes in the intensity of terrorism research are distinctly identifiable. The extent of research triggered by and linked to the September 11 attacks has been such that it has generated its own stream of publications, although, activities associated with this cluster have notably slowed down since 2010. Two major research streams—one linked to "domestic terrorism" and a newer stream linked to "economic impacts of terrorism (particularly, on tourism and financial markets)"—are identified as currently the trendiest topics of this domain. Research on "right-wing/far-right" terrorism, although not new in this domain, shows clear signs of re-emergence and surge of activities. The analyses also identify gaps where further research is required. Most notable on that front is the striking paucity of empirical research on human behavior (i.e., civilian response) during (or in the aftermath of) terror attacks. Largely overlooked in this domain is the potential role of individual mental preparedness and/or peace-time training in mitigating the impact of terror events and increasing communities' self-efficacy in the face of terror. The multitude of dimensions that branch out from this single notion could potentially form a new division of terrorism research—possibly, a multidisciplinary crossover between the existing psychology and emergency response divisions—whose findings can help better prepare the public and reduce impacts of terror attacks on civilian communities. Some of these dimensions include (a) developing scales/inventories for measuring public preparedness level to react to terror attacks, (b) determining best response strategies to various forms of terror attacks, (c) identifying public misconceptions about best response, (d) examining public conformity and acceptance of training programs, (e) identifying effective means/media of raising awareness, (f) breaking down knowledge retainment barriers, and (g) determining best means of utilising bystander role as "zero responders" during terror attacks and capitalising on civilians' altruistic tendencies for terror impact mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Failure to recognize land administration systems as infrastructure creates potential funding and maintenance problems. Wider economic, social, and environmental benefits of effective land administration are consequently put at risk. Land administration must be recognized as critical, public good infrastructure. An evaluation method for testing land administration as an infrastructure is developed and applied. The method utilizes tools for defining and classifying infrastructure, public goods, and critical infrastructures. Arguments for land administration as infrastructure are revealed to reside within the land administration discipline: mainstream views regularly fail to recognize the argument. Reasons include the internal focus of scientific disciplines, the failure of land administrators to engage across disciplines, the global disparity of approaches to land administration, and the lack of visible or physical presence for land administration infrastructure. The results of three empirical studies support the notion that land administration is a critical, public good infrastructure. It concluded that infrastructure funding and maintenance regimes need to be depoliticized, potentially through the development of evidence based metrics, that land administrators must continue to promote land administration outwardly, and that the evaluation approach be extended and enhanced for use in directed land administration projects and studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many nations lack a coherent national approach to land administration. Instead, land information and processes are frequently disaggregated across states, provinces, cantons, counties, or municipalities. This is particularly the case in federated countries. The growing body of land administration theory often assumes or prescribes the need for national systems; however, the justification for this approach requires further explanation. Without justification, nations that maintain disaggregated systems lack the impetus to unlock the opportunities veiled within their disparate land administration systems. Moreover, a nation''s ability to respond effectively to emerging national and global-scale issues such as climate-change is greatly impeded. This paper aims to explain the need for national land administration infrastructures. Qualitative case studies of the Australian context and the method of triangulation inform the justification. The research reveals most drivers can be classified into six overarching subsets: adherence to international standards by national governments, better federal or central governance, improved shared governance, scale of economies for lower levels of government, opportunities and savings for business, and social inclusion for citizens. Unfortunately, specific drivers are found to be complex and changeable, as political, scientific and environmental debates raise policy issues: there is no single solution. As an alternative, nations must seize on the specific drivers relevant to their context. They must employ them to transform disparate land administration systems into multi-purpose national land administration infrastructures that deliver benefits to all stakeholder groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of an effective spatial data infrastructure (SDI) often occurs in a fragmented organizational environment requiring a high level of inter-organizational collaboration. Different organizations from various jurisdictions need to work together closely when agreeing on how they will jointly register, store, use and share data and how they will make their data available to the wider society. However, this collaboration is generally regarded as very difficult. For example people often resist data sharing across organizational boundaries due to loss of control, power and independency. Organizational issues are thus considered one of the fundamental constraints to inter-organizational sharing of spatial data. How can we overcome these constraints? In the spatial community, the term awareness is often regarded as a tool for minimizing problems concerned with inter-organizational collaboration. However, a major problem in using the term awareness in discussions of inter-organizational collaboration is that awareness is undefined and often misused as a term in the community. The (over)-use of the term awareness, without having a rigorous definition to rely on makes it harder to understand and develop collaboration issues. The difficulty in quantifying and describing issues in collaboration makes the development of effective SDIs problematic for the developers of these structures. This paper therefore suggests that the development of SDIs should be based on a conceptual framework that clearly addresses the problems spatial organizations currently encounter. As a result, the focus of this paper is on the nature and role of awareness. It explores why and how awareness plays a fundamental role in overcoming organizational constraints and in developing collaboration between organizations. The paper discusses the concept of awareness in the area of organizational collaboration in the spatial community, explains the important role awareness plays in the development of spatial data infrastructures, and introduces a methodology to promote awareness. Furthermore, the paper aims to make people in the community more aware of the use of the term “awareness”—when to use it, how to use it and especially important, how not to use it. The paper will investigate awareness in the field of land administration systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prolific growth in multi-story buildings in Victoria, Australia challenges the efficiency of 2D land administration system in dealing with spatially complex situations. Therefore, 3D digital approaches are being investigated to facilitate the management of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) in cities. Previous research has focused on providing a general framework for 3D urban land administration. Generally, the main components are data capturing, data integration and modelling, validation, visualisation and spatial analysis. In order to provide future steps towards realising the 3D-enabled land administration system, an exact framework is also needed for each component; however, there is no comprehensive research to identify all the spatial analysis requirements and provide a general pathway for creating a unified spatial analysis system in urban land administration. Developing efficient mechanisms for spatial analysis can unlock the value of 3D RRR data, which would subsequently improve decision-making in complex urban environments. Therefore, this study provides a framework for spatial analysis in 3D urban land administration system. The paper's methodology utilises a case study approach in which the existing regulations and legislations are investigated to identify the required spatial analysis. Then the capabilities of current 3D analytical approaches in terms of addressing regulatory requirements are assessed in order to gain a general view of the research gaps. By considering the identified 3D analytical requirements and knowledge gaps, a framework for spatial analysis will be provided. • Identifying the spatial analysis requirements for 3D urban land administration. • Evaluating the current analytical approaches regarding addressing the requirements. • Identifying spatial analyses need development/improvement of an analysis method. • LoD specification for the required spatial analysis in urban land administration. • Proposing a framework for spatial analysis in 3D urban land administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is growing interest internationally in land administration and cadastral systems and especially in their role as part of a national Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The important role the cadastre plays in supporting sustainable development is also well recognised. Both developed and developing countries accept the need to evaluate cadastral systems to help identify areas of improvement and whether their systems are capable of addressing future needs. Countries are continually re-engineering and implementing various aspects of the cadastre, comparing systems and trying to identify best practice within nations of the same socio-economic standing. In order to address this need, members of a team from the Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration at the Department of Geomatics, the University of Melbourne, with the support of the United Nations Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP) and the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), have developed a cadastral template. The template aims to assist the evaluation and benchmarking of cadastral systems and the role they play in SDIs. This paper aims to outline the concept and theory behind the cadastral template as well as analysing the results from 34 completed country templates. Several indicators have been used to analyse and benchmark countries cadastral systems, results of which will contribute to an improved understanding of the complex relationship between cadastral, land administration system and National SDI initiatives. This will also enable a worldwide comparison of cadastral systems, forming the basis for best practice and a tool to improve national cadastral systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the emergence of the spatial dimension of marine and coastal zone administration, and examines several initiatives around the world that contribute to this idea. Spatial data have been recognised as an important resource to improve decision-making and resource management in both the land and marine environments in terms of sustainable development. Many countries are developing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) to improve access and sharing of spatial data, however, most of these initiatives stop at the coastline. Recently, global and regional activities such as the 3rd United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA) have brought to international attention the importance of effective administration of the marine and coastal environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently there are no internationally accepted methodologies to evaluate and compare the performance of land administration systems. This is partly because land administration systems are in constant reform, and probably more importantly, they represent societies’ different perceptions of land. This paper describes the development of a framework to measure and compare the performance of land administration systems. The research is of particular relevance since it develops a management model which links the operational aspects of land administration with land policy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Accurate land valuation is necessary for tax purposes, land resources allocation, real estate management and urban development and planning. Since various factors from different domains affect land prices through non-linear relationships, automating the land valuation process on a large scale is a complex task. Advanced technologies in big data analysis and artificial intelligence have demonstrated superior capabilities in knowledge extraction in such cases. Accordingly, this paper develops and compares the performance of four Automated Valuation Models (AVMs) based on machine learning and deep learning techniques utilizing physical, geographical, socio-economic, environmental, legal and planning factors in Melbourne Metropolitan, Australia. According to the results, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) method outperforms other algorithms of Support Vector Regression (SVR), random forest and Deep Neural Network (DNN). This method has achieved the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.862, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.139, and normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) of 0.281. The achieved high accuracy is due to incorporating a wide range of driving factors and applying innovative feature selection and hyperparameter tuning procedures evaluating various possible feature sets and hyperparameters. Accordingly, this paper can contribute to research, governmental and industry-based activities in terms of developing AVMs for mass land valuation. • Automated land valuation models using machine learning and deep learning • Comprehensive feature set and hybrid feature selection process for robust model performance • Spatial mapping of land values in large urban areas • Contribution to fair housing policies and urban development by accurate land valuation • Practical insights for housing affordability strategies in terms of land management [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of informal urban settlements (IUS) presents a significant challenge to cities worldwide, particularly regarding disaster vulnerability. Many of their inhabitants are also victims of disaster-induced displacements due to complete loss or government-led relocation programs. The disaster or land-use management policies do not usually tackle the associated vulnerabilities of these informal settlers. Therefore, this research investigates the use case of a disaster-prone city in Colombia, where the policies and their implications at different levels (national to local) are analysed for IUS. To do so, we study the relationship between land use and disaster management policies in the case study of Mocoa in Colombia, examining its 2017 disaster as a disruptor event. The dissection of existing policies and their effectiveness revealed a lack of community engagement in the planning process and in addressing the issues associated with the vulnerabilities of IUS. Conclusions and recommendations are proposed to target community engagement in the planning process after comparing the policies and their challenges before and after the disaster. • Disasters disrupt and reshape disaster management and land-use planning policies. • Mocoa's 2017 disaster exposed outdated urban plan and obsolete mitigation strategies. • Informal settlers suffered the most losses and have not fully recovered yet. • Community resilience and engagement are key when updating land-use policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the trend towards increased property disputes in multi-owned buildings (MOBs), a greater focus is needed on dispute management to prevent huge litigation costs, high-stress levels, and disharmony in urban communities. Existing studies have recognized that pinpointing sources of disputes allows proactively minimizing dispute occurrence and influence. Ownership structure and architectural design of MOBs are viewed as the critical sources, but the effects of their detailed aspects on disputes remain unclear. This study aims to identify ownership and architectural factors of MOBs impacting on the incidence and intensity of disputes within communities in the property. It first defines crucial MOB factors causing disputes and a measurement model of the dispute intensity in the context of Victoria, Australia. It then investigates relationships between the factors and the intensity by employing Boosted Classification Tree, a machine learning technique, for 101 tribunal cases. This research confirms six factors highly associated with the dispute intensity: design of common areas, ownership space boundaries, ownership space arrangement, allocation of co-ownership share, design of individual units, and accessory spaces for each unit. The results shed light on MOB factors to be controlled at planning stages for mitigating disputes and their influence. • The impact of ownership and architectural factors of multi-owned buildings (MOB) on disputes has been empirically explored. • A method for measuring the intensity of disputes on MOB owners has been developed. • Machine learning on tribunal case records has been performed. • Six factors of MOBs with significant impacts on the dispute intensity have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D digital cadastral systems intend to provide a fully-integrated 3D view of legal boundaries and rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRR) in multi-storey properties, which is aligned with the physical reality. Our cognitive understanding of legal boundaries and RRR information is more communicable when we link it to our visual perception of the real world. However, there is a knowledge gap in logical relationships between legal and physical views as most of the existing approaches that integrate 3D legal and physical dimensions have been mainly proposed on a conceptual level. The main argument of this study is that the multi-dimensional nature of BIM provides the ability to extend this environment with concepts defined in Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for the purpose of 3D digital cadastre in buildings. Therefore, this study investigated how an open BIM-based data model, known as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), can be extended with LADM data elements to support integration of legal and physical views. This will create a linkage between LADM and BIM environment, which would subsequently provide a better cognitive understanding of legal spaces. • The multi-dimensional nature of BIM provides the ability to extend this environment with concepts defined in LADM. • This study aims to create a linkage between LADM and BIM environment. • Having a unified 3D data environment will reduce current issues in finding legal boundaries in buildings. • Integrating legal and physical dimensions of buildings should be based on international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SDG3, SDG4, and SDG7 are the most synergetic goals on a global scale. • SDGs 3, 4 and 7 synergetic effect begins to exert when their score is >60%. • The most synergetic effect is identified between SDG3, SDG4, and SDG10. • Improving SDGs does not have a linear impact on the SDG index. • Influence of SDGs on the SDG index varies in isolation or with other goals. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework is recognised throughout the world as a significant global agreement that has been adopted by all UN members. These goals represent a solution to sustainability problems dealing with nations' economies, the natural environment and societies. However, making progress towards achieving these goals has not been as effective as originally intended. One of the major concerns is whether the SDGs will be achieved globally by 2030. Given the current damage wrought internationally by the COVID-19 pandemic, what is required is a coordinated global effort to achieve the SDGs. In this uncertain time, an era of corona virus outbreaks, when countries' resources are finite and the deadline is fast approaching, prioritisation is necessary to allocate resources effectively. Several attempts have been made to prioritise SDGs by quantifying synergies. However, systematic methods to identify the magnitude of how to enhance the SDG index by improving individual SDGs is lacking. The objective of this paper is to identify synergetic SDGs using Boosted Regression Trees model which is a machine learning and data mining technique. In this study, contributions of all SDGs to form the SDG index are identified and a "what-if" analysis is conducted to understand the significance of goal scores. Findings show that SDG3, "Good health and well-being", SDG4, "Quality education", and SDG7, "Affordable and clean energy", are the most synergetic goals, when their scores are >60%. The findings of this research will help decision-makers implement effective strategies and allocate resources by prioritising synergetic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The transformation from 2D to 3D cadastral database should be in accordance with a standard-based approach. • This study aims to design and develop an LADM-driven 3D land administration system for Malaysia. • Malaysian land administration infrastructure is ready for an upgrade to include 3D digital data. • Current workflows should be modified to support the realization of LADM-based 3D land administration in Malaysia. Urban infrastructure has been dramatically increasing in Malaysian cities over the last decades. The current 2D-based practices are challenged by the stratified development of urban land in underground and aboveground areas. Currently, in Malaysia, surveying measurements are stored in a 2D-based cadastral database in the form of horizontal coordinates. However, this method is not capable to accommodate ownership complexities in the vertical dimension. The existing methods to capture, compute and adjust cadastral survey data need to be upgraded for the purpose of implementing a 3D land administration system (LAS) in Malaysia. The transformation from 2D to 3D LAS should be in accordance with a standard-based approach. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): ISO 19152:2012 provides an internationally accepted standard model for recording and managing cadastral data. This study aims to design and develop an LADM-driven 3D LAS for Malaysia by building on existing research carried out for LADM adoption in this country. The proposed approach includes modifications in the existing workflows for capturing 3D survey data, new architecture to support 3D land parcels, and a new database for creating an LADM-based 3D LAS in line with data requirements in Malaysia. The major part of the upgrade from 2D to a 3D environment consists of capturing, processing and management of height of survey points that define parcel boundaries. This study demonstrated and confirmed that the LADM standard plays a significant role in realising a 3D-enabled system for Malaysian land administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a framework comprising 231 indicators to assess the level of sustainable development in all countries. However, the framework is criticised for lacking an inclusive evaluation of resilience despite accepting it as a component of sustainability. Many resilience indicators have been proposed in the literature with the potential to be introduced in SDGs. Yet, the initial challenge is the lack of an agreement on resilience dimensions and a common framework of indicators to measure them. In this review, key resilience dimensions (KDs), as well as the related objective indicators, are defined through the review of the resilience literature, from 1970 to the present day. Here, 21 different resilience dimensions, along with the indicators to assess them, have been extracted. Conducting the framework analysis method, the indicators related to each dimension have been coded based on variables (that categorise indicators due to the measured features) and sub-domains (that classify variables in overall themes). Later, similarity matrices are developed to define the strength of the codes' co-occurrence among 21 dimensions. Consequently, five KDs were conceptualised - social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, and environmental. The KDs have been later utilised as a context on which indicators to measure resilience have been formulated in a comprehensive framework. This framework, as well as resolving the disagreement on resilience dimensions and their proliferation, supports the refinement of future indicators and enhancement of resilience measurement in SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The importance of developing 3D principles and validation rules to define a trustable spatial and legal extent of ownership is discussed. • The recent studies on 3D data validation and the current examination practice in Victoria, Australia, are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. • A structured framework for 3D cadastral data validation is proposed. • Three main aspects of checking the validity of 3D digital cadastral data are fully discussed. • A set of critical issues for the practical implementation of 3D validation phase in 3D digital cadastre is recommended. There are a wide variety of cadastral objects, ranging from simple 2D entities such as a land parcel, to complex 3D objects such as multistory/multi-owned buildings. The complex infrastructures development happening above and below the ground complicates the processes required for defining rights, restrictions and responsibilities in 3D (3D RRRs). Even in the current, predominantly, 3D analogue cadastral system which relies on 2D drawings and representations, defining 3D RRRs is still a complicated task. With the widespread use of 3D geospatial information technologies, it is increasingly becoming easy to realise and interpret a 3D digital cadastre system. As part of the process of transition from the 2D representation of cadastre towards a 3D digital cadastre, not only will 2D representations be replaced with 3D models, but the examination workflow and its principles also need to be able to manage 3D models. Developing principles and validation rules is a critical requirement to guarantee that the diverse cadastral data is trustable and contains enough detail to define the spatial and legal extents of ownership. This paper proposes a structured framework to define validation rules for 3D cadastral models. The paper's methodology utilises a case study approach where a plan examination process in Victoria, Australia has been analysed to investigate the principles of examining cadastral plans, and further expanded on for validating 3D digital plans. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the proposed 3D validation rules and proposes future research within the topic of 3D cadastral data validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Role of indicators in measuring sustainability is critically evaluated. • Role of SDI in solving the shortcomings of indicators is discussed. • UADI has been developed using Ontology as a core component. • Selected transport sustainability indicators are quantified manually and using UADI. • Indicators quantification by user and UADI are compared considering 5 technical lenses. This paper examines capabilities of a new Spatial Data Infrastructure called Urban Analytics Data Infrastructure (UADI 1 1 Spatial Data Infrastructure called Urban Analytics Data Infrastructure), through deriving and evaluating transport sustainability indicators. The UADI was developed in Australia to support multi-disciplinary and cross-jurisdictional analytics to overcome the challenges related to model generalisation, data accessibility, data integration, data heterogeneity and city performance benchmarking. In this paper, the UADI were evaluated through 5 technical lenses of: data accessibility; integration; harmonisation; data reliability and model reliability. The paper shows that using open geospatial standards in UADI enabled transport sustainability indicators to be derived through accessing and integrating different spatial data layers and the process of mapping data to ontology facilitated data harmonisation. In addition, the input data, tool processing, and output of ontology-based transport sustainability indicators could be traced in UADI, which addresses the challenge of model and data reliability. The paper highlights the role of spatial data infrastructures in decision support systems for uncertainty analysis and promoting smart cities and resilient environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]