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• Results from a survey that focused on public attitudes toward emerging mobility options are presented. • Eleven latent factors that represent various aspects of attitudes were identified. • The underlying patterns of attitudes were discussed. • The correlations between the latent attitudes and the observed covariates were examined. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of people's attitudes toward shared mobility options and autonomous vehicles (AVs), with a focus on the underlying patterns and potential determinants. A stated preference (SP) survey was designed and implemented in the U.S. Four sets of questions were included in the questionnaire, each focused on one unique aspect of user attitudes, including a) preferences for mobility options and lifestyle (such as overall view of driving, factors in mode choice decisions and technology engagement), b) perceived benefits and concerns of shared mobility option, c) reasons toward or against private vehicle ownership, and d) motivations for and desired features of AVs. A structural equations model was developed to identify latent attitudinal factors and examine the correlations between the latent attitudes (as the endogenous variables) and the observed covariates (including the socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and users' current mobility profile, such as mode use frequency, travel distance, and trip fare). The model identified eleven latent factors that represent various aspects of attitudes toward AVs and shared mobility options. The findings could be used by policymakers and Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) to a) recognize the users' latent attitudes, b) understand the underlying patterns of attitudes, c) implement plans and policies more efficiently, d) guide or influence users' perceptions, and e) enhance travel behavior models. This study lays the foundation for further analysis on understanding user acceptance and adoption of these emerging mobility options, which is essential to estimate the likelihood and magnitude of behavior shifts in the era of automated, connected and shared mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the biopharmaceutical industry to enhance production efficiency via shifting batch to continuous manufacturing. In the previous study, we demonstrated that under identical operation condition, continuous fermentation of recombinant Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) Mut+ producing intracellular hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has considerably higher efficiency compared to the conventional fed-batch process. In the current work, by examining various dilution rates, we further optimized the process efficiency, and also determined some strain-specific parameters. According to the results, continuous operation at the dilution rate of 0.015 1/h demonstrated the highest performance compared to other dilution rates of 0.009, 0.02, 0.25, 0.03 and 0.0417 1/h. In the optimum dilution rate, the average HBsAg titer, yield, specific and volumetric productivity were 283.9 mg HBsAgT,, 0.71 mg HBsAg/g MeOH, 0.0097 mgHBsAg'g wet cell weight (WCW)/h and 4.26mgHBsAg/L/h, respectively. Compared to the continuous fermentation in the previous study, the volumetric and specific productivities were improved by the factors of 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. Following Herbert-Pirt linear relation between specific growth rate and methanol consumption rate, the obtained biomass yield and maintenance coefficient in the continuous fermentation were 1.22 (g WCW/g MeOH) and 0.008 (g MeOH/g WCW/h), respectively. The consistency in the process condition and efficiency without any genetic instability and contamination in the one-month operation-in each fermentation run-suggests that the studied recombinant strain could be one of the potential candidates for continuous bio-manufacturing of hepatitis B vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Continuous production of rHBsAg in P. pastoris was established. • Compared to conventional fed-batch process, productivity and yield were higher. • No contamination and genome mutation were detected in chemostat fermentation. Abstract The recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) is a protein-based vaccine which is mainly produced by Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) in a high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation for large-scale production purposes. In this study, we compared the efficiency and productivity of a chemostat fermentation of P. pastoris for rHBsAg production with the conventional fed-batch fermentation process. For this purpose, we established chemostat fermentation of P. pastoris for rHBsAg production in bench-scale for two weeks. The specific and volumetric productivity for chemostat fermentation were 0.00468 mg HBsAg/g cell/h and 1.699 mg HBsAg/L/h, respectively. These parameters for fed-batch fermentation were 0.00456 mg HBsAg/g cell/h and 1.38 mg HBsAg/L/h, and by considering the downtime for harvesting and initiating the next run, these values dropped to 0.00375 mg HBsAg/g cell/h and 1.13 mg HBsAg/L/h, respectively. According to the PCR analysis, no genetic mutation and contamination were detected after approximately three weeks of fermentation process- including batch, fed-batch and chemostat fermentation. These results indicate large-scale production of rHBsAg in recombinant P. pastoris, using the chemostat operation mode is more cost-effective and time-sparing than the conventional fed-batch production system. Besides, common challenges such as contamination and mutation were absent in the continuous production of rHBsAg in P. pastoris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The two-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation within a hollow heat exchanger are investigated. The heat exchanger is filled with CuO-water nanofluid which its dynamic viscosity is estimated by KKL model. In addition, the influence of shapes of nanoparticles on the heat transfer rate is considered in the simulation, and the most efficient shape of nanoparticle is selected to be used in the further investigation. The entropy generation analysis and heatline visualization are employed to present a comprehensive study on the considered heat exchanger. The Rayleigh number in range of 103 to 106, nanoparticle concentrations in the pure water (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 vol%) and four different thermal arrangements of internal active pipes are the governing parameters. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection • Using second law analysis and heatline visualization • The heat exchanger is filled with CuO-water nanofluid. • The local fluid friction irreversibility and heat transfer irreversibility are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal analysis of a C-shaped heat exchanger during the natural convection phenomenon is carried out. The heat exchanger is filled with Al 2 O 3 -EG/W (60,40 vol%) nanofluid. The thermo-physical properties of nanofluid, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity, are analyzed experimentally using modern measuring devices of KD2 Pro Thermal Analyzer Brookfield LVDV-III Rheometer. The fluid flow and heat transfer of natural convection are simulated using Double-MRT lattice Boltzmann method. The numerical simulations and experimental data are coupled using developed correlations which are based on temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Impacts of different effective parameters like Rayleigh number in range of 10 3 to 10 6 , nanoparticle concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 vol% and four different arrangements of internal active pipes on the streamlines, isotherm patterns, local/average heat transfer rate, local/average entropy generation and heatlines are presented graphically and statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation in a square cavity filled with CuO–water nanofluid is performed. The lattice Boltzmann method is employed to solve the problem numerically. The influences of different Rayleigh numbers 1 0 3 < R a < 1 0 6 and solid volume fractions 0 < φ < 0 . 05 on the fluid flow, heat transfer and total/local entropy generation are presented comprehensively. Also, the heatline visualization is employed to identify the heat energy flow. To predict the thermo-physical properties, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity, of CuO–water nanofluid, the KKL model is applied to consider the effect of Brownian motion on nanofluid properties. It is concluded that the configurations of active fins have pronounced effect on the fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation. Furthermore, the Nusselt number has direct relationship with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction, and the entropy generation has direct and reverse relationships with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation in a cuboid enclosure included with various discrete active walls is analyzed using lattice Boltzmann method. The enclosure is filled with CuO–water nanofluid. To predict thermo-physical properties, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity, of CuO–water nanofluid, the KKL model is applied to consider the effect of Brownian motion on nanofluid properties. In lattice Boltzmann simulation, two different MRT models are used to solve the problem. The D3Q7-MRT model is used to solve the temperature filed, and the D3Q19 is employed to solve the fluid flow of natural convection within the enclosure. The influences of different Rayleigh numbers 1 0 3 < R a < 1 0 6 and solid volume fractions 0 < φ < 0 . 04 and four different arrangements of discrete active walls on the fluid flow, heat transfer, total entropy generation, local heat transfer irreversibility and local fluid friction irreversibility are presented comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tune the properties and reduce the viscosity of methacrylate functional epoxidized sucrose soyate (MESS), the use of a dual functionalization strategy was explored. Bio-based thermosets have previously been produced from free-radical curing of MESS having a large number of functional groups and have demonstrated a high glass transition temperature ( T g ) and good mechanical properties. However, the MESS viscosity was high. To reduce the MESS viscosity, further functionalization of MESS was carried out by sequential addition of methacrylic anhydride. The synthesis was optimized and the resulting dimethacrylated epoxidized sucrose soyate (DMESS) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and viscosity measurements. A series of DMESS with varying range of degrees of methacrylation was synthesized. The synthesized DMESS series were combined with varying amounts of styrene diluent and cured using a free radical process with peroxyesters as initiators. The extent of cure was determined by gel content using Soxhlet extraction and confirmed using FTIR. The thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and tensile testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional natural convection in a cuboid enclosure filled with DWCNTs-water nanofluid is studied. The heat transfer performance due to convective flow of nanofluid inside the enclosure at different temperature differences between side hot and cold walls (ΔT = 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C) is analyzed experimentally and numerically. A setup has been manufactured to test the natural convection phenomenon within the enclosure. Moreover, in this work, the utilized nanofluid is prepared, the thermo-physical properties, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity, of the nanofluid are measured experimentally by means of modern measuring devices. The DWCNTs-water nanofluid is obtained in different solid volume fraction of 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%, and thermo-physical properties have been measured in all solid volume fraction and temperature range of 300 to 340. The 3D computational study utilizing finite volume approach is performed with similar boundary condition with experimental setup and experimental properties of nanofluid to validate the experimental data. Height, length and depth of the enclosure are equal to 100 mm. the left and right side walls have constant and uniform hot and cold temperature respectively, and the other walls are insulated. The constant temperature of side walls is obtained by water channel supplied by circulating water bathes. The temperature of side walls is measured by nine LM-35 temperature sensors, and the temperature of nanofluid is measured by means of PT100 thermocouples inserting from watertight circular slots from back of enclosure. The numerical and experimental results are compared and a good consistency is observed. The temperature distribution between side walls at the mid-height of the enclosure, average heat transfer coefficient and average Nusselt number are presented for different Rayleigh numbers and solid volume fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural convection heat transfer analysis is performed by different approaches such as heatline visualization, total and local entropy generation, average ad local Nusselt number using lattice Boltzmann numerical method in nanofluid-filled cavity with partially heated and cooled walls included by internal heaters. The cavity is filled with DWCNTs-water nanofluid which its thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are measured experimentally at different solid volume fractions of 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% and a temperature range of 300–340 (K). Two sets of correlations for theses parameters based on temperature are developed and used in the numerical simulations. The side walls of cavity are cooled uniformly, two partially hot and cold surfaces at the bottom and top walls are located, respectively. The internal heaters are heated uniformly as well. The influences of different governing parameters such different arrangements of internal heaters, different concentrations of nanofluid and Rayleigh numbers on the fluid flow, temperature filed, average and local Nusselt number, total and local entropy generation and heatlines are presented. The results show that the arrangements of the internal heaters have pronounced effects on the fluid flow, heat transfer performance and entropy generation. Furthermore, the Nusselt number has direct relationship with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction. On the other hand, the total entropy generation has direct and reverse relationship with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Aging increased the expression of NIX and BNIP3 genes in muscle tissue. • Swimming exercise and Nano l -arginine with oxidative stress control and negative regulation of LC3 protein in muscle cells seems to control autophagy. • Swimming exercise and Nano l -arginine are effective in reducing atrophy caused by aging. The present research aims to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise and chitosan-coated l -arginine on mitochondrial oxidation, BCL2 Interacting Protein 3 (Bnip3), NIP-like protein × (Nix), B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) and autophagy-related protein light chain 3(LC3) expression in soleus muscle of aging rats. In this experimental research, 25 male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups randomly: young, old, old + Nano l -arginine (Nano L-a), old + exercise (Ex), and old + Nano l -arginine (Nano L-a) + exercise (Ex) (n = 5 in each). They performed a swimming exercise program five days a week for six weeks. To determine the relative strength for rats before and after performing these interventions, the 1repetition maximum (1RM) test was done as a pre and post-test. The exercise program started with 20 min and after four sessions, gradually increased to 60 min and this time was maintained until the completion of the training period. l -arginine coated with chitosan nanoparticles was given to the rats in the l -arginine-supplemented group via gavage at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day, five days a week, for six weeks. Additionally, the rats in all groups were fed a normal diet (2.87 kcal/g and 15 % energy from fat). Upon the completion of the protocol implementation, the rats were sacrificed and the soleus muscle was fixed and frozen to determine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), gene expression analysis, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results from the present research indicated that swimming exercise and Nano l -arginine improve the strength and histology of muscle tissue in old rats (p < 0.05). Aging significantly increased the expression of Nix and Bnip3 (p < 0.05) and reduced the Bcl-xL gene expression (p < 0.05). The expression of LC3 protein also increased with aging (p < 0.05). Therapeutic interventions, such as combined treatment (old + Nano L-a + Ex) for old animals, reduced the amount of this protein in soleus muscle (p < 0.05). The ROS values also showed a significant reduction only in the old + Nano L-a + Ex group compared to the old group. Moreover, TAC values show a significant decrease in the old and old + Ex groups in comparison to the young group. The use of arginine supplement, especially in nano form, along with swimming exercise seems to reduce the oxidative damage to the elderly muscle tissue, which has a positive effect on the structure and function of the soleus muscle. Since these interventions only had a significant effect on LC3 protein, further studies with more diverse measurement methods for autophagy are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resistance training affected on sciatic nerve lesions by upregulating GAP-43. • Resistance training after sciatic nerve lesions improve sciatic functional index score. • Resistance training after sciatic nerve lesions improve sensory nerve and hot plate score. Resistance training improves muscle strength through a combination of neural plasticity and muscle hypertrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise on sciatic nerve regeneration and histology, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) expressions, and soleus muscle atrophy following traumatic nerve injuries in Wistar rats. In the present study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: healthy control (HC) as a sham group was exposed to the surgical procedures without any sciatic nerve compression, lesioned control (LC), resistance training (RT,non-lesioned), and lesioned rats + RT (LRT) (n = 10 in each). The RT group performed a resistance-training program 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Sciatic functional index (SFI) score, beam score and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score decreased and the hot plate time increased significantly in the LC‌ group compared to the HC (p < 0.05) group. However, the LRT‌ group showed a significant increase in the SFI score (p = 0.001) and a significant decrease in hot plate time (p = 0.0232) compared to the LC group. The LC group also showed neurological morphological damage and muscle atrophy and a decrease in GAP-43 in nerve tissue. In comparison to the LC group, a significant increase in sciatic nerve caliber, diameter, number of muscle fibers, and the expression of GAP-43‌ (p < 0.05) was observed in the LRT group. Doing resistance training even for four weeks seems to affect sciatic nerve lesions and injuries. It can also repair and regenerate nerve tissue by upregulating GAP-43 expression‌, improving motor behavioral tests, and controlling muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Improving healthcare for people with chronic conditions requires clinical information systems that support integrated care and information exchange, emphasizing a semantic approach to support multiple and disparate Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Using a literature review, the Australian National Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), SNOMED-CT-AU and input from health professionals, we developed a Diabetes Mellitus Ontology (DMO) to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes. This paper describes the manual validation of the DMO-based approach using real world EHR data from a general practice ( n = 908 active patients) participating in the electronic Practice Based Research Network (ePBRN). Method The DMO-based algorithm to query, using Semantic Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL), the structured fields in the ePBRN data repository were iteratively tested and refined. The accuracy of the final DMO-based algorithm was validated with a manual audit of the general practice EHR. Contingency tables were prepared and Sensitivity and Specificity (accuracy) of the algorithm to diagnose T2DM measured, using the T2DM cases found by manual EHR audit as the gold standard. Accuracy was determined with three attributes – reason for visit (RFV), medication (Rx) and pathology (path) – singly and in combination. Results The Sensitivity and Specificity of the algorithm were 100% and 99.88% with RFV; 96.55% and 98.97% with Rx; and 15.6% and 98.92% with Path. This suggests that Rx and Path data were not as complete or correct as the RFV for this general practice, which kept its RFV information complete and current for diabetes. However, the completeness is good enough for this purpose as confirmed by the very small relative deterioration of the accuracy (Sensitivity and Specificity of 97.67% and 99.18%) when calculated for the combination of RFV, Rx and Path. The manual EHR audit suggested that the accuracy of the algorithm was influenced by data quality such as incorrect data due to mistaken units of measurement and unavailable data due to non-documentation or documented in the wrong place or progress notes, problems with data extraction, encryption and data management errors. Conclusion This DMO-based algorithm is sufficiently accurate to support a semantic approach, using the RFV, Rx and Path to define patients with T2DM from EHR data. However, the accuracy can be compromised by incomplete or incorrect data. The extent of compromise requires further study, using ontology-based and other approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the torque capabilities of conventional and self-ligating brackets by using the finite element method. Methods: Three types of brackets were selected: self-ligating Hanson Speed (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada) and Damon MX (Ormco, Glendora, Calif), and conventionally ligated Discovery (Dentaurum, Pforzheim, Germany). All brackets had a 0.022-in slot size. From the maxillary left incisor to the maxillary right canine, 4 brackets were included in the finite element models generated. Torque of 20° was applied to the maxillary right incisor with 0.46 × 0.64 mm2 (0.018 × 0.025 in) and 0.48 × 0.64 mm2 (0.019 × 0.025 in) archwires. Three kinds of wire alloys were used: stainless steel, titanium molybdenum, and nickel titanium. For the conventional Discovery brackets, 2 types of ligation were modeled: elastic and stainless steel wire ligatures. The torque angle/torque moment characteristics in the simulated movement were calculated by using the MSC.Marc/Mentat 2005 FE software package (MSC Software Corporation, Santa Ana, Calif). Results: The torque angle/torque moment curves seemed to be dominated by the characteristics of the wire. The change of wire dimension increased the torque moments less than the change of wire alloy (125% increase for a 0.48 × 0.64 mm2 instead of a 0.46 × 0.64 mm2 stainless steel wire, and 220% for a 0.46 × 0.64 mm2 stainless steel instead of a nickel-titanium wire). The combined change of the wire alloy and wire dimension resulted in a 600% increase for a 0.48 × 0.64 mm2 stainless steel instead of a 0.46 × 0.64 mm2 nickel-titanium wire.The play of the 0.46 × 0.64 mm2 wires was about 9.0°, and the play of the 0.48 × 0.64 mm2 wires was about 7.5°, with slightly more play for the Damon. The ligation effect of Discovery brackets with elastic and stainless steel ligatures could be compared with the behavior of the Damon. The Speed showed different behavior, with the lowest torquing moments and the smallest torque play. Conclusions: Improving the adaptation of torque movements to the biomechanical reactions of the periodontium is best done by proper selection of both wire dimension and wire alloy. The effect of the bracket system is of minor importance, with the exception of brackets with an active clip (eg, Speed), which had the least play and the lowest torquing moments of all the wires. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The assessment of the behavior of immediately loaded dental implants using biomechanical methods is of particular importance. The primary goal of this investigation is to optimize the function of the implants to serve for immediate loading. Animal experiments on reindeer antlers as a novel animal model will serve for investigation of the bone remodeling processes in the implant bed. The main interest is directed towards the time and loading-dependant behavior of the antler tissue around the implants. The aim and scope of this work was to design an autonomous loading device that has the ability to load an inserted implant in the antler with predefined occlusal forces for predetermined time protocols. The mechanical part of the device can be attached to the antler and is capable of cyclically loading the implant with forces of up to 100N. For the calibration and testing of the loading device a biomechanical measuring system has been used. The calibration curve shows a logarithmic relationship between force and motor current and is used to control the force on the implant. A first test on a cast reindeer antler was performed successfully. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A survey was conducted to measure user attitudes on automated vehicles (AVs) and mobility options. • Three distinct user classes were identified with varying attitudes toward AVs. • Adoption and willingness to pay for AV depend on users' current mobility profiles. • Auto dependents with long-distance commute were more likely to adopt AVs. • Trip privacy and data privacy are major barriers toward the shift to AVs. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the propensity toward autonomous vehicles (AVs). The main hypothesis of this study is that individuals' decisions toward AVs vary by their modality style, and it is possible to identify a distinct set of attitudes toward AVs among people with distinct mobility profiles. A latent class clustering analysis model was applied to the survey data, and three distinct user classes (sub-datasets) were identified, including auto-dependent users, all-mode users, and non-drivers (passengers and transit users). Separate structural equation models were developed to identify a distinct set of attitudes for each user class and estimate their propensity toward AV technology. The results showed that attitudes play a critical role in users' behavior toward AV adoption and WTP. Moreover, the identified attitudes for each class and their contribution to the decisions were different among the three classes, confirming the necessity to develop separate models to account for the heterogeneity in their choice behavior. In view of attitudes, pro-technology showed significant positive impacts on both AV adoption and WTP for auto-dependent users and non-drivers. While self-driving features might motivate auto-dependent users to adopt AV technologies, driving assistance features seemed to be more important for all-mode users in their adoption and WTP decisions. Trip privacy and data privacy concerns presented potential barriers for auto users and all-mode users but did not show significant impacts for non-drivers, who were more likely to be discouraged from adopting AVs by the joy of driving. The findings contribute to the current literature by providing more in-depth insights into users' attitudes toward AV technologies and a better understanding of their decisions to adopt and pay for AV technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A modeling framework was developed to investigate the generational gaps in mobility attitudes. • Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition identified the sources of attitude gaps between Generations X and Y. • Millennials have more favorable views toward shared mobility, transit and automated vehicles. • A dominant portion of the gaps stemmed from the different perspectives between the generational cohorts. • The differences in the SED attributes explained a small portion of the generational gaps. This paper presents a study in investigating the generational gaps between Millennials and Generation X in terms of their mobility attitudes. A comprehensive analytical framework was proposed in this study and applied to data obtained from an SP survey in the U.S. Four modeling steps were involved, to measure the attitudes, identify generational gaps, recognize potential contributors to the attitudes, and decompose the contributions into Endowment , Coefficient , and Interaction effects. The Endowment effects measure how much of the generational differences can be attributed to socioeconomic and demographic variables, while the Coefficient effects reflect the gap that is due to actual behavioral changes or attitudinal shifts between the generations. The findings of this study confirmed the existence of generational gaps in mobility attitudes and revealed that a dominant portion of the gaps stemmed from the different perspectives between the generational cohorts. This indicates that these attitudinal disparities are likely to persist and remain at significant magnitudes, reflecting the unique views and values of the Millennials. Particularly, the preferences for transit and alternative modes and less reliance on private vehicles among Millennials were more of a reflection of their preferences in lifestyle choices and not so much constrained by their socioeconomic status as the previous generation. This study provides empirical evidence of the generational gaps between Millennials and the previous generation in terms of their mobility preferences. The findings provide valuable inputs for policy development in promoting sustainable transportation and community design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PDMS-poly(SBMA) Amphiphilic additives via controlled free radical polymerization. • Amphiphilic additives incorporated into marine hydrophobic coating. • Amphiphilic additives improved release of barnacles & U. linza from coating. • Novel, amphiphilic, surface-modifying additives for marine coatings. Amphiphilic coatings have shown promising performance for marine applications to deter and limit biofouling. Hydrophobic marine coatings are unable to deter marine organisms that prefer hydrophobic surfaces for settlements, thus a series of amphiphilic additives were prepared and introduced to a hydrophobic system to attain surface amphiphilicity and improved performance without changing the base matrix. In this work, we report the successful synthesis of amphiphilic additives where highly incompatible blocks of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophilic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (poly(SBMA)) were connected, using ARGET ATRP (activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization) controlled radical polymerization technique. The surface characterization confirmed the presence of self-migrated amphiphilic additives to the surface of hydrophobic coating systems, and biological assessments indicated that the additives desirably improved fouling-release performance of the base hydrophobic system against macroalgal spores (Ulva linza) and barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite) while these additives had no detrimental effect on ability of the base matrix to release bacteria (Cellulophaga lytica), diatoms (Navicula incerta), and mussels (Geukensia demissa). Furthermore, this study not only reported the outstanding contribution of poly(SBMA)-PDMS additives towards contending with marine biofouling as well as the facile preparation of amphiphilic additives, but also concluded that several factors should be considered in the design of these additives for tailoring hydrophobic coatings: 1) PDMS block with a molecular weight of 1000 M ¯ n is preferred over higher molecular weights of PDMS; 2) hydrophilic portion between a range of 50% to 80% provides the desired amphiphilicity on a surface; and 3) poly(SBMA) block size does not necessarily impact the effectiveness of an additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Castor oil as an environmentally friendly source was introduced to synthesize a novel green corrosion inhibitor. • Castor oil-based corrosion inhibitor (COCI) overcome the poor performance at high temperatures and low biodegradability of corrosion inhibitors. • COCI has a considerable ability to suppress acidic corrosion, particularly at high temperatures. • Triglyceride groups showed a significant effect on molecular activity of COCI. The castor oil as a cheap and environmentally friendly source was used to prepare a novel green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic medium. The poor performance at high temperatures and low biodegradability are two important challenges of corrosion inhibitors that castor oil-based corrosion inhibitor (COCI) is designed to overcome them. The inhibition performance of COCI was evaluated by weight loss, open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization techniques. The morphology of MS was examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, a comprehensive computational study was done to clarify the anticorrosive mechanism of COCI by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, density functional based tight-binding (DFTB) approach and density functional theory (DFT). Maximum inhibition efficiency of 85 % and 91 % were achieved at 80 °C using 140 μM of COCI in EIS and polarization tests, respectively. COCI acted as a mixed type inhibitor and the adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel surface was chemisorption. The obtained results demonstrate that the COCI has a considerable ability to suppress acidic corrosion at all concentrations were studied here, particularly at high temperatures. Given the fact that several articles were reported a significant reduction in performance of corrosion inhibitors by increasing temperature, in this study was found out not only was there no decrease in inhibition efficiency of COCI at higher temperatures, but it depicted good performance at 80 °C. In addition, the high adsorption energy of COCI confirmed a strong interaction between Fe surface and inhibitor molecules and showed a significant effect of the urethane bonds and the triglyceride groups on molecular activity. The Fermi energy state indicated that the chemical adsorption occurred in the interaction of COCI-Fe surface by electron transition from inhibitor to Fe 3d band state. We expect the results of this work provide new opportunities for the design and synthesis of efficient corrosion inhibitors based on vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Injury severity of large truck rollover crashes were studied in the state of Florida. • Heterogeneity was explored using a random parameter ordered logit model. • Lighting conditions and medium driving speed (25–50 mph) showed significant variations in their impacts on injury severity. • Careless driving and abnormal driver condition increased the likelihood of more severe outcomes when driving speed is 25–50 mph. • Speeding and vision obstruction led to more severe outcomes in insufficient lighting conditions. Large truck rollover crashes present significant financial, industrial, and social impacts. This paper presents an effort to investigate the contributing factors to large truck rollover crashes. Specific focus was placed on exploring the role of heterogeneity and the potential sources of heterogeneity regarding their impacts on injury-severity outcomes. The data used in this study contained large truck rollover crashes that occurred between 2007 and 2016 in the state of Florida. A random parameter ordered logit (RPOL) model was applied. Various driver, vehicle, roadway, and crash attributes were explored as potential predictors in the model. Their impacts were examined for the presence of heterogeneity. Interaction effects were then added to the random variables in order to detect potential sources of heterogeneity. Model results showed that the impacts of lighting conditions and driving speed had significant variation across observations, and this variation could be attributed to driver actions and driver conditions at the time of the crash, as well as driver vision obstruction. Findings from this study shed light on the direction, magnitude, and randomness of the factors that contribute to large truck rollover crashes. Findings associated with heterogeneity could help develop more effective and targeted countermeasures to improve freight safety. Driver education programs could be planned more efficiently, and advisory and warning signs could be designed in a more insightful manner by taking into account specific roadway attributes, such as sandy surfaces, downhill, curved alignment, unpaved shoulders, and lighting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to investigate a new way for cooling PV cell using natural vapor as coolant. The performance of solar cell was examined on simulated sunlight. The natural vapor encountered backside of PV cell vertically in various distribution and different mass flow rates. Also, the effect of natural vapor temperature in cooling performance was analyzed. Results indicated that the temperature of PV cell drops significantly with increasing natural vapor mass flow rate. In detail, the PV cell temperature decreased about 7 to 16 °C when flow rate reaches 1.6 to 5 gr min − 1 . It causes increasing electrical efficiency about 12.12% to 22.9%. The best performance of PV cell can be achieved at high natural vapor flow rate, low natural vapor temperature and the obtained optimum distribution condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We previously reported a G>C point mutation located at position −48 within the calreticulin gene core promoter in one individual suffering from paranoid schizophrenia that has also been diagnosed with affective disorder. However, a putative bona fide functional link between this mutation in the calreticulin gene and schizoaffective disorder has remained speculative. We have carried out calreticulin genotyping and psychiatric examination of all available members of the family of the proband and found that three more members carry the −48G>C mutation. Remarkably, two of them develop the disease with an onset and progression that are virtually identical. The third person, too young to have developed fully the disease, nevertheless displays the same symptoms as her affected relatives had at the same early age. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis of the calreticulin promoter in rat cortical neurons shows aberrant increase in transcription in the presence of the −48G>C mutation, both at basal levels and in the presence of valproate and lithium. Our results point to a previously unknown causal role for dysregulation of calreticulin homeostasis in schizoaffective disorder by both genetic and functional analyses, and shed new light on the possible mechanisms of action of valproate and lithium in the treatment of the disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The dissipation rate and risk assessment of penconazole, hexaconazole, diazinon, ethion and phosalone in grape under field (pre-harvest) and post-harvest conditions (storage at 4 and 25 °C) during 24 days and after washing (immersion) were determined. Pesticide residues were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The dissipation of pesticides followed first-order kinetics and their half-life (t 1/2) under pre-harvest intervals (PHI) were less than those of post-harvest conditions. For penconazole, hexaconazole, diazinon, ethion and phosalone in grape, the t 1/2 under the pre-harvest period was 7.22, 5.50, 2.36, 2.34 and 2.79 days, and the recommended PHI value was 15, 23, 12, 13 and 15 days, respectively. During washing, pesticide residues were decreased. Among washing solutions, sodium bicarbonate (2% w/v) was the most effective one in pesticide removal. After immersion (15 min) in this solution, the reduction of penconazole, hexaconazole, diazinon, ethion and phosalone was 94.47, 93.65, 95.39, 71.56 and 63.13%, respectively. In samples analyzed, the hazard quotient of all mentioned pesticides except diazinon was less than 1, indicating that the health hazard was negligible due to the intake of these pesticide residues through grape. The results presented valuable information regarding PHI and a suitable cleaning method for pesticide removal in grape. Image 1 • The dissipation rate of 3 insecticides and 2 fungicides in grape was studied. • The dissipation of the pesticides in grape followed a first-order kinetics. • The pre-harvest interval and half-life of pesticides were determined. • Sodium bicarbonate solution had the most efficacy in pesticide removal. • Health hazard of pesticide residues except diazinon in grape was negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most plentiful energy source, solar energy, can be used even while it's cloudy outside. Around 10,000 times more solar energy is being absorbed by the Earth than is being used by people. For several functions, solar systems may provide fuel, power, heat, cooling, and natural lighting. Solar technology may use photovoltaic panels or solar radiation-concentrating mirrors to turn sunlight into electrical energy. Multiple contexts may benefit from the utilization of solar energy. Hence, enhancing the natural frequency of such a system and comprehending its dynamics are crucial in the engineering sector. The objective of the present study is to reinforce the metal layer of solar cells with multi-phase hybrid nanocomposite materials in order to improve its natural frequency. Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotube (CNT), which are reinforcements with macro- and nanoscale dimensions, respectively, are used to strengthen an aluminum matrix that makes up the final layer of the structure. The introduction of infinite and finite displacement fields simulates the compression applied to a solar panel that is either fully clamped or merely supported. The Kronecker tensor product utilizes the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) to resolve the dynamic response of the system. As well as numerical analysis, we highlight advanced methods such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) and African Vulture Optimization (AVO) algorithms, used to address dynamic stability challenges in perovskite solar cells. After that, by coupling the mentioned algorithms, an innovative algorithm for solving the engineering problems is presented. By generating synthetic data and optimizing system performance, scientists aim to analyze dynamic stability, promoting broader adoption of perovskite solar cells in the renewable energy industry. Finally, the dynamics of the perovskite solar cells are then suggested to be enhanced by a variety of physical and geometrical factors utilizing the numerical analysis and methods previously discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The finite volume method is employed to analyze the fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation within a fluid channel. The fluid channel is filled with CuO-water nanofluid. The KKL model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity and consider the Brownian motion. On the other hand, the influence of nanoparticles' shapes on the thermal conductivity is considered. The fluid channel is included with hot and cold fluid injection pipes which are modeled as active bodies in 2D model. Three different governing parameters are utilized such as Rayleigh number in range of 103 < Ra < 106, nanoparticle concentration in range of 0< φ <0.04 and three different thermal arrangements of internal pipes (Case A, Case B and Case C). Impacts of these parameters on the nanofluid flow, heat transfer rate, local and total entropy generation and heatlines are presented, comprehensively. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The Finite Volume Method is employed. • The KKL model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity. • Effect of nanoparticles' shapes is considered. • The Brownian motion is taken account in the simulations. • Fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A credible scale based on the opinions of system users was developed to evaluate and assess data quality in automated library systems (ALS). Development and testing were carried out in two stages. In the first stage, 77 dimensions for data quality which had been previously identified through a systematic literature review were used to develop scale items. The first draft of the scale was then distributed among a target population of ALS experts to solicit their opinions on the scale and the items. In the second stage, a revised version of the scale was distributed among the main study population, which included end users of the target systems. This stage used factor analysis to determine the final draft of the scale, which consists of 4 factors and 62 items. The 4 factors were named after the qualities of their associated items: Data Content Quality, Data Organizational Quality, Data Presentation Quality, and Data Usage Quality. This scale can help system managers identify and resolve potential problems in the systems they manage and can also aid in evaluating the quality of data sources based on the opinions of end users. Highlights • A scale was developed for assessing data quality in automated library systems. • Expert and user opinions formed the basis for scale development. • The scale helps system managers determine and resolve potential systems problems. • The scale also helps to evaluate the quality of data sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compatibility problems are observed during the co-injection of corrosion and gas hydrate inhibitors inside oil and gas pipelines, which reduces their performance. In this study, the newly synthesized dual-purpose inhibitors (DPIs) were developed to overcome the compatibility challenge between the inhibitors. A detailed experimental and computational study was performed to investigate the inhibition activity of DPIs. The results of constant cooling experiments showed that the inhibitors significantly prevented natural gas hydrate formation. DPI2 with a propyl pendant group was the best sample by providing a subcooling temperature of 18.1 °C at 5000 ppm. DPI1 and DPI3 decreased gas consumption by 2.6 and 2.4 times, respectively, compared to pure water. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the transportation of gas molecules to the growing hydrate cages was disrupted due to DPI2 adsorption on the surface of the hydrate, which partially covered it and acted as a mass transfer barrier. Furthermore, the interaction of the anion part of the inhibitor with the nearest neighbor water molecules lowered the water activity to form the hydrogen-bonding networks for the hydrate formation. According to corrosion measurements, DPIs suppressed the corrosion rate of mild steel in H 2 S–CO 2 saturated oilfield-produced water, and a maximum inhibition efficiency of 96.3% was obtained by adding 1000 ppm of DPI2. Moreover, the estimated adsorption energy of DPI2 were relatively high and matched with experimental data, implying that the inhibitor has a high degree of adsorption on the metal for forming a protective layer on the mild steel surface. These findings signified that DPIs provide a potential hybrid inhibition of corrosion and gas hydrate formation for flow assurance applications and reduce the operation costs. [Display omitted] • An effective hybrid inhibition of corrosion and gas hydrate formation was developed for flow assurance applications. • DPI2 provided the maximum subcooling temperature of 18.1 °C. • DPI2 significantly inhibited steel corrosion by 96.3% protection. • The hydrogen-bond network of water was distrusted in the presence of the inhibitor. • DPIs were found to serve dual functions as hydrate and corrosion inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]