Search

Development of heterogeneous catalyst is significant key for achieving high performance of NaBH 4 hydrolysis to produce hydrogen. The stability of sodium borohydride in the presence of suitable catalyst is the efficient method to generate hydrogen. In this work, styrene-imid PIILP, polymer 1 decorated styrene, imidazolium ionic liquid, and cross-coupling is successfully synthesised by AIBN initiated radical polymerisation, then precipitation with 3,3′,3″phosphinetriyltribenzene sulfonate with ratio (1:0.3) to isolate the first styrene-imid- sulphonated PIILP, polymer 2. RuNP@styrene-imid-sulphonated PIILP, RuNPs catalyst 3 was synthesised by impregnation with RuCl 3 , then reduction by NaBH 4. Moreover, several analytical techniques such as, 31P, 1H, 13C solid-state NMR, CHN, IR, XPS, TEM, TGA-DTA, and SEM were examined to explore the obtained catalyst 3. The hydrogen generation from NaBH 4 utilizing catalyst 3 was exhibited the catalytic behaviour studying several parameters such as, temperature, catalytic loading, and NaBH 4 concentrations this work was deducted the activation energy (30.32 kJmol-1), and the turnover frequency (TOF) reached up 134.9, 112.77, and 98.38 moleH 2.mol cat −1.min−1 at 40, 35 and 30 °C. The effectiveness of Ruthenium nanoparticle catalyst 3 for the hydrolysis reaction of NaBH 4 was examined in H 2 O and D 2 O resulting kinetic isotope effect (KIE) k H /k D = 3. In addition, RuNPs demonstrated a promising efficient for reuse catalyst 3 after five cycles for the catalytic hydrolysis. [Display omitted] • RuNPs was synthesised and characterised by 31P and 13C Solid-State NMR, CHN, XPS, TEM, SEM, TGA and FT-IR. • A TOF 134.9 mole H2.mol cat −1.min−1 for RuNPs@styrene-imid-sulphonated PIILP was achieved. • E a of 30.32 for RuNPs@styrene-imid-sulphonated PIILP were achieved. • RuNPs demonstrated a promising efficiency for reuse RuNPs after five cycles for the catalytic hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its abundant resources and advantages in transportation and storage, methane fueled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are highly needed. In this work, an exceptional internal reforming catalyst comprising in-situ exsolved NiRu bimetallic nanoparticles and oxygen-deficient layered double perovskite LaBaMn 1.6 Ni 0.3 Ru 0.1 O 5+δ (r-LBMNR) was prepared. Compared to the cell with LaBaMn 1.6 Ni 0.4 O 5+δ (r-LBMN) catalyst, the cell with a Ru-doping r-LBMNR catalyst layer, exhibits superior peak power output of 336 mW cm−2 and better durability with a less decay rate of 0.014% per hour in CH 4 fuel. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the high oxygen ion and electron conductivities of the catalyst and the coupling of Ni and Ru sites with the oxygen-deficient r-LBMNR matrix This coupling activates CH 4 and H 2 O, promotes the oxidation of C atoms in CH 4 molecules, and enables reversible hydrogen spillover, ultimately leading to the production syngas of CO(g) and H 2 (g). [Display omitted] • Trace Ru-doping facilitating the exsolution of nanoparticles. • LaBaMn 1.6 Ni 0.3 Ru 0.1 O 5+δ was modified with abundant O v and exsolved NiRu alloy. • Cell can operate stably over 220 h with a degradation rate of 0.014% h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aliphatic/aromatic nitrogen-substituted ligands have a very important role in ruthenium chemistry. Polydentate ligands with N-substituted pyridine rings are notable for their ability to easily modify the electronic and steric properties of ruthenium. In this study, the catalytic and biological activities of the [RuCl 2 (NNN)(CH 3 CN)] (NNN: 2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine)) complex were examined for two different applications. Firstly, the superb Ru(II) complex was used to catalyze the methanolysis of NaBH 4 , and its initial rate was calculated as 69360 mLH 2 min−1g cat −1. Secondly, the biological activities of the superb Ru(II) complex were examined. Accordingly, it was determined that this homogeneous complex showed anti-microbial activity on all bacteria used in the study, among the Gram-positive bacteria used in the study, the best result belongs to the Bacillus cereus EMC 19 bacterium with 8 mm, while among the Gram-negative bacteria, the best zone diameter belongs to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071 bacterium with 5 mm. However, it was observed that zone diameters varied between 8 mm and 3 mm. Compared to the control group, it was determined that 0.25 mg/mL concentration had 94.87%, 0.5 mg/mL concentration 96.10%, 1 mg/mL concentration 96.50%, and 2 mg/mL concentration 97.09% cytotoxic activity on the SH-SY5Y cell line. it was determined that all doses of the superb Ru(II) complex used in the study showed anti-cancer activity, but the anticancer activity shown at low doses was statistically more significant at the p < 0.05 level. [Display omitted] • Use of homogeneous superb ruthenium(II) complex during methanolysis of NaBH 4. • Kinetic studies for the superb Ru(II) complex catalyzing the methanolysis of NaBH 4. • Calculation of activation parameters for catalytic the methanolysis reaction. • Investigation of anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties of superb Ru(II) complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient transformation of chemicals and electricity via electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) plays a pivotal role in green hydrogen production. Both in academia and industry, the pursuit of designing and fabricating catalysts for HER that are not only efficient and robust but also environmentally friendly is of significant interest. In this work, a ruthenium catalyst doped with nickel was synthesized using a procedure-minimal and solvent-free method facilitated by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The incorporation of alloying and optimized electronic structures has resulted in Ru-based nanocrystals that change the HER mechanism and enable enhanced activity. The optimal RuNi/C catalyst demonstrates an overpotential of only 15 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 24 mV dec−1, surpassing the performance of the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. Remarkably, the prepared catalyst exhibits admirable corrosion resistance, making it a highly promising candidate for green hydrogen production through seawater splitting. A ruthenium catalyst doped with nickel is synthesized through a solvent-free microwave treatment, and exhibits a Pt-surpassed activity towards HER. [Display omitted] • A ruthenium catalyst doped with nickel is synthesized via a green method. • The HER mechanism on ruthenium is transferred by the doped nickel. • The optimized catalyst shows a platinum-surpassed activity for HER. • Superior corrosion resistance and durability is achieved for seawater splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS 2 is a potential electrocatalytic material for its excellent durability and stability. Here, we investigate the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction performance of MoS 2 nanosheets decorated with size-controlled Ru nanoparticles. The MoS 2 compounded with 2.46 nm-Ru exhibits the good electrocatalytic performance with overpotential of 53 mV at 10 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 condition. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Ru@MoS 2 results from accelerated charge migration between the Ru metal and MoS 2 semiconductor, as well as the addition of Ru increases the number of active sites on the surface of MoS 2. Furthermore, the first-principles calculations demonstrated the ΔG H* of Ru@MoS 2 (−0.05 eV) is lower than P–MoS 2 (2.04 eV) and the narrowed bandgap facilitates more efficient electron migration. And the theoretical calculations further reveal that the Ru nanoparticles with suitable size at the interface own the ideal ΔG H* by manipulating the D-band center of the Ru. This article describes the composite of noble metal Ru nanoparticles with MoS 2 nanosheets as an electrocatalyst, which was utilized in the HER process. [Display omitted] • 2H–MoS 2 decorated with Ru improves the electrical conductivity and HER activity. • The HER activity of decorated MoS 2 is related with the size of Ru nanoparticles. • The mechanism for the improved HER performance of Ru decorated MoS 2 was proposed. • The ΔG H* values matched well with the position of Ru D-band centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepared a series of cerium oxide-based catalysts with different metal ruthenium loadings using an initial wet impregnation method. The results demonstrate that the prepared 1.4Ru/CeO 2 catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic performance and activity stability. Under the condition where the Ru loading is only 1.4 wt%, the catalyst achieves almost complete NH 3 conversion at 500 °C, with a hydrogen production rate of 16.59 mmol gcat−1 min−1. Furthermore, after a 48-h long-term test, the activity remains stable. Characterization tests show that the metal ruthenium is uniformly distributed on the surface of cerium dioxide, with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 6 nm. Notably, a structure characterized by lattice stripes overlapping between the metal and support is observed. Increasing the Ru loading can enhance the surface acidity sites of the catalyst and the interaction between the metal and the support, which plays a crucial role in the long-term stability of the catalyst. Additionally, the abundant oxygen vacancies in cerium dioxide and its low cerium oxidation-reduction potential facilitate electron transfer to ruthenium, enhancing the adsorption of NH 3 and accelerating the desorption of N 2. [Display omitted] • The catalytic performance is related to the dispersion of the metal and the oxygen vacancies on the surface of the support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A series of novel ruthenium(ii) complexes with nitron-type N-heterocyclic carbene ligands containing chelating (N -arylcarbamoyl)methyl or carboxymethyl groups have been synthesized. Their evaluation as precatalysts in the hydrogenation of ketones has revealed that the complex containing three N -mesityl groups (one on the carbamoyl- methyl moiety and two on the triazole moiety) is the most efficient one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of stable and efficient electrocatalysts based on metal-organic frameworks represents a main challenge for the overall water splitting process. Here, the ferrocene-based nickel metal-organic framework (NiFc-MOF) on nickel foam (NF) was synthesized using nickel chloride and 1, 1′-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (FcDA) via a simple solvothermal method, and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) were reduced by FcDA and in situ grown on the surface of NiFc-MOF nanosheets. The as-prepared cactus-like Ru 0.3 @NiFc-MOF exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a low overpotential of 25 mV@10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 45.05 mV dec−1. To reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a low overpotential of 210 mV was required. The assembled water electrolysis cell using Ru 0.3 @NiFc-MOF as bifunctional electrocatalysts only requires a voltage of 1.47 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, indicating excellent electrolytic water splitting performance. In addition, the electrocatalytic activity of Ru 0.3 @NiFc-MOF's can keep the stability for 120 h Ru 0.3 @NiFc-MOF exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic performance, which can be attributed to both the intrinsic activity of Ru sites and the multiple active sites of NiFc-MOF. • Cactus-like Ru@NiFc-MOF composites were synthesized via a two-step solverthermal method. • Ru 0.3 @NiFc-MOF exhibits the excellent performances of HER (η 10 = 25 mV) and OER (η 10 = 210 mV). • The assembled water splitting device only require a voltage of 1.470 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ru-V 8 C 7 /C electrocatalyst has been synthesized by anchoring Ru nanoparticles on the porous V 8 C 7 /C matrix via pyrolysis of metal organic-frameworks V-BDC (BDC: 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), exhibiting excellent HER performance in all pH ranges, especially the high mass activities and long-term stability under neutral conditions. [Display omitted] The development of cost-effective electrocatalysts with high efficiency and long durability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a great challenge in the field of water splitting. Herein, we design an ultrafine and highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles stabilized on porous V 8 C 7 /C matrix via pyrolysis of the metal–organic frameworks V-BDC (BDC: 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate). The obtained Ru-V 8 C 7 /C composite exhibits excellent HER performance in all pH ranges. At the overpotential of 40 mV, its mass activity is about 1.9, 4.1 and 9.4 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C in acidic, neutral and alkaline media, respectively. Meanwhile, Ru-V 8 C 7 /C shows the remarkably high stability in all pH ranges which, in particular, can maintain the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for over 150 h in 1.0 mol L−1 phosphate buffer saline (PBS). This outstanding HER performance can be attributed to the high intrinsic activity of Ru species and their strong interface interactions to the V 8 C 7 /C substrate. The synergistic effect of abundant active sites on the surface and the formed Ru–C–V units at the interface promotes the adsorption of reaction intermediates and the release of active sites, contributing the fast HER kinetics. This work provides a reference for developing versatile and robust HER catalysts by surface and interface regulation for pH tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling metal-support interaction (MSI) is considered as an effective strategy to optimize the electronic structure of catalysts and thus promote their catalytic performance. Here, with the strong MSI by both metal core and nitrogen-doped carbon shell, the synthesized Ru supported on N-doped graphene-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (Ni@NC/Ru) show excellent performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It exhibits a very low HER potential of 28 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, and high durability that the potential only increases approximately 7 mV after 10,000 cyclic voltammetry cycles. The high HER performance is attributed to the strong MSI from the tuning effect of Ni metal core and N-dope graphene shell, which optimizes the hydrogen binding energy of the catalysts. This study may shed light on the rational design of superior HER catalysts. • Strong metal-support interaction realized in Ru on N-doped graphene-encapsulated Ni. • Ni@NC/Ru shows an ultra-high HER performance with the ultra-low overpotential. • Both tuning effects from Ni metal core and N dope graphene shell promotes the activity. • The strong metal-support interactions optimized the H binding energy on Ru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumice-supported Ruthenium nanoparticles were prepared by the impregnation-reduction method and investigated for hydrogen production in the methylamine borane (MeAB) hydrolysis reaction. The catalytic properties of this highly active Ru/Pumice catalyst were analyzed in terms of temperature (from 298 K to 328 K), substrate ([MeAB]) amount, metal loadings ([Ru]), and recyclability. In addition, the characterization of the obtained catalyst was investigated by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) imaging/spectroscopic techniques. The Ru/Pumice catalyst showed a superior initial TOF value (83.15 min−1 or 4989.30 h−1) in the MeAB hydrolysis reaction, and also the activation parameters (Ea , ΔH # , and ΔS # ) from the Arrhenius and Eyring-Polonyi equations were found to be 42.4 kJ/mol, 39.8 kJ/mol, and −110.07 J/mol.K, respectively. • Pumice-Supported Ruthenium was synthesized and characterized. • Ru/Pumice is highly active catalyst in methylamine borane hydrolysis reaction. • Ru/Pumice shows great durability against to sintering and leaching. • The activation energy of 42.4 kJmol-1 is achieved in MeAB hydrolysis. • Ru/Pumice provides an initial TOF value of 83.15 min−1 in the hydrolysis of MeAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production from ammonia-borane hydrolysis has been widely studied for its high efficiency and many catalytic mechanisms with different viewpoints have been proposed. However, no attention has been paid to electron transfer during catalytic reactions to form H 2 in these catalytic mechanisms. In the present contribution, we propose two possible electron transfer pathways for hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis, which were validated by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) tests. The electrochemical characterization correlates with the AB hydrolysis test results, where Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst has the largest active surface area and the smallest charge transfer resistance, along with the largest turnover frequency (298.7 mol H2 mol Ru −1 min−1). These results indicate that Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst not only provides the adsorption/desorption sites but also provides an effective approach for electron transfer in hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis. In the present contribution, we propose two possible electron transfer pathways for hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis, on the basis of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) tests using Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst as a model. The electrochemical characterization also correlates with the AB hydrolysis test results, where Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst has the largest active surface area and the smallest charge transfer resistance, along with the largest turnover frequency (298.7 mol H2 mol Ru −1 min−1). These results indicate that Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst not only provides the adsorption/desorption sites but also provides an effective approach for electron transfer in hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis. [Display omitted] • Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst had excellent reaction kinetics with an activation energy as low as 13.84 kJ mol−1. • Ru 4 /Fe–N–C catalyst provides an effective approach for electron transfer in hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis. • A new mechanism for hydrogen production from AB hydrolysis is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and stable catalyst is crucial for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water electrolysis. The rational design of porous supports can effectively improve the exposure of active sites and increase the electrochemically active surface area of catalysts. In this study, a nanostructured carbon nanoshell (CS) is proposed for the synthesis of ruthenium and nitrogen incorporated carbon catalyst (CS@N-Ru) catalysts. Physicochemical characterization show that the prepared catalyst exhibits a hollow structure and abundant nitrogen/ruthenium related active sites, which enables the improvement of mass transfer and the catalytic activity. The electrochemical tests show that the prepared CS remarkably facilitates the performance of catalyst, the CS@N-Ru500 synthesized at 500 °C exhibits the best catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 35 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel slope of 38 mV/dec, attributing to the increased electrochemically active surface area, reduced electron/ion transfer resistance, and accelerated kinetics of HER. These findings suggest that the CS@N-Ru can be a promising alternative to Pt/C for HER in water electrolysis. [Display omitted] • Carbon nanoshells was design for the synthesis of electrocatalytic catalyst. • Hollow structure and active sites improve mass transfer and catalytic activity. • The prepared CS@N-Ru exhibits the best catalytic activity towards HER. • The temperature of catalyst preparation was optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen release through ammonia-borane hydrolysis (ABH) is vital for mitigating the energy crises and environmental problems from fossil fuels. However, improving the catalytic performance for ABH via concomitantly regulating the atom utilization efficiency and electronic metal-support interaction of supported catalysts remains challenging. Herein, anchoring traps-reinforced nano-ruthenium integrated hollow N-doped carbon spheres (Ru@HNCS) are synthesized and utilized for ABH toward hydrogen production. The synergy of void trapping and N-anchoring effects enables the fabrication and uniform distribution of ultrafine Ru (1.47 nm in diameter) nanoparticles (NPs) onto the HNCS matrix. Compared with the Ru@C analogue, the achieved Ru@HNCS exhibits much higher catalytic activity (turnover frequency: 1051 min−1), lower activation energy (26.9 kJ mol−1) and higher reusability toward hydrogen production from ABH. The high atomic utilization efficiency of metal species and electronic metal-support interaction can effectively accelerate the oxidative cleavage of the H–O bonds in the attacked H 2 O, thus kinetically boosting catalytic performance for ABH. The present study represents a useful strategy to fabricate efficient supported nanocatalysts for catalytic applications. [Display omitted] • Ru-nanoparticle-loaded hollow structure is prepared by void trapping and N anchoring. • Achieved hollow structure has a high activity for catalytic hydrogen production. • High turnover frequency of 1051 min−1 is achieved under optimal conditions. • Rich surface sites and electronic metal-support interaction boost hydrolysis rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reports the ex situ preparation of nanotitania supported ruthenium(0) nanoparticles (NPs) and their catalytic testing in dehydrogenation of dimethylamine borane (DMAB) in toluene solvent. Ru0/TiO 2 NPs are prepared following a 2-step process: Ru3+ ions are first impregnated from the aqueous solution on titania nanopowder and then, reduced by aqueous solution of sodium borohydride. The prepared Ru0/TiO 2 NPs are dried, bottled under inert N 2 gas atmosphere, and used for characterization by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Ru0/TiO 2 NPs with various Ru loadings are tested as catalysts in hydrogen generation from DMAB and the Ru0/TiO 2 (0.48% wt. Ru) with an average diameter of 6.7 ± 1.3 nm is found to have the highest initial turnover frequency value of 1700 h−1 for the release of 1.0 mol H 2 per mole of DMAB at 60 °C. Results of the recyclability test indicate quite high durability of Ru0/TiO 2 NPs in dehydrogenation of DMAB. [Display omitted] • Ru0/TiO 2 NPs are prepared by impregnation of Ru3+ ions on the surface of titania followed by their reduction. • Ru0/TiO 2 NPs show high catalytic performance in dehydrogenation of dimethylamine borane. • Ru0/TiO 2 (0.48% wt. Ru) provide a record TOF value of 1700 h−1 in this reaction at 60 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, carbon quantum dot (CQD) supported Ru nanoparticles from the caffeine in methanol or water by the hydrothermal method were synthesized for the first time to produce hydrogen (H 2) by hydrolysis of ammonia borane(NH 3 BH 3) and their catalytic activities were investigated. The chemical compositions and morphology structures of this caffeine carbon dot-supported Ru catalysts were carefully characterized by UV, PL, TEM, FTIR, and ICP/OES analyses. Well-dispersed Ru nanoclusters with ∼1.81 nm particle size on CQD by the hydrothermal method in methanol medium showed very good catalytic performance. The turnover frequency (TOF) obtained for H 2 production from the catalytic hydrolysis of 5% NH 3 BH 3 with CQD supported Ru catalyst obtained by the hydrothermal method in methanol and water was found to be 361 and 1895 mol H 2 min−1 mol−1, respectively. The activation energies (Ea) for NH 3 BH 3 hydrolysis with the same catalysts were measured as 33.32 and 27.80 kJmol-1, respectively. [Display omitted] • CQD supported Ru nanoparticles in methanol or water by hydrothermal method were synthesized. • CQD supported Ru nanoparticles were used to produce H 2 by hydrolysis of NH 3 BH 3. • Ru@CQD(methanol) nanoclusters with 1.81 nm were prepared by hydrothermal method. • TOF value obtained by Ru@CQD(methanol) was 1895 min−1. • Ea for NH 3 BH 3 hydrolysis by Ru@CQD(methanol) was 27.80 kJmol-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH 4) is the second most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO 2) and is widely recognized as one of the most destructive GHGs, exerting negative impacts on the Earth's atmosphere. In order to effectively reduce CH 4 emissions, the conversion of methane into synthesis gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen (H 2) and carbon monoxide (CO), has emerged as an appealing approach. Recent advancements have demonstrated that catalytic partial oxidation of methane (POM) holds great promise as a reaction pathway for syngas production. Here we study a series of catalysts consisting of monometallic Ru and Ni, and bimetallic Ru–Ni supported on CeO 2. These catalysts were synthesized using both mechanochemical and conventional incipient wetness impregnation methods. Various preparation parameters were investigated, including the Ru:Ni metal ratio, the order of metal addition, and the milling energy and time for the mechanochemically prepared samples. The catalysts were subjected to low-temperature POM (350–600 °C) experiments to evaluate their performance. The experimental results reveal that the bimetallic Ru–Ni/CeO 2 catalysts exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability compared to the monometallic Ru–CeO 2 and Ni–CeO 2 catalysts. Notably, the bimetallic Ru–Ni/CeO 2 catalysts prepared through ball milling demonstrate a significantly lower temperature requirement for syngas production compared to the conventional catalysts prepared via incipient wetness impregnation. [Display omitted] • Monometallic Ru and Ni and bimetallic Ru–Ni on CeO 2 for partial oxidation of CH 4. • Mechanochemical and conventional incipient wetness impregnation methods. • Ru–Ni/CeO 2 prepared by ball milling more active at low temperature and stable. • Ball-milled Ru–Ni/CeO 2 with stronger interaction between Ru, Ni and CeO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of CO 2 -rich natural gas as feedstock in DRM is an attractive route of carbon dioxide utilisation due to the compositional advantage of these particular resources. The optimal operating conditions would potentially improve the overall thermal efficiency of the DRM process, especially when the temperature is lower than 800 °C. This study reports a catalyst with the demonstrated high performance and high coke-resistance, developed from ruthenium modified ceria-zirconia. Coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods were adopted to prepare the ceria-zirconia supports, and then impregnated with a very small amount of Ru (0.10 wt%). The structure-catalytic activity relationship of the catalyst was further investigated in DRM. High conversions of CH 4 and CO 2 , i.e., 44.0% and 57.4%, respectively, were achieved by using 0.1Ru1CZ5U-180 at low temperature of 600 °C. A significant reduction in the onset reaction temperature was observed from temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and this observation was related to the increased number of exchangeable oxygens in the presence of Ru. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption results suggested that the specific surface area and the total pore volume also improved the exchange of oxygen between adsorbed carbon dioxide molecules and the crystal lattice. It is evident that the presence of ruthenium accelerated the oxygen spillover process on the surface of the catalyst, and facilitated the dynamics of the oxygen exchange between the adsorbed carbon dioxide molecules and the ceria-zirconia, which ultimately contributed to the observed increase in catalytic activity at temperatures below 800 °C. Most importantly, no detectable carbon deposits were formed over the entire experimental period when the ruthenium modified ceria-zirconia catalyst was used. • A trace amount of Ru (0.10 wt%) was used to promote ceria-zirconia. • 0.10 wt% Ru significantly increased its reducibility and oxygen exchange dynamics. • Synthesis method showed a performance difference at temperatures between 400 and 850 °C. • 44% of CH 4 and 57.4% CO 2 were converted at 600 °C by 0.1Ru1CZ5U-180. • No observable carbon formation was detected from hydrothermally prepared samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of affordable, long-lasting, and effective electrocatalysts is a significant research issue in the area of water splitting. In this work, Ru-modified CoP x spearhead on nickel foam (Ru-CoP x /NF) is fabricated by simple hydrothermal, impregnation and subsequent low-temperature phosphorization process. The incorporation of Ru into the Co-P structure enables the effective reconstruction of the electronic coordination environment. The Ru-CoP x /NF catalyst performs well for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with low overpotentials of 41 mV and outstanding stability in 1 M KOH. Furthermore, the produced CoP x /NF has low overpotential of 280 mV, allowing 10 mA cm−2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH. In addition, the developed asymmetric Ru-CoP x /NF||CoP x /NF electrolyzer could drive 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline electrolyte with a low cell voltage of 1.51 V. Surprisingly, water-splitting may be efficiently by renewable energy sources, presenting a viable strategy for lowering the cost of creating hydrogen energy. The synthesized Ru-CoP x /NF exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for HER, with low overpotentials of 41, 73 and 168 mV, driving 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline, acidic and neutral media, respectively. The synthesized CoP x /NF without Ru has excellent OER performance, with an overpotential of only 280 mV@10 mA cm−2. The Ru-CoP x /NF||CoP x /NF electrolyzer can be powered by sustainable energies. [Display omitted] • The spearhead-like nanostructures provide abundant active sites. • The introduction of Ru optimized the reaction kinetics for HER. • The prepared catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance for HER and OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] New ruthenium(ii) and ruthenium(iii) complexes with 2,6-di- tert -butylphenol as the antioxidant moiety were synthesized, and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Electrochemical behaviour and the potential of these compounds to act as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in biological systems were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report two biomimetic [Ru–Ru] analogs (Ru 2 ADTX(CO) 6 , X = Ts or Cbz), which contain the N -substituted azadithiolate (ADT) moiety of the native H-cluster, and their differential reactivity to the formic acid/carbon dioxide-hydrogen (FA/CO 2 –H 2) "carbon-neutral cycle" reaction. The results show that the strongly electron-withdrawing tosyl-substituted Ru 2 ADTTs(CO) 6 (1) exhibits a higher preference for CO 2 hydrogenation, while the donor-inductive carboxybenzyl-substituted Ru 2 ADTCbz(CO) 6 (2) favors FA dehydrogenation, supporting electronically- or sterically-substituted pendant amine bases in influencing the entry and exit of protons from the Ru–Ru active site and subsequent H 2 oxidation and generation. Furthermore, the propensity of TEA in FA dehydrogenation and DBU in CO 2 hydrogenation support the role of bases as sacrificial electron donors and co-reagents, respectively. In the CO 2 hydrogenation reaction, the P-ligands with more phosphorus atoms exhibited higher reactivity and final CO 2 conversion efficiency, indicating that the number of phosphorus atoms and the different electronic but isosteric substitutions on the P-ligands have significant effects on the reactivity of metal complexes. These results support the combination of the FA dehydrogenation of complex 2 and the CO 2 hydrogenation capability of complex 1 to construct an efficient FA/CO 2 –H 2 reversible reaction for a sustainable supply of energy and environmental CO 2 control. • A biomimetic [Ru–Ru] H-cluster system with differential reactivity to the FA/CO 2 –H 2 carbon-neutral cycle was constructed. • The electrosteric effect of the pendant amine substituent greatly affects the direction of the reaction. • The choice and ratio of base and P-ligand also has a significant impact on the performance of the reaction and its rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachytherapy with episcleral plaques is the most common primary tumor treatment for uveal melanoma. This study aimed to compare the risk of tumor recurrence and metastatic death between 2 frequently used ruthenium 106 plaque designs: CCB (20.2 mm) and CCA (15.3 mm). Data were obtained from 1387 consecutive patients treated at St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden between 1981 and 2022 (439 with CCA and 948 with CCB plaques). During the period, scleral transillumination was performed to delineate tumor margins before plaque insertion, but accurate plaque positioning was not verified after scleral attachment, and no minimum scleral dose was used. Patients treated with CCA plaques had smaller tumors than those treated with CCB plaques (mean diameter, 8.6 vs 10.5 mm; P <.001). There were no differences in patient sex, age, tumor distance to the optic disc, tumor apex dose, dose rate, or in rates of ciliary body involvement, eccentric plaque placement, or adjunct transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT). The average difference between plaque and tumor diameter was greater with the CCB plaque, and a smaller difference was an independent predictor of tumor recurrence. The 15-year incidence of tumor recurrence was 28% and 15% after treatment with CCA and CCB plaques, respectively (competing risk analysis, P <.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed a lower risk for tumor recurrence with CCB plaques (hazard ratio, 0.50). Similarly, patients treated with CCB plaques had a lower risk for uveal melanoma–related mortality (hazard ratio, 0.77). The risk for either outcome was not lower for patients treated with adjunct TTT. Uni- and multivariate time-dependent Cox regressions demonstrated that tumor recurrence was associated with uveal melanoma–related and all-cause mortality. Compared with 20-mm plaques, brachytherapy with 15-mm ruthenium plaques is associated with a higher risk for tumor recurrence and death. These adverse outcomes may be avoided by increasing safety margins and implementing effective methods to verify accurate plaque positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A new bis(2,2'-bypiridine)(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) chloride–sodium bromate–malonic acid system has been developed for visible light-initiated polymerization of acrylamide. Its application allows the use of digital maskless photolithography to create 2D figures from polyacrylamide gel and their ansamblies. The system was used to create a chemical logic element 'AND'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding environmentally friendly new energy sources is very urgent for a sustainable and clean energy future. It is vital to reach clean energy sources such as hydrogen, which does not create a polluting by-product when burned with oxygen. In this study, for a livable clean universe, hydrogen production studies were carried out from sodium borohydride (NaBH 4), which is a very good hydrogen storage material, in a methanolysis environment, over ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru (0) NPs) impregnated on halloysite (Hall) support material (Ru (0)@Hall) at room conditions. The catalytic performance of the newly synthesized Ru (0)@Hall nanocatalyst was tested in the NaBH 4 methanolysis reaction for hydrogen production. It was determined that Ru (0)/Hall nanocatalyst showed excellent activity (initial turn-over frequency (TOF initial) = 1882 h−1; 31.37 min−1) and reusability (at the end of the 5th cycle, it retained 90% of its initial activity) performance in the catalytic methanolysis of NaBH 4. The analyzes of the Ru (0)@Hall nanocatalyst, both fresh and at the end of the 5th catalytic cycle, were made with advanced analytical methods (ICP-OES, XRD, XPS, SEM, HRTEM, TEM, TEM-EDX, BET) and the nature of the catalytic material was clarified. The results showed the homogeneous distribution of Ru (0) NPs on the Hall surface (mean size = 1.53 ± 0.17 nm). Kinetic studies of hydrogen production from catalytic methanolysis reaction of NaBH 4 were performed based on nanocatalyst [Ru (0)@Hall], substrate [NaBH 4 ] concentrations, and temperature (298–318 K). From the kinetic data, the kinetic parameters (E a , ΔH ≠ , and ΔS ≠ ) were calculated and the rate equation was determined. [Display omitted] • Ru (0)@Hall NPs were synthesized by the impregnation-reduction method. • Ru (0)@Hall NPs were tested for H 2 recovery in catalytic methanolysis of NaBH 4. • Ru (0)@Hall NPs proved to be a highly active catalyst (TOF initial = 2033 h−1). • Ru (0) NPs showed homogeneous distribution over Hall (mean size = 1.53 ± 0.17 nm). • Ru (0)@Hall NPs retained 90% of their initial activity after the 5th catalytic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional Haber-Bosch (HB) process is the mainstream route to manufacture ammonia (NH 3); the latter being one of the most significant compounds and a carbon-free energy carrier; HB operates at high pressure and temperature, resulting in significant energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. An alternative method that has lately received a lot of attention is the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), which produces NH 3 in ambient settings using renewable energy. The rate of NH 3 synthesis and faradaic efficiency (FE) are both used as catalytic activity descriptors; their values decreased when the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is picking up. The design of high-performance NRR catalysts, operating under ambient settings, while suppressing HER, is a major research field in the energy sector. This review discusses recent progress on catalyst design, as well as challenges and opportunities on the catalytic NH 3 synthesis pathways focusing on different classes of materials, such as Ru-based catalysts, inorganic metal oxides, organic covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Experimental validation studies on the NRR, through isotopic studies, are presented as well as future directions for the most prominent catalytic substrates. • NH3 synthesis can follow associative, dissociative, and Mars Van Krevelen mechanism. • Defects engineering and structure manipulation are considered game changers. • Design of single-atom catalysts can tailor the rate of NH 3 synthesis reaction. • DFT tools guide the electrochemical and thermochemical catalysts design. • Both inorganic and organic materials are subjected into shape and structure tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocluster-modified semiconductor-based photocatalysts have been identified as a vital area of research in the area of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. However, the existing ligand protection strategy for synthesizing ultrasmall metal nanoclusters remains confined to a few metals, including Au, Ag, Cu, and their alloys. In this investigation, we describe a facile solution-phase reduction synthesis method for the production of L -cysteine-protected Ru nanoclusters. Our findings demonstrate that these novel Ru nanoclusters function as cocatalysts, which notably increase the photocatalytic activity and photostability of CdS photocatalysts. Moreover, the hybrid CdS photocatalyst modified with Ru nanoclusters exhibits superior activity and stability relative to photoinduced Ru nanoparticles/CdS composite photocatalysts. The simplicity of the synthesized metal nanocluster cocatalyst and its effectiveness in enhancing photocatalyst activity, while reducing the use of precious metals, present new avenues for the development of advanced photocatalysts. • Ru nanocluster cocatalysts synthesized by solution-phase reduction. • Ru NCs exhibit ultrasmall size and remarkable resistance to aggregation. • Ru NCs/CdS exhibit a higher H 2 -evolution rate than CdS and Ru NPs/CdS. • The hydrogen production rate of Ru NCs/CdS is high, reaching 29.4 mmol/g/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that the Na modification is beneficial to the synthesis of Ru single-atomic catalyst anchored on GO Na, which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal process. Importantly, the strong metal-support interaction facilitates the electron transfer from Ru SA to GO Na via d-π conjugation, thus lowering the electron density of Ru SA. Experimental results and DFT calculations confirmed that the low electron density of Ru SA can significantly weaken the absorption of H* intermediates and simultaneously accelerate the desorption of generated H 2 from catalyst surface. As a result, the Ru SA/GO Na displayed exceptional HER activity with an extremely low over-potential of 20 mV at 10 mA cm−2, outperforming the benchmark commercial Pt (21 mV over-potential) and Ru nanoparticles (212 mV over-potential) catalysts. When Eosin Y was employed as a light harvester, this Ru SA/GO Na achieves outstanding photocatalytic hydrogen production with a record-high apparent quantum efficiency of 65.2% at 520 nm. Moreover, single-atomic Pt, Pd, Au and Rh were also successfully anchored on the Na-functionalized GO support, suggesting the universality of Na-induced single-atomic synthesis. This work not only provides an effective method for the synthesis of single-atomic metal catalysts but also establishes the connection between the electronic structures of catalyst and performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of an effective catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a top priority. Herein, we demonstrate ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters coupled with phosphorus and oxygen dual-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) architecture (Ru-POCA). The increased hydrophilicity and negatively charged surface of CNTs can strongly trap Ru ions. The hierarchical structure is favorable of providing abundant pathways and exposing more active sites for HER. Due to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical structure and modified surface chemistry, Ru-POCA exhibits excellent catalytic HER activity. The overpotential is 22 and 40 mV with a Tafel slope of 28.0 and 27.1 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 at 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, Ru-POCA processes good catalytic stability in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes, while the boosted catalytic HER activity is fundamentally studied by density functional theory calculation. This work provides a rational approach to constructing hierarchically structured Ru-CNTs-based catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. • The Ru nanoclusters were uniformly deposited on P and O dual-doped CNTs. • The activities of Ru were boosted in aqueous acidic and alkaline electrolytes. • The improved performances were attributed to the hierarchical structure. • Ru nanoparticles were strongly coupled with POCA substrates. • The Ru-POCA achieved the high HER activity and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium/nickel ex-solved perovskite catalysts have been synthesized by incipient impregnation. As-synthesized and spent catalysts have been characterized by XRD, TPR-H 2 , SEM-EDX and TEM analyses. Reduced catalysts have been tested in the autothermal reforming of ethanol, in the temperature range of 600–800 °C. All tested catalysts gave the total conversion of ethanol in the range of investigated temperatures, confirming the oxidative ability and oxygen storage capacity of perovskite, that promotes the catalyst activation. The highest hydrogen yield (83%) is obtained by ruthenium/nickel ex-solved perovskite containing the 0.5 wt% of Ru (SFMN/0.5Ru catalyst) at 600 °C. Increasing the amount of Ru in the catalyst an inhibiting effect is observed: high Ru content modifies the metal species and their reducibility. H 2 yield strongly decreases (lower than the 50%) for the catalyst containing the 1 wt% of ruthenium (SFMN/1Ru catalyst), at all the reaction temperatures tested. At 600 °C, were the highest H 2 yield is registered, the coke deposition increases with this order: SFMN/1Ru< SFMN/0.5Ru< SFMN, confirming the positive role of noble catalyst toward the inhibition of carbon species formation. By comparison of all catalytic aspects (ethanol conversion, hydrogen yield, coke deposition and stability) the catalyst showing the best performance is ruthenium/nickel ex-solved perovskite with 0.5 wt% of Ru content (SFMN/0.5Ru). • Ruthenium/nickel ex-solved perovskite catalyst gave complete ethanol conversion above 600 °C. • The highest H 2 selectivity is obtained by SFMN/0.5Ru catalyst. • 0.5% loading noble metal catalysts are suitable for autothermal reforming of ethanol with low carbon formation. • The Ru-containing catalyst is stable for 15 h of reaction and can be reused after regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of high-efficiency and stable electrocatalysts for alkaline and seawater hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the key to realize energy conversion, but there is still a significant challenge owing to the slow HER kinetics in alkaline and seawater systems. In this study, we prepared nickel foamed-supported Ru, W co-doped NiSe 2 (Ru, W–NiSe 2 /NF) by a brief two-step hydrothermal strategy and the prepared Ru, W–NiSe 2 /NF displays exceptional HER property, requiring only a low overpotential of 100 and 353 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH and natural seawater, respectively, far superior to Ru–NiSe 2 /NF, W–NiSe 2 /NF and NiSe 2 /NF. Electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) verify the abundant active sites and superior electron transfer rate of Ru, W–NiSe 2 , which optimized the HER kinetics in alkaline solution and natural seawater. The ECSA normalization and TOF results indicated that Ru, W co-doping increased the intrinsic activity of NiSe 2. This study revealed the impact of bimetallic doping on the intrinsic activity of NiSe 2 , and provided a practical strategy for designing and developing the HER electrocatalysts with excellent performance. • Ru, W co-doped NiSe 2 on nickel foam were synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method. • Ru, W co-doping increases the active area, enhances the conductivity, and greatly improves its intrinsic activity. • The Ru, W–NiSe 2 /NF exhibited greatly enhanced hydrogen evolution activity in alkaline and natural seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design of efficient electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is very important for realizing the industrial hydrogen production. Here, a RuO 2 -modified NiFe-LDH catalyst (RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF) was designed and synthesized for driving the water splitting, combining the advantages of both RuO 2 and LDHs. For oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions, RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF needs an overpotential of 99 and 226 mV, respectively, to reach 10 mA cm−2. More importantly, RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF shows a voltage of 1.52 V toward water electrolysis at 10 mA cm−2, which is much lower than that of the RuO 2 ||Pt/C pair (1.64 V). Moreover, the RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF catalyst demonstrates an excellent durability with negligible potential variation after more than 100 h stability test. This work shows that the integration of RuO 2 and NiFe-LDH is a promising strategy for synthesizing robust catalyst for water electrolysis. [Display omitted] • Nanocomposite RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF was prepared by a facile hydrothermal procedure. • RuO 2 /NiFe-LDH/NF showed well performance with a cell voltage of 1.52 V. • The strong interaction between NiFe-LDH and RuO 2 plays an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis oils with different effective hydrogen (H/C eff) ratios are mixed with tetralin at a mass ratio of 1:1 and treated at 400 °C for 2 h under 6 MPa H 2 over Pt/C and Ru/C, respectively, to examine the effect of H/C eff ratio on the yield and quality of the upgraded oil. Pyrolysis oil with higher H/C eff ratios results in an upgraded oil with higher yield and H/C eff ratios. The highest S and O reduction ratios of 96.11% and 56.26% are achieved with added Pt/C at an H/C eff ratio of 1.39 of the feedstock. In comparison, the highest N reduction ratios of 34.50% is achieved with added Ru/C at an H/C eff ratio of 1.38 of the feedstock. The N and S poison the catalyst's active sites and reduce the deoxygenation efficiency. Thus, we view that the H/C eff plays a vital role in improving the properties of the bio-oil. • Effective hydrogen significantly affected the yield and quality of the pyrolysis oil. • Higher effective hydrogen of biomass resulted in pyrolysis oil with higher effective hydrogen. • Higher effective hydrogen of pyrolysis oil resulted in upgraded oil with higher effective hydrogen. • The presence of N in the pyrolysis oil impaired the O and S removal from the pyrolysis oil. • Better performance of platinum than ruthenium was observed toward the N, O, and S removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, a novel and active catalyst, RuW/MWCNT catalyst, was successfully synthesized to complete the hydrolysis reaction of sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). The activity of Ru catalyst was increased by adding tungsten (W) to ruthenium (Ru) on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) support. Surface characterization of the catalyst was performed with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmissing electron microscope (TEM) analysis methods. SEM-EDX revealed that RuW (95:5) catalyst metal ratio was obtained at desired nominal ratio. XRD characterization revealed that W addittion to the Ru structure increased its activity by forming an alloy. W addition Ru altered the electronic structure of the Ru. Parameters affecting the hydrolysis performance of RuW/MWCNT catalyst such as temperature, amount of catalyst, NaBH 4 concentration and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration were investigated. Adding NaOH to the reaction vessel reduced the activity of the RuW/MWCNT catalyst. From the hydrolysis measurements, the activation energy of RuW(95–5)/MWCNT catalyst was found to be 16.327 kjmol−1, the reaction order as 0.61 and the initial rate as 95,841,4 mL H 2 g cat min−1. The stability of the RuW/MWCNT catalyst was tested using 5 times and it was observed that this novel RuW/MWCNT catalyst could complete the hydrolysis reaction despite repeated use. • A novel and highly active multi-walled carbon nanotube supported 3% RuW nanoalloy catalyst was synthesized. • In optimum conditions, the initial rate of 3% RuW/MWCNT catalyst was calculated to be 95,841,4 mL H 2 g−1 cat min−1. • The reusability of this new catalyst was tested 5 times. • The activation energy was calculated as 16,327 kJmol-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a promising method for storing sustainable but intermittent energies. Ruthenium compounds are promising for the water-oxidation reaction. Herein, an easy method is employed to load a water-oxidation catalyst (Ruthenium Red; ([(NH 3) 5 RuORu(NH 3) 4 ORu(NH 3) 5 ]Cl 6)) on the surface of the Escherichia coli bacterial template. After the synthetic procedure, the catalyst is characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopes, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Some of the employed methods show that the bacterial template is intact after the synthetic procedure. In the next step, the catalyst is investigated by linear sweep, cyclic, and square wave voltammetry methods. The water-oxidation reaction of the compounds is examined under electrochemical conditions in LiClO 4 (0.25 M) at pH = 6.3. Linear sweep voltammetry shows that the onset overpotential of the water-oxidation reaction of the catalyst is 720 mV (based on extrapolation of the Tafel plot) with a Tafel slope of 226.4 mV per decade. Thus, the presence of Ruthenium Red in the material remarkably increases the activity of the water-oxidation reaction. [Display omitted] • Ruthenium compounds are among the most efficient water-oxidizing catalysts. • Escherichia coli bacterial template/Ruthenium Red is synthesized and characterized. • The electrochemical properties and oxygen-evolution reaction in the presence of this material were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glassy carbon samples were implanted with ruthenium ions to a fluence of 1 × 1016 cm−2 at room temperature (at 150 keV). The implanted samples were annealed isochronally in vacuum from 1000 to 1300 °C for 5 h. The resulting microstructural changes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The diffusion behaviour of ruthenium in glassy carbon was investigated using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Raman results showed that the implantation of ruthenium into glassy carbon caused amorphization and increase the tensile stress in the implanted region. XRD showed that the amount of tensile stress in virgin glassy carbon increased from 0.016 GPa to 0.19 GPa after ion implantation which is in qualitative agreement with the Raman results. Annealing of the samples exhibited more recrystallization and changed the tensile stress to compressive stress. SIMS results showed that annealing of the as-implanted samples at 1000 °C caused aggregation of the ruthenium atoms, while annealing at higher temperatures led to some segregation of ruthenium atoms at a depth of 155 nm below the glassy carbon surface. The aggregation of ruthenium atoms after annealing (as observed by SIMS) played a role in the surface roughness as observed by AFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Fluoride additive to [(p -cymene)RuCl 2 ] 2 , a readily available ruthenium catalyst, allows one to achieve milder conditions for the reductive alkylation of aldehydes with ketones using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent. The procedure is suitable for the broad substrate scope, and a probable explanation for the fluoride role was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organometallic photosensitizers are very efficient triplet sensitizers that have found wide use in photocatalysis, but they are scarce, toxic, and expensive. Organic fluorophores have also been used in several systems, but they can suffer from lower efficiency and sensitivity to photobleaching. In this work, we immobilized ruthenium (II) tris(bipyridine) and rose bengal on magnetic nanosupports and compared their activity and photostability in the singlet oxygen mediated photooxidation of citronellol. Both systems can perform the transformation with equivalent turnover frequencies and be magnetically recovered. We studied their long-term stability and found photobleaching to be a major cause of photocatalyst deactivation over time for both systems, and we were able to improve their photostability upon immobilization on solid supports. [Display omitted] • Fe@SiO 2 NPs can be used as magnetic supports to afford recyclable photocatalysts for singlet oxygen mediated oxidation. • Photobleaching is an important cause of catalyst deactivation for both rose bengal and ruthenium (II) tris(bipyridine). • Immobilization improved the photostability of photosensitizers rose bengal and ruthenium (II) tris(bipyridine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy has received great attention because of its advantages such as large energy density and not producing carbon dioxide, and it is currently considered to be one of the most valuable green energy sources. Therefore, the development of efficiently hydrogen production is of great importance. Hydrogen production from water electrolysis has large application prospects due to its cleanliness and no pollution. However, how to prepare an efficient, stable and low-cost electrocatalyst for this process is still challenging. Here, we develop a reduced graphene oxide-supported ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticle electrocatalyst synthesized by a simple method. The ruthenium precursors are encapsulated and isolated with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (Ru3+-DMF), which effectively inhibits the further agglomeration growth of ruthenium. After Ru3+- DMF being loaded on graphene oxide, Ru is supported on reduced graphene oxide (Ru/rGO) by the liquid phase chemical reduction method and the remaining organic solvent could be removed by calcination to form a well-dispersed Ru-based electrocatalyst. Ru/rGO shows excellent electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In a solution of 1.0 M KOH, the overpotential of 3.0 wt%Ru/rGO for the HER at 100 mA cm−2 is only 111.7 mV, and the Tafel slope is 31.5 mV dec−1. It exhibits better HER performance compared to commercial Pt/C and other Ru/rGO catalysts with different Ru loadings. The work could give a new strategy for the synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Reduced graphene oxide-supported well-dispersed Ru catalysts are prepared. • 3.0 wt%Ru/rGO exhibits a low overpotential of 111.7 mV and Tafel slope-31.5 mV·dec−1 at 100 mA cm−2 for the HER. • 3.0 wt%Ru/rGO shows much better catalytic property than Ru/rGO with other loadings and Pt/C. • 3.0 wt%Ru/rGO is very stable for the HER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of inexpensive electrocatalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively) has been challenging. In this study, we synthesized cobalt molybdenum ruthenium oxide with porous, loosely-assembled nanoplate morphology. The CoMoRu 0.25 O x /NF electrocatalyst exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity, requiring overpotentials of 230 and 78 mV for the OER and HER, respectively, to attain a current density of 10 mA cm−2; moreover, its long-term stability was outstanding. The electrocatalyst required a cell voltage of only 1.51 V for overall water splitting in an alkaline medium, which was lower than that required by many CoMo-based catalysts. [Display omitted] • CoMoRu 0.25 O x /NF nanoplates were prepared using a two-step hydrothermal process. • The CoMoRu 0.25 O x /NF nanoplates exhibited excellent OER and HER activities. • RuO 2 -CoMoO x heterointerface accelerated the water-splitting kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer ranks among the top causes of mortality on a global scale. The only treatments available for cancer nowadays are surgery, radiation therapy, and the use of cytotoxic congeners, all of which have well-known adverse effects and issues with resistance development. However, there is currently no curative treatment for the majority of kinds of disseminated cancer, necessitating the identification and development of novel active chemotherapy drugs. At present, treatment of a number of cancers is strongly reliant on cisplatin and its congeners, though they have some serious side effects. Ruthenium complex, projected to be a perfect alternative of cisplatin, barring its side effects. Ruthenium complexes are receiving a lot of attention due to their potential as selective antimetastatic drugs with low systemic toxicity. At effective doses, ruthenium compounds cause much less host toxicity compared to cisplatin's. Ruthenium complexes are receiving a lot of attention due to their potential as selective antimetastatic drugs with low systemic toxicity. Scientists have generated a variety of Ru (II) and Ru (III) complexes, which have been demonstrated to have good antitumor and antimetastatic capabilities against animal models. However, they are usage into the clinical setting is restricted by their unfavourable physicochemical properties. Several approaches have been investigated to integrate ruthenium complexes into a range of nanoscale structures, which can overcome these shortcomings. In this article, the latest advancements in Ru (II) and Ru (III)-loaded nanomaterials are emphasized, their novel structural designs and constructions as well as their potential to alleviate cancer are explored in order to highlight their enormous potential as revolutionary anticancer agents. Ruthenium-based nanoplatforms in cancer treatment. [Display omitted] • Ruthenium-based nanoplatforms for targeted cancer therapy. • Coordination chemistry of Ruthenium-conjugated nanoplatforms. • Focus on Transition metal complexes. • Eco-sustainable ruthenium-conjugated nanoformulations. • Protein-drug conjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline red phosphorus (CRP), a newly emerging photocatalyst, shows promise for selective CH 4 production from CO 2 and H 2 O. Yet, its potential remains largely untapped, particularly in enhancing photocatalytic performance. We address this gap by incorporating RuCu alloy nanoparticles into CRP, significantly boosting its efficiency in converting CO 2 to CH 4. Advanced analyses demonstrate that the synergistic mechanism between the RuCu alloy and CRP facilitates improved charge separation and expands the availability of active sites, leading to an impressive CH 4 yield of 19.7 μmol g−1 h−1. Importantly, the inclusion of Cu in the alloy modifies the catalytic reaction pathways facilitated by Ru, achieving an exceptional CO 2 to CH 4 selectivity of 96 %. This performance surpasses that of many existing elemental-based and Ru-containing photocatalysts. Our research highlights the potential of functionalized elemental photocatalysts and the importance of alloy composition in photocatalyst design for sustainable CO 2 conversion. [Display omitted] • RuCu/CRP system boosts CH 4 production to 20 μmol g−1 h−1. • Achieves 96 % selectivity for CO 2 to CH 4 conversion. • RuCu alloy enhances charge separation in CRP. • Cu modifies catalytic pathways in RuCu alloy. • Mechanistic insights revealed through spectroscopic and theoretical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A magnetic hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles with Ru metal was prepared. • It is the first time to employ the support with boric acid groups to immobilize Ru. • It was spherical, stable, nano level, recycle, and contained 0.30 mmol/g Ru. • It was green, environment-friend and high efficiency in catalyzing oxidation of aromatic alcohols. A kind of magnetic hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles containing Ru metal (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -FPBA-Ru) was prepared. It was spherical with the characteristic lattice fringe of ruthenium atom. The size was in the range of 5–15 nm and it contained 0.30 mmol/g Ru. Its saturation magnetization value was 15.95 emu/g, which could be easily and efficiently recovered from solution through an external magnet. It was also stable below 240°C and hot filtration experiment proved Ru wasn't leaked from Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -FPBA-Ru in 70°C oxidation reaction. It could be recovered and reused at least 7 cycles. The low amount of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -FPBA-Ru (75 mmol%) could convert the 99 % of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone under solvent-free system, which verified its green and environment-friendly properties. The yield was exceed that of homogeneous (RuCl 3 , 85 %). Beside this, the TON (5181), TOF (7430 h−1) in oxidation of 1-phenylethanol and high conversion yields for a series of oxidation reactions of aromatic secondary alcohols proved the high catalytic ability of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -FPBA-Ru. These laid a foundation for its industrial applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Laser fabrication of Ru electrode modified by Au particles was developed. • This electrode was used for enzyme-free epinephrine (EP) detection. • Two sensitivity values for EP detection are 45.0 and 2.0 μA μM−1 cm−2. • The calculated limits of EP detection are 6.4 and 18.7 nM. • Selective EP sensing in the presence of ascorbic acid and dopamine can be achieved. A simple and efficient technique for voltammetric enzymeless detection of epinephrine (EP) was proposed. In this technique, we applied hierarchical Ru-based electrode modified by Au nano- to micro-sized particles that was fabricated using laser-assisted synthesis. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to characterize electrochemical properties of the fabricated electrode material. For EP detection, we obtained two DPV calibration curves that were linear in the range of 0.05–5 μ M and 5–500 μ M. The highest sensitivity (45.0 μ A μ M−1 cm−2) and the lowest detection limit (6.4 nM) were observed for the first linear range, whereas the estimated sensitivity and limit of detection for the second linear range were 2.0 μ A μ M−1 cm−2 and 18.7 nM, respectively. We also demonstrated that the proposed technique can be used for selective EP determination in the presence of such common interfering analytes as ascorbic acid and dopamine. The results of this study can be potentially used for development of low-cost voltammetric sensor platforms for non-enzymatic epinephrine detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A magnetic heterogeneous Ru nanocatalyst was prepared. • It is the first time to employ multi-carboxyl groups to immobilize Ru. • It was spherical, thermostable and recyclable. • It was green, environment-friend and high efficiency in catalyzing oxidation of aromatic alcohols. A novel magnetic heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -DTPA-Ru) was prepared by using magnetic silicon spheres as support, ethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as functional ligands, ruthenium chloride as catalyst precursor. The results obtained after a series of characterizations showed that the catalyst Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -DTPA-Ru was 5–15 nm in size with a 0.205 nm lattice and contained 0.31 mmol Ru/g catalyst. It also had a good thermal stability under 232°C which was verified by thermal filtration method. Besides, the saturation magnetic intensity was as high as 20.54 emu/g. The catalyst Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -DTPA-Ru was applied for the first time into thirteen oxidation reactions of aromatic alcohols and showed good catalytic activity even the yields of eleven aromatic alcohols were all over 90%. In catalyzing 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone, its TOF and TON were 9677 h−1 and 6991, respectively. The Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -DTPA-Ru catalyst could still maintain good reusability and catalytic performance after 15 cycles of 1-phenylethanol oxidation, which was superior to many reported catalysts and had great potential in future industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new bis-heteroleptic Ru(II) complex, Ru-1 (C 42 H 42 F 24 RuN 10 P 4) with pendant imidazolium bypyridine unit has been synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Imidazolium ion-based complex, Ru-1 has shown superiority in phosphate sensing in CH 3 CN as compared to its triazole-based complex Ru-2 in terms of enhanced binding constant values, longer excited state lifetimes, and lower detection limit values. [Display omitted] • New bis-heteroleptic Ru(II) complex Ru-1 with a pendent imidazolium-bipyridine unit was designed and synthesized. • Non-covalent C H•••anion HB interactions significantly influenced the binding of H 2 PO 4 − and HP 2 O 7 3−. • PL studies revealed Ru-1 's efficiency over Ru-2 in terms of binding constant, LOD, and excited state lifetime. A new phosphorescent ruthenium-based receptor, designated as Ru-1, functionalized with imidazolium as an anion-binding moiety was synthesized and characterized for selective recognition and sensing of H 2 PO 4 − and HP 2 O 7 3−. The binding affinity of Ru-1 towards numerous anions was assessed using UV–visible and phosphorescent spectroscopic techniques in CH 3 CN solvents. Notably, phosphate and pyrophosphate exhibited superior binding constants compared to other anions, with measured binding constants (K a) of 7.95 × 104 and 4.78 × 104 M−1 respectively. Moreover, discernible blue shifts of 25 nm and 28 nm respectively, corresponding to H 2 PO 4 − and HP 2 O 7 3− and significant enhancements in photoluminescence intensities by ∼5-fold and ∼4-fold, respectively were observed with H 2 PO 4 − and HP 2 O 7 3−. Despite the existence of excess other anions, Ru-1 demonstrated selectivity towards these ions, facilitating sensitive detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.045 µM for H 2 PO 4 − and 0.017 µM for HP 2 O 7 3−. In the presence of H 2 PO 4 −, the lifetime of Ru-1 was amplified noticeably from 0.2329 μs to 0.7914 μs, whereas exposure to HP 2 O 7 3− resulted in an observed increase of 0.7465 μs. Furthermore, comparative photophysical studies revealed that the imidazolium moiety-based Ru-1 receptor outperformed the triazole-based Ru-2 receptor in terms of excited state lifetime, binding constant, and detection limit of the anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial modulation of room temperature emission characteristics of heteroleptic ruthenium-terpyridine complexes via aggregation and trans–cis photoisomerization. [Display omitted] • Modulation of RT emission characteristics of Ru(II) terpyridine complexes. • Aggregation-induced emission enhancement. • Aggregation-induced emission quenching. • Substantial enhancement of RT lifetime upon aggregation. • Photoisomerization of the aggregated forms of the complexes. In this work, we have thoroughly investigated the modulation of room temperature luminescence characteristics of our recently reported stilbene-appended heteroleptic Ru(II)-terpyridine complexes of the type, [(tpy-PhCH 3)Ru(tpy-pvp-X)](ClO 4) 2 , wherein X =naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene moiety via aggregation through the use of appropriate solvent mixtures. Taking profit of the polyaromatic motif, the complexes display both aggregation-induced emission quenching as well as emission augmentation, depending upon nature of the solvent mixtures. By virtue of the presence of stilbene unit, the complexes undergo trans–cis isomerization upon irradiation of light. We have previously investigated the reversible trans–cis isomerization of the non-aggregated form of the complexes upon alternative treatment of visible and UV light. In the present study, we have also undertaken the trans → cis photoisomerization of the aggregated forms of the complexes. The rate constant and quantum yield of photoisomerization in the aggregated form of the complexes are also estimated and compared with their non-aggregated counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is an efficient and environmentally friendly oxidant as well as a promising energy-carrier alternative to hydrogen. Its solar light-driven photocatalytic synthesis from H 2 O and O 2 is a high-prospect sustainable alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. Hybrid Ru-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) catalysts were prepared by thermal polymerisation of melamine/Ru(III) acetylacetonate mixtures, and subsequent thermal exfoliation. Simultaneous Ru incorporation and thermal exfoliation impacted the morphology and the structure of the g-C 3 N 4 sheets, and low-atomicity Ru species with small nanoclusters and single atoms were observed only in the Ru-modified exfoliated g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts. We demonstrated the potential of a joint thermal exfoliation and modification with Ru to enhance the H 2 O 2 synthesis efficiency of the g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst under simulated sunlight. A volcano-type behavior was observed with increasing the Ru content, and the best performance was obtained for exfoliated g-C 3 N 4 with an ultra-low Ru content of 0.019 wt.%, that outperformed both its bulk counterpart and the pristine exfoliated reference in terms of initial H 2 O 2 synthesis rate and H 2 O 2 formation rate constant. The enhanced performance was attributed to the presence of highly dispersed low atomicity Ru as well as to more accessible active sites and carrier migration channels. Quenching experiments revealed a mixed reactional pathway involving both two-step one-electron and one-step two-electron O 2 reduction in the photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. [Display omitted] • Ruthenium-modified graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts were synthesized. • The photocatalysts were efficient for the solar light–driven synthesis of H 2 O 2. • Highly dispersed Ru nanoclusters and single atoms were detected on exfoliated g-C 3 N 4. • Simultaneous Ru modification and thermal exfoliation improved the H 2 O 2 synthesis. • Exfoliated g-C 3 N 4 with ultra-low Ru content of 0.019 wt. % shows the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Designed synthesis of three novel Ru(II) complexes of benzothiazolyl-hydrazino-phenathrenequinone through its flexible nature of coordination towards metal ion. • Molecular and electronic structures of these complexes & their redox properties have also been studied/ explained from theoretical calculations (DFT). • Characterization of complexes by several spectroscopic techniques as well as single crystal X-ray diffractometry. • Redox non-innocent behaviour of benzothiazolyl-hydrazino-phenathrenequinone in presence of ruthenium(II) and how can this property be employed in N‒N bond cleavage via a CPET pathway. The complexes [Ru(LBenz)H(CO)(PPh 3) 2 ] 2 , [Ru(LBenz)Cl(CO)(PPh 3) 2 ] 3 , (ligand behaving as bidentate monoanionic) and [Ru(LBenz)Cl(CO)(PPh 3)] 4 , (ligand is tridentate monoanionic) have been synthesized starting from benzothiazolyl-hydrazino-phenathrenequinone (HL) 1 and [RuH(CO)Cl(PPh 3) 3 ]. These are characterized by electrochemical and spectral methods as well as single crystal X-ray diffractometry (SCXRD). Upon treating with NaBH 4 , 3 accepts an electron within the coordinated ligand framework and the anionic hydrazonyl- N takes up a proton to be transformed to meta-stable hydrazinoquinone anion radical complex of ruthenium(II) [Ru(HLBenz•‒)Cl(CO)(PPh 3) 2 ] 5 , possibly via concerted proton electron transfer process (CPET). Thus, the redox non-innocent character of the ligand upon complexation with ruthenium(II), has been disclosed and it is attributed to presence of low lying π* orbitals of almost entirely of phenanthraquinone and hydrazone character. In 5 , the π‒acceptor ability of the ligand donor centres are reduced due to the existence of an odd electron in SOMO and hence the M-L distances around the coordination sphere are altered. The N‒N (hydrazonyl bond length increases from 1.296(6) Å in 3 to 1.429 Å in 5 , leading to lesser thermodynamic stability of the latter and upon standing, the N‒N bond is cleaved to be transformed to 6+ , possibly via the formation of iminoquinone anion radical complex, [ 6 ] (reported elsewhere). Also, it is via the dissociation of N‒N (hydrazonyl) bond, the biologically important molecule 2-aminobenzothiazole is formed along with 6 +, so as to provide a novel route for its synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anisotropic atomic layer etching of ruthenium by oxidation and removal process. • For oxidation, we compared direct plasma, remote plasma, and gas molecules. • Ar-based inductively coupled plasma and ion beam were compared to remove the oxidation layer. • For ideal atomic layer etching, the ion beam type etching method is more advantageous. Ruthenium (Ru) is a next-generation metal interconnect material, and the demand for precise etching is on the rise. This study explores anisotropic atomic layer etching (ALE) of Ru, utilizing various oxygen adsorption methods (O radical, oxygen plasma, or O 2 molecule) and two types of plasma sources: inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and ion beam source. Through ICP ALE, an etch per cycle (EPC) of ∼ 1.5 Å/cycle was achieved using oxygen plasma for adsorption. For ion beam ALE, EPC values of ∼ 0.8 Å/cycle were obtained using oxygen radical, and ∼ 0.4 Å/cycle through physisorption using oxygen molecule without plasma generation. The higher EPC with the ICP ALE was attributed to spontaneous etching during oxygen adsorption during the oxygen plasma generation. Conversely, the lower EPC with ion beam ALE during oxygen adsorption using O 2 molecule without plasma generation resulted from nonuniform oxidation of Ru during the adsorption step. Among the three ALE methods, optimal Ru ALE with 100 % ALE synergy was achieved with ion beam ALE, likely due to the absence of ion bombardment during oxygen adsorption and the precise Ar+ ion energy for removing RuO x formed on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring efficient multi-functional catalysts with is critical for oxidase-like catalysis and environmental pollutant degradation. In this paper, we report a RuCo alloy embedded in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (RuCo@NC) derived from a Co-based metal-organic framework (ZIF-67). RuCo@NC exhibits highly efficient oxidase activity for dopamine (DA) detection, excellent activity for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction to the higher valued 4-aminophenol (4-AP) with the addition of NaBH 4 solution, and remarkable activity for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation with the addition of the NaBH 4. Owing to the presence of the reactive oxygen species •OH, the oxidase-like activity of RuCo@NC is increased by 1.94 times that of bare Co@NC. RuCo@NC exhibits superior activity for the 4-NP reduction with a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.04×10−3 mmol mg−1 min−1. Moreover, when RuCo@NC is employed for RhB degradation with NaBH 4 , the efficiency of the system can reach 93.8 %. [Display omitted] • The RuCo@NC is designed and suceessful synthesized. • The RuCo@NC exhibits superior slectivity and sensitivity for dopamine (DA) detection. • The RuCo@NC shows excellent activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). • The RuCo@NC structures achieved superb activity for the degradation of rhodamine B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]