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A thermal protection structure that unites the opposing jet and platelet transpiration is introduced, whose cooling effect is conducted through numerical research method. When opposing jet is applied, the peak heat flux falls significantly at the stagnation point. By introducing platelet transpiration, the temperature also drops dramatically. The new approach combining both opposing jet and platelet transpiration brings out more dramatic temperature reduction. The numerical results show that the new thermal protection structure works efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stiffness of Euler equations system increases, with the decreasing of Mach number, which results in poor convergence when solving steady flow problems numerically. In order to accelerate the convergence, a preconditioning method is proposed. A flux vector splitting scheme is derived from the classic Steger-Warming scheme and the Roe flux difference splitting scheme, and preconditioned systems developed for the two schemes, separately. Numerical results are presented and it is shown that flux vector splitting scheme can be preconditioned as successfully as flux difference splitting, and exhibits similar convergence acceleration and accurate solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many disaster events occurring frequently on the network are usually triggered by some trivial events, which are often difficult to be accurately predicted. One of the main reasons lies in that the behavior and structure of the network are highly coupled together, which is difficult to be analyzed and separated mathematically. With a universal dynamical overload model capturing the interaction between pairs of nodes in networks, various dynamical systems ranging from epidemic process, to birth–death process, biochemical and regulatory dynamics, are mapped into a one-dimension state space, which can help separate the role of the structure and the dynamic mechanism on the system robustness against cascading failure. Moreover, it can help predict the individual behavior in the cascading process. The theoretical solutions match well with the simulation results on Scale-Free and Erdös–Rényi networks for the four dynamical models, showing that even for networks with the same structure, different dynamic mechanisms have different effects on the robustness. Our research can provide ideas for designing more robust networked systems. • Propose a dimensionality reduction method for high-dimensional networks. • Prove the jumping phenomenal of failure propagation with the increase of distance. • Separate the role of the structure and the dynamic mechanism on the system robustness. • Predict the cascading failure size caused by one node or a fraction of nodes for four dynamical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]