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The article discusses the importance of open disclosure in healthcare settings, focusing on the Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF) and related guidance in the United Kingdom. Topics include strategies for enhancing patient safety, the role of healthcare professionals in communication training, and the implementation of open disclosure practices to improve transparency and accountability in healthcare.

The article focuses on the importance of responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI) in daily practice for physiotherapists. Topics discussed include the clinical reasoning process of physiotherapists and the application of AI in healthcare, emphasizing its role in supporting shared decision-making. It also highlights the need for education on AI in healthcare to ensure its responsible integration into daily practice.

The swiftness of artificial intelligence (AI) progress in plant science begets relevant ethical questions with significant scientific and societal implications. Embracing a principled approach to regulation, ethics review and monitoring, and human-centric interpretable informed AI (HIAI), we can begin to navigate our voyage towards ethical and socially responsible AI. The swiftness of artificial intelligence (AI) progress in plant science begets relevant ethical questions with significant scientific and societal implications. Embracing a principled approach to regulation, ethics review and monitoring, and human-centric interpretable informed AI (HIAI), we can begin to navigate our way towards ethical and socially responsible AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary and popular discourse, imposter syndrome is frequently outlined as an individual problem that can be overcome. Rather than the locus of responsibility being placed on the individual, we posit that neoliberal academic institutions contribute to imposter syndrome by (de)legitimising certain forms of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Many parents use food to soothe their infant, regardless of infant hunger, which can increase risk for rapid weight gain. Interventions promoting alternative soothing strategies may help parents respond more appropriately to crying. This secondary analysis aimed to examine effects of the Sleep SAAF (Strong African American Families) responsive parenting (RP) intervention on maternal responses to infant crying and to explore moderating effects of infant negativity. METHODS: Primiparous Black mothers (n = 212) were randomized to an RP or safety control intervention, delivered during home visits at 3 and 8 weeks postpartum. Parents were empowered to first use non-food soothing strategies (eg, white noise, swaddling) when responding to crying. Mothers completed the Babies Need Soothing questionnaire at 8 and 16 weeks, and the Infant Behavior Questionnaire at 16 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear or logistic regression. RESULTS: RP mothers were significantly more likely than controls to use shushing/white noise to soothe their infant at 8 (OR = 4.9, 95% CI: 2.2-10.6) and 16 weeks (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 2.2-10.5), to go for a walk in stroller/ride in car at 8 weeks (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.6), and to swing/rock/bounce their infant at 16 weeks (OR = 5.5, 95% CI: 1.2-25.7). RP mothers also reported significantly more frequent use of deep breathing, exercising, and bathing/showering than controls when frustrated with crying. Infant negativity moderated some intervention effects such that the RP intervention was more effective at increasing use of some soothing practices among mothers with less negative infants. CONCLUSIONS: An RP intervention positively impacted first-time Black mothers' responses to infant crying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A process of e-waste collection based on the CTR policy is presented. • A system of CFs that influence the CTR implementation is constructed. • The relationships and hierarchy of the CFs are determined. • The implications about CTR for e-waste collection in China are proposed. The Collection Target Responsibility (CTR) is the direction for the proper management of e-waste reuse and recycling. Despite its potential, the CTR policy is still in its infancy in China and faces significant challenges to its effective implementation. There are a few studies that have systematically identified and analyzed the factors that influence the application of CTR to e-waste collection systems in China. This study proposes a comprehensive process that considers collection targets and behaviors to develop the critical factors (CFs) involved in e-waste collection under CTR by participants including government, manufacturers and recyclers. The Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory and Interpretative Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) method was applied to analyze these CFs. The findings show that the development of policy and regulation is the root factor influencing the implementation of CTR in China, both in terms of collection targets and behaviors. Incentives and regulation of government, collection channels, and benefits of manufacturers and recyclers are important CFs that participants consider when adopting CTR and should be prioritized. This study not only contributes to the literature on e-waste collection under CTR, but also provides valuable insights for decision-makers to improve the performance of e-waste collection practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Osteoporotic fractures among long-term care residents have substantial economic and human costs. After a fracture, many older adults do not receive an osteoporosis diagnosis or evidence-based treatment, which leads to increased risk of recurrent fractures. Optimal processes are well defined for transitioning medical care after a hip or vertebral fracture for osteoporosis evaluation, but the handoff process from the specialist back to a primary care practitioner (PCP) or to a rehabilitative setting is not well defined. Our interdisciplinary quality improvement team developed and evaluated a program for transitioning care from a hospital-based fracture liaison clinic (FLC) to PCPs caring for older adults across the care continuum. To understand the current process of postfracture care transitions, we analyzed the postfracture patient experience. We surveyed PCPs to assess barriers to osteoporosis treatment, and retrospectively conducted a baseline analysis of 87 patients who had sustained an osteoporotic fracture in 2020. This preliminary work showed several opportunities for practice improvement and helped us develop a practical multicomponent intervention aimed at improving care transitions from the FLC to PCPs. The intervention (June-September 2021) comprised a standardized documentation template in the electronic health record (EHR) for FLC clinicians, a structured handoff process, and an engagement tool for patients outlining the roles and responsibilities of each care team member. We compared care transition measures before and after intervention. EHR documentation of an osteoporosis diagnosis increased from 56% (49 of 87 patients) before intervention to 92% (48 of 52) after intervention (P <.001). Additionally, increases were observed in documentation of treatment recommendations, associated risk factors, and PCP discussions with patients regarding osteoporosis and related treatment. This practical, commonsense intervention established clear roles for each care team member. The intervention addressed systemwide barriers in facilitating a safe transition from a subspecialty care team to PCPs providing care to older adults with osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue Biotechnology is developing rapidly worldwide. However, the Nagoya Protocol (NP), Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and other regulatory requirements in this field are falling behind. This article identifies the main RRI, NP, and regulatory gaps and provides key recommendations to mitigate these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the concept of "common but differentiated responsibility" (CBDR), the concept of common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) is a principle that emphasizes that the differentiated responsibilities of countries are dynamic, based on their respective dynamic capabilities and circumstances. It comprises the principles of "common responsibility" and "differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities" and has been rooted in the greenhouse gas context in the field of atmosphere. The shared common-pool character of the atmosphere and the Earth's orbital environments, combined with the similarities between the space debris and greenhouse gas contexts indicates that the principle of CBDR-RC likewise can be applied to distribute the responsibilities of different countries in the passive mitigation and active removal of space debris. However, the differences between these two contexts will lead to the categorization of countries and the application of the CBDR-RC regime in these two contexts. This article argues that, in the space debris mitigation context, while countries should bear specific responsibilities based on their financial and technical capabilities, all spacefaring nations should bear a common responsibility to contribute to the mitigation of future space debris, and for this purpose, the advanced spacefaring nations should provide technical assistance to the developing spacefaring countries to enhance their capability in, at least, the areas of design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of space objects. In the context of the active removal of space debris, all spacefaring actors should be responsible for the environmental protection of outer space, and thus should contribute to the active removal of the existing in-orbit space debris. It would be advisable to establish a legal regime to authorize the private sector to carry out the clean-up operation, because of the dual-use character of the active removal technology, while also requiring all spacefaring countries and international organizations that have space objects to contribute to an international trust fund to support the active removal operation. An international space debris removal entity should be established to provide intermediary services in the active removal process. • CBDR-RC highlights dynamic differentiated responsibility with respective capabilities. • Similarities and differences exist between space debris and greenhouse gas contexts. • The CBDR-RC regime should be established to address the space debris concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The estimated prevalence of learning disabilities (LDs) is nearly 8% of all children. Fewer than 5% of all children are diagnosed in public schools, jeopardizing remediation. We aimed to identify barriers affecting front-line childfacing professionals in detecting LDs in school-aged children. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study with individual interviews of 40 professionals from different areas of the United States identified through theoretical sampling (20 educators, 10 pediatricians, and 10 child mental health clinicians). Clinicians represented academic and community settings, and educators represented public, private, and charter schools. Twenty had expertise in assessing LDs; 20 were generalists without specific training. We also endeavored to maximize representation across age, gender, race and ethnicity, and location. We analyzed transcripts utilizing grounded theory and identified themes reflecting barriers to detection. RESULTS: Themes and sub-themes included: 1) areas requiring improved professional education (misconceptions that may hinder detection, confounding factors that may mask LDs, and need for increasing engagement of parents or guardians in identifying LDs) and 2) systemic barriers (time constraints that limited professionals' ability to advocate for children and to delve into their emotional experiences, inconsistent guidelines across institutions and inconsistent perceptions of professional responsibility for detection, and confusion surrounding screening tools and lack of screening by some professionals in the absence of overt problems). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and other child-facing professionals may benefit from augmented training in screening and identification and enhanced evidence-based and institutional guidance. These efforts could increase efficiency and perceived responsibility for recognition and improve earlier detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) relies on facilities outside of VA to provide mammograms for most VA patients. Prior work suggests challenges to coordinating some sex-specific services between VA and other health care systems (e.g., gynecologic malignancies, maternity care), but little is known about barriers and facilitators to mammogram care coordination. We sought to describe processes for coordinating mammograms referred outside of VA and to characterize VA staff perspectives on care coordination barriers and facilitators. We conducted semistructured interviews with 44 VA staff at 10 VA Medical Centers that refer all mammograms outside of the VA. Respondents included staff across multiple VA departments involved in coordinating mammograms. We used a rapid templated approach to analyze audio-recorded interviews to characterize the coordination processes and identify barriers and facilitators to care coordination. Interviews elucidated a common mammogram care coordination process, with variability in how process steps were achieved. We identified six themes: 1) the process is generally perceived as inefficient, 2) clarity in VA staff roles and responsibilities is essential, 3) internal VA communication facilitates coordination, 4) challenges arise from variability in community provider processes and their limited understanding of VA processes, 5) coordination challenges can negatively impact veterans, and 6) technology holds promise but remains a barrier. Coordination of mammograms that are referred outside of VA is challenging for staff in multiple VA departments and roles. VA programs should focus on improving communication and role clarity within the VA and better harnessing technology to support coordination efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communal coping may benefit caregivers, but most communal coping research focuses on dyads. Using an egocentric network design, we examine caregivers' we-talk—a linguistic marker of shared responsibility—and caregiver reports of 1) network member involvement in collaborative care roles and 2) met/unmet expectations across typically developing and rare disease contexts. We-talk was linked to involvement in direct care and support, but links of we-talk to decision-making varied based on network member closeness; we-talk was linked to meeting expectations for decision-making only. There were no differences across context, suggesting shared responsibility is linked to collaborative roles across caregiving contexts. • Caregiver communal language is related to social network involvement in caregiving. • Communal language (we-talk) was linked to involvement in direct care and support. • Links of we-talk to decision-making varied by network member closeness. • Only expectations for decision-making were met when caregivers used we-talk. • Findings generalized across rare disease and typically developing caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What motivates individuals to start a walking program for the prevention of low back pain? What strategies optimise short-term and long-term adherence to a walking program? What strategies can physiotherapists incorporate into clinical practice to facilitate commencement of and adherence to a walking program? Qualitative study. Twenty-two adults recently recovered from an episode of non-specific low back pain who participated in a 6-month, progressive and individualised walking program that was prescribed by a physiotherapist trained in health coaching. Semi-structured focus groups conducted online following completion of the walking program. Interview questions explored: primary motivations for starting a walking program, identification of which elements were useful in optimising adherence to the program, and identification of the barriers to and facilitators of engagement with the program. Audio recordings were transcribed and thematic analysis was conducted. Three major themes were identified. Theme one identified that strong motivators to start a walking program were anticipated improvements in low back pain management and the added general health benefits of a more active lifestyle. Theme two identified that fear of high-impact exercises led to avoidance; however, walking was considered a safe exercise option. Theme three identified accountability, enjoyment of exercise and health benefits were critical to adherence. Participants recently recovered from low back pain reflected positively on a physiotherapist-prescribed walking program. Participants described what elements of the program were crucial to starting exercise and optimising adherence. These findings have informed a list of practical recommendations for physiotherapists to improve patient commencement and adherence to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a passive activity that has a major impact on our bodies. Sleep is also a fundamental necessity in life. Given that in this day and age many changes have occurred due to the impact of COVID-19. A study says a person's high level of stress can be bad for health because his sleep patterns become bad. The impact of poor sleep patterns can threaten a person's physical, mental and psychological health. So, a solution is needed to improve sleep patterns, namely by using a sleep tracker. This study used a Systematic Literacy Review based on a review proposed by Kitchenham. Adopting the Kitchenham method guidelines aims that the research carried out not only provides sufficient evidence but provides the best and rigorous evidence of research results. To detect the stages of sleep which are divided into 5 stages, namely wake (Wake), N1, N2, N3 and N4 (REM) and diagnose sleep disorders can utilize various sensors such as electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electromiogram (EMG), and can be combined with various other signals such as breathing and using Polysomnography (PSG) signals to examine and diagnose sleep disorders. Researchers think that learning methods or analysis created by Deep Learning technology can provide good lead that can help track a person's sleep history into several sleep phases. Also, it can track sleep disorders experienced by users, however, the process towards improving the quality of sleep time of a user or patient remains their personal responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumour DNA and germline testing, based on DNA-wide sequencing analysis, are becoming more and more routine in clinical-oncology practice. A promising step in medicine, but at the same time leading to challenging ethicolegal questions. An important one is under what conditions individuals (patients and their relatives, research participants) should be recontacted with new information, even if many years have passed since the last contact. Based on legal- and ethical study, we developed a tool to help professionals to decide whether or not to recontact an individual in specific cases. It is based on four assessment criteria: (1) professional relationship (2) clinical impact (3) individual's preferences and (4) feasibility. The tool could also serve as a framework for guidelines on the topic. • Ethicolegal tool helping to assess professional's responsibility on recontacting. • Tool includes professional relation, impact, preferences and feasibility. • The tool could also serve as a framework for guidelines on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review was to examine the reporting in chiropractic mixed methods research using Good Reporting of A Mixed Methods Study (GRAMMS) criteria. In this methodological review, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature from the inception of each database to December 31, 2020, for chiropractic studies reporting the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods or mixed qualitative methods. Pairs of reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text studies, extracted data, and appraised reporting using the GRAMMS criteria and risk of bias with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Generalized estimating equations were used to explore factors associated with reporting using GRAMMS criteria. Of 1040 citations, 55 studies were eligible for review. Thirty-seven of these 55 articles employed either a multistage or convergent mixed methods design, and, on average, 3 of 6 GRAMMS items were reported among included studies. We found a strong positive correlation in scores between the GRAMMS and MMAT instruments (r = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.87). In our adjusted analysis, publications in journals indexed in Web of Science (adjusted odds ratio = 2.71; 95% CI, 1.48-4.95) were associated with higher reporting using GRAMMS criteria. Three of the 55 studies fully adhered to all 6 GRAMMS criteria, 4 studies adhered to 5 criteria, 10 studies adhered to 4 criteria, and the remaining 38 adhered to 3 criteria or fewer. Our findings suggest that reporting in chiropractic mixed methods research using GRAMMS criteria was poor, particularly among studies with a higher risk of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University herbaria play critical roles in biodiversity research and training and provide interdisciplinary academic environments that foster innovative uses of natural history collections. Universities have a responsibility to steward these important collections in perpetuity, in alignment with their academic missions and for the good of science and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of new vaccines, many trials use age de-escalation : after establishing safety and efficacy in adult populations, progressively younger cohorts are enrolled and studied. Age de-escalation promotes many values. The responsibility to protect children from potential risks of experimental vaccines is significant, not only given increased risks of adverse effects but also because parents and medical professionals have a moral responsibility to protect children from harms associated with novel, uncertain interventions. Further, given that young children cannot provide informed consent, acceptable risks for research requiring proxy consent are lower than for adults making decisions for themselves. Although age de-escalation approaches are widely used in vaccine trials, including notably in the recent development of pediatric COVID-19 vaccines, ethicists have not addressed the benefits and risks of these approaches. Their benefits are largely assumed and unstated, while their potential risks are usually overlooked. There are no official ethics guidelines for the use of age de-escalation in clinical research. In this paper, we provide a systematic account of key moral factors to consider when employing age de-escalation. Analyzing pediatric COVID-19 vaccine development as our key case study, we clarify the benefits, risks, and trade-offs involved in age de-escalation approaches and call for the development of evidence-based best practice guidelines to identify when age de-escalation is likely to be an ethical strategy in vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Providing feedback is effective to reduce dangerous driving behaviour. • The effects of various types of feedback content vary with driving scenario. • The mediating effect of drivers' responsibility was confirmed, providing a possible explanation of the mechanism of feedback. The serious problem of road traffic accidents is in urgent need of coping strategies, among which feedback has proven to be helpful. The main purpose of this study is to explore effective feedback content and the mediating effect of drivers' responsibility based on the triangle model of responsibility. We designed a mixed study with 3 driving scenarios (getting too close to lead vehicle, speeding, and running a yellow light) and 4 feedbacks (no feedback, feedback with only a prescription, feedback with only an event, feedback with both prescription and event) as within-subject factors and 2 driver identities (feedback without driver identity, feedback with driver identity) as a between-subjects factor. A total of 110 Chinese drivers completed this study. The results showed that providing feedback enhanced drivers' willingness to drive safely, while the effects of feedback with different contents varied with scenario. In addition, the mediating effect of drivers' responsibility between feedback and speeding was confirmed. This study revealed that the effectiveness of feedback would be significantly influenced by a subtle change in feedback content in different driving scenarios, suggesting the importance of tailoring feedback content according to specific situations. Additionally, we provided a possible explanation of the mechanism of feedback by verifying the mediating effect of responsibility. Our findings of effective feedback contents corresponding to specific driving scenarios could be used to design driving feedback in safety warning systems to improve the effectiveness of such systems in facilitating safe driving behaviour and reducing road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural governance increasingly involves a broad range of political agents – but whom do rural dwellers consider responsible for creating and maintaining local opportunity structures? Focusing on the issue of places to socialise, our paper investigates resident-municipality relations in peripheralised rural regions of Czechia and eastern Germany. We draw from problem-centred resident interviews using an actor-centred, multimodal concept of responsibility. Analysing residents' ideals of active citizenship, mutuality, and municipal care, we find that despite the considerable differences in the ways rural dwellers conceptualise the relationship between the municipality and its residents, the provision of local opportunities to socialise represents a realm in which they perceive the local state as both powerful and responsible for taking action. We conclude that a multimodal understanding of responsibility can provide insights into the normative conditions on which local attributions of responsibility are based. We further argue that research on rural facilities should take into account the symbolic and political meaning that third places have for rural residents. • Rural studies can benefit from multimodal conceptualisations of responsibility. • Experiences of political agency crystallise around mundane places to socialise. • The municipal level is key for rural residents' experience of rural governance. • A perceived lack of places to socialise can foster distrust in the local state. • Resident engagement does not equal identification with active rural citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Establishing and achieving learning goals (LGs) are important lifelong learning skills for residents. Faculty are critical in facilitation and achievement of residents' LGs, yet many have difficulty with this role in the busy inpatient setting. OBJECTIVES: Our primary aim was to improve faculty engagement in resident LGs, targeting ≥80% of faculty achieving a mean score ≥goal, over a period of 1 year by setting prerotation expectations and stressing team-based faculty accountability during the rotation in the current inpatient learning environment. METHODS: We identified key barriers to addressing LGs on an inpatient subspecialty service. Key interventions included 1) introducing LGs to faculty, 2) establishing a communication/handover process among faculty, 3) LGs development, and 4) tracking accountability. Baseline mean faculty milestone scores were determined from the prior year. Over 1 year, we developed and refined a system for residents to create and document LGs with faculty oversight and review. We reviewed faculty evaluations quarterly to measure progress and reviewed rotation evaluations. RESULTS: Faculty engagement with LGs improved through the course of the academic year. All but one faculty member had improved LGs scores during the intervention year. Most residents were very satisfied with the intervention and gave unprompted favorable feedback on rotation evaluations. The majority of submitted LGs were either partially or completely addressed. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that a quality improvement approach to a faculty educational skill is feasible and effective. Our intervention related to LGs may be modified for any medical learner in any inpatient or outpatient setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease. Past studies revealed that grandparents provide their grandchildren with cariogenic foods and beverages (eg, those with free sugars and/or modified starches). Qualitative research can help identify what drives this phenomenon. Our aim was to examine mothers' explanations for why grandparents in north central and central Appalachia give their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages. A qualitative study on children's oral health in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from 2018 through 2020 was performed. In-person, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative data from interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then coded using NVivo. Data analysis for this study was performed using thematic analysis with iterative theme development. The participants were 126 mothers of children aged 3-5 years from West Virginia (n = 66) and Pittsburgh, PA (n = 60). Mothers' perspectives about why grandparents give their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages were analyzed. In the study sample, 85% of mothers (n = 107/126) named at least 1 of their children's grandparents as a member of their social network responsible for their children's oral health. From these interviews, 85% of mothers (n = 91/107) discussed that grandparents gave their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages. The mothers described the following 4 themes to explain why grandparents gave their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages: privilege of the grandparent role; responsibilities of the grandparent role; symbol of care and affection; and limited consideration or understanding of the detrimental impact. Grandparents play a role in giving their grandchildren cariogenic foods and beverages, which could potentially contribute to childhood caries. Research is needed to develop effective social interventions to help some grandparents understand the implications of a cariogenic diet on their grandchildren's oral health and/or decrease their provision of cariogenic foods and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cette communication cherche à établir les apports des discussions et des contributions des membres de la Société Médico-Psychologique (SMP) à l'histoire de la psychiatrie légale en France pendant le siècle qui a suivi sa naissance en 1852. Les discussions du Second Empire et des débuts de la Troisième République sur les aliénés criminels, l'assistance, les aliénés dangereux, les aliénés avec conscience, sont résumées. Des articles de synthèse du milieu du XXe siècle sur la loi de 1838 (Desruelles), la médecine légale psychiatrique (Heuyer), l'évolution de l'assistance de 1789 à 1838 (Bollotte) et de 1838 à 1939 (Demay), sont analysés. Les grandes thématiques de la psychiatrie légale ont été traitées en profondeur à la SMP, sous les angles clinique, juridique et philosophique, dans trois registres : 1̊ l'état dangereux : rapports entre aliénation et criminalité, responsabilité des aliénés délinquants, critères de dangerosité des différentes catégories d'aliénés raisonnants et/ou avec conscience ; 2̊ l'assistance hospitalière et extra-hospitalière : activités des patients, colonies et placements familiaux, prise en compte de la chronicité, puis premiers services ouverts ; 3̊ la loi de 1838 et ses projets de réforme : rôles respectifs des autorités administrative et judiciaire, établissements privés, intégration des services ouverts et des suivis ambulatoires après 1945. Au XIXe siècle, le travail des malades (en général agricole) est mis en avant, avec la notion d'un rendement économique qui fait écran à sa fonction thérapeutique. Les débats occupant plusieurs séances cessent après 1880 de porter sur des thèmes spécifiquement médico-légaux. À la jonction des XIXe et XXe siècles, la prégnance de la dégénérescence, puis des thèses de Cesare Lombroso, éclipsent la philanthropie de la période précédente. Durant les années qui précèdent la guerre de 1914, la question de la responsabilité est traitée dans d'autres enceintes que la SMP. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la mortalité par famine dans les asiles n'est abordée qu'allusivement. Dans le contexte idéologique de l'époque où elles ont été publiées, des contributions décisives ont été apportées entre 1852 et 1946 par la SMP à des questions qui vont structurer jusqu'à nos jours la législation et l'assistance psychiatriques : d'une part, organisation des services hospitaliers, modalités de placement des malades mentaux, ergothérapie, formes de suivis extra-hospitaliers, ébauche d'une organisation sectorielle des soins ; d'autre part, criminologie, dangerosité et responsabilité juridique des patients psychiatriques, expertise mentale. This paper seeks to establish the contribution of the discussions of the Société Médico-Psychologique (SMP) to the history of forensic psychiatry in France during the century following its birth in 1852. We summarize the discussions held during the Second Empire and the beginning of the Third Republic, about the criminally insane, the dangerously insane, the insane with consciousness and about assistance. Synthesis articles published from the middle of the 20th century on the law of 1838 (Desruelles), psychiatric forensic medicine (Heuyer), assistance from 1789 to 1838 (Bollotte) and from 1838 to 1939 (Demay), are analyzed. The principal themes of forensic psychiatry have been treated in depth at the SMP, in their clinical, juridical and philosophical aspects. The paper contains three chapters: (1) dangerous lunatics: the association between insanity and criminality, the responsibility of delinquent insane persons, the criteria of dangerous behavior in "reasoning" lunatics and in lunatics with consciousness; (2) inpatient and outpatient care: patient activities, colonies and family placements, chronicity in asylums, incurable lunatics, and the first open-door services; (3) the law of 1838 and its projects of reform: the respective roles of administrative and judicial authorities, private establishments and religious hospitals, the integration in the law of open-door services and outpatient follow-up after 1945. In the 19th century, the economic value of the patients' work (generally agricultural) was put forth and took precedent, over its therapeutic function. After 1880, the great debates over several months and sessions ceased to deal with specific forensic themes. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the prevalence of degeneracy and the theses about criminals of the Italian Cesare Lombroso eclipsed the philanthropic concerns of the previous period. During the years just prior to World War I, the theme of responsibility is treated in other forums than by the SMP. After the Second World War, mortality due to starvation in asylums for lunatics was only slightly alluded to. In the ideological context of the period in which they were published, decisive contributions were made between 1852 and 1946 by the SMP in several domains, and which will have a bearing on psychiatric legislation and care up to the present day: on the one hand, the organization of hospital services for the mentally ill patients, occupational therapy, forms of outpatient follow-up care, the beginnings of a sectorial organization of care and ergotherapy in the institutions. On the other hand, criminology, knowledge about dangerous behavior and the responsibility of psychiatric patients, and in forensic expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience sampling methodology (ESM) requires participants to repeatedly rate various psychological states in everyday life. This can be burdensome, leading to frequently skipped or missed assessments that undermine the ecological validity of collected data. Financially compensating participants may counter suboptimal response rates, but monetary rewards are not always feasible or ethical, and are unfitting to counter non-response in the moment. Here, we investigated the potential of a gamified momentary reward strategy to encourage survey completion. In a between-person experiment, we randomly assigned 193 participants to take part in a standard (i.e., no momentary incentives) or gamified ESM protocol. Upon completing a survey in the gamified condition, participants immediately received some virtual coins to purchase various in-app rewards (fun facts or personalized graphs). Gamifying momentary survey completion resulted in higher response rates and shorter latencies, but only for participants who frequently bought rewards in the coin store. Paradoxically, momentary gamification also caused participants' responses to be slightly more unreliable. Completion times did not differ. The reward schemes of future ESM studies should focus on both response quantity and quality. To further explore the potential of momentary incentive strategies, we provide open access to customizable gamification building blocks within our ESM platform, m-Path. • Real-time game-based rewards for survey completion may lead to higher response rates in experience sampling (ESM) studies. • However, gamification also paradoxically undermines the reliability of participants' momentary self-reported responses. • We should include both measures of response quantity and quality in the reward schemes of future ESM studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how employees react to corporate moral violations against external stakeholders, such as customers, the community, and the environment. Drawing from the deonance theory, we examined the relationships between employees' perceptions of corporate moral violations, their moral emotions (anger and sympathy), and their moral actions (external whistleblowing and compensating behavior) when they witness their company's ethical transgressions targeting external stakeholders. In addition, the study examined the moderating effects of employee-oriented corporate social responsibility and perceived moral violation intentionality on the impact of moral violation on employees' emotional and behavioral reactions. The proposed model was tested using an online survey panel of 417 full-time U.S. workers. The results mostly supported the hypotheses, indicating that perceived corporate moral violation interacted with employee-oriented CSR and moral violation intentionality to affect employees' anger and sympathy, which, in turn, influenced their moral actions. • This study investigated how employees react to corporate moral violations against external stakeholders. • Employees' perceptions of corporate moral violations against external stakeholders triggered their moral anger and sympathy. • Employee-oriented CSR mitigated the negative impacts of corporate moral violations and intentionality attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant understandings of recovery emphasise personal responsibility for initiating and sustaining changes in people's subjectivities and relationships to alcohol and other drugs. However, this potentially obscures the complexities and temporalities of change processes and the range of socio-material elements involved. Addressing this gap, critical drug studies scholars have productively employed the concepts of tendencies and trajectories to analyse how past events of drug consumption flow into current and future consumption events. Critiquing notions of personal responsibility within recovery processes, we apply the concepts of tendencies and trajectories to help explain recovery's emergence and continuities. Doing so helps decentre the individual as the agent responsible for improved capacity by broadening the perspective of developing health and wellbeing. In this paper, we provide a qualitative analysis of interviews with fourteen people with lived recovery experiences within an urban-rural setting in Melbourne, Australia. This analysis illustrates how recovery tendencies and trajectories are cultivated through repeated actions, habits, and practices over time. Applying the concept of trajectories to change narratives reveals how accumulated moments precede and follow turning points, supporting shifts in consumption patterns. These moments are not necessarily connected but, when considered collectively, contribute to a recovery trajectory and assemblage of health. In reflecting on the affordances of thinking, researching and doing with recovery tendencies and trajectories, we argue that analysing tendencies and trajectories illuminate opportunities where change lies within an endless combination of human and non-human forces. Applying these concepts to recovery research, practice, and policy engages with temporal and socio-material elements of recovery, offering a more emancipatory approach than is currently provided by common recovery theories and approaches that assume individuals are personally responsible for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resurgence of panpsychism and dualism is a matter of ongoing debate in modern neuroscience. Although metaphysically hostile, panpsychism and dualism both persist in the science of consciousness because the former is proposed as a straightforward answer to the problem of integrating consciousness into the fabric of physical reality, whereas the latter proposes a simple solution to the problem of free will by endowing consciousness with causal power as a prerequisite for moral responsibility. I take the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) as a paradigmatic exemplar of a theory of consciousness (ToC) that makes its commitments to panpsychism and dualism within a unified framework. These features are not, however, unique for IIT. Many ToCs are implicitly prone to some degree of panpsychism whenever they strive to propose a universal definition of consciousness, associated with one or another known phenomenon. Yet, those ToCs that can be characterized as strongly emergent are at risk of being dualist. A remedy against both covert dualism and uncomfortable corollaries of panpsychism can be found in the evolutionary theory of life, called here "bioprotopsychism" and generalized in terms of autopoiesis and the free energy principle. Bioprotopsychism provides a biologically inspired basis for a minimalist approach to consciousness via the triad "chemotaxis-efference copy mechanism-counterfactual active inference" by associating the stream of weakly emergent conscious states with an amount of information (best guesses) of the brain, engaged in unconscious predictive processing. • Resurgence of panpsychism and dualism in the science of consciousness is discussed. • They are conceptualized through the lens of information-causation relationship. • Bioprotopsychism, rooted in evolutionary theory, is a bio-inspired remedy against their intervention. • Its metaphysics is considered in the framework of autopoiesis and free energy principle. • A minimalist approach to consciousness is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In action exchanges what is at stake is the responsibility for performing an action. • Interlocutors negotiate their responsibilities on a move-by-move basis. • The possible choices available for a move are constrained by their functions in exchanges. This paper offers a responsibility-based model of the move system as an alternative to the current speech-functional model in discourse semantics in Systemic Functional Linguistics, particularly for exchanges revolving around the giving and demanding of goods-&-services. It argues that at move rank speakers have at their disposal the choice between positioning and not positioning each other. When positioned, the speaker may or may not be positioned as responsible for carrying out the negotiated action; and at the same time, the addressee may or may not be positioned as responsible. Drawing on simple examples mainly from TV programmes, the paper shows how certain options in the move system are preselected and activated by different structural functions in an action exchange. The responsibility-based model proposed in this paper sheds light on a number of problems identified in the current speech-functional model of the move system in discourse semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic adoption of early warning systems in healthcare settings is dependent on the optimal and reliable application by the user. Psychosocial issues and hospital culture influence clinicians' patient safety behaviours. (i) To examine the sociocultural factors that influence nurses' EWS compliance behaviours, using a theory driven behavioural model and (ii) to propose a conceptual model of sociocultural factors for EWS compliance behaviour. A cross-sectional survey. Nurses employed in public hospitals across Queensland, Australia. Using convenience and snowball sampling techniques eligible nurses accessed a dedicated web site and survey containing closed and open-ended questions. 291 nurses from 60 hospitals completed the survey. Quantitative data were analysed using ANOVA or t -tests to test differences in means. A series of path models based on the theory were conducted to develop a new model. Directed or theory driven content analysis informed qualitative data analysis. Nurses report high levels of previous compliance behaviour and strong intentions to continue complying in the future (M = 4.7; SD 0.48). Individual compliance attitudes (β 0.29, p <.05), perceived value of escalation (β 0.24, p <.05) and perceived ease or difficulty complying with documentation (β − 0.31, p <.05) were statistically significant, predicting 24 % of variation in compliance behaviour. Positive personal charting beliefs (β 0.14, p <.05) and subjective norms both explain higher behavioural intent indirectly through personal attitudes. High ratings of peer charting beliefs indirectly explain attitudes through subjective norms (β 0.20, p <.05). Perceptions of control over one's clinical actions (β − 0.24, p <.05) and early warning system training (β − 0.17, p <.05) directly contributed to fewer difficulties complying with documentation requirements. Prior difficulties when escalating care (β − 0.31, p <.05) directly influenced the perceived value of escalating. The developed theory-based conceptual model identified sociocultural variables that inform compliance behaviour (documenting and escalation protocols). The model highlights areas of clinical judgement, education, interprofessional trust, workplace norms and cultural factors that directly or indirectly influence nurses' intention to comply with EWS protocols. Extending our understanding of the sociocultural and system wide factors that hamper nurses' use of EWSs and professional accountability has the potential to improve the compliance behaviour of staff and subsequently enhance the safety climate attitudes of hospitals. A newly developed model reports nurse's personal attitudes, peer influence, perceived difficulties encountered documenting and escalation beliefs all predict early warning system compliance behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group-based guilt (collective guilt) refers to the negative emotions experienced when group members violate moral standards and can motivate prosocial behavior. Individuals exhibiting high levels of moral disengagement are prone to engaging in unethical conduct without experience of guilt, thereby prolonging or exacerbating conflicts and hindering conflict resolution. Oxytocin is believed to play key role in shaping social cognition and behaviors associated with morality and prosociality. So, this study (N = 79) explores oxytocin's potential to enhance group-based guilt and compensation for victims among individuals with high moral disengagement. Employing a randomized placebo-controlled design, participants received either oxytocin or placebo before undertaking a task designed to induce group-based guilt, during which they made decisions regarding the allocation of money to victims. Results revealed that participants with high moral disengagement who received oxytocin perceived higher levels of moral responsibility, experienced increased group-based guilt, and allocated significantly more money to victims compared to those who received the placebo. These findings suggested that oxytocin holds promise as an intervention to mitigate moral disengagement and foster moral behavior in individuals predisposed to avoiding responsibility and guilt feelings. • Oxytocin could enhance high moral disengagers' group-based guilt and compensation to victims. • Oxytocin could increase high moral disengagers' perception of moral responsibility. • Oxytocin holds promise as an intervention to mitigate moral disengagement and foster moral behavior in individuals predisposed to avoiding responsibility and guilt feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issue of self-serving attributional bias linked to automation technology and artificial intelligence (AI), this study recruited a gender-balanced sample to investigate the positive effects of perceived anthropomorphism and hierarchical status of computer systems on users' self-accountability and use intention. The specific research context was intelligent vehicles, a common form of automation and AI. Findings showed that anthropomorphism can significantly boost user self-accountability for both successes and failures, while hierarchical status primarily affected accountability for failures. Besides, the positive effects of anthropomorphism on self-accountability and use intention were mediated by cognitive empowerment and social rewards, respectively. This study also found that educational background amplified the impact of anthropomorphism, whereas ethnic differences moderated the effects of hierarchical status on self-accountability. Furthermore, incident experiences were found to positively moderate the relationship between hierarchical status and use intention, which indicates the need for more safety-focused strategies for human-computer interaction (HCI). In general, this study presented a promising strategy for academia and industry in designing human-like interactions to balance self-serving bias and foster self-accountability, which can potentially result in more inclusive and effective HCI experiences. • Anthropomorphism in intelligent vehicles boosts user accountability for both successes and failures • Hierarchical status of intelligent vehicles affects accountability mainly for failures • Cognitive empowerment and social rewards mediate the impact of anthropomorphism • Education amplifies anthropomorphism's effect while ethnicity moderates hierarchical status's effect • Incident experiences affect the relationship between hierarchical status and use intention [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-generation Vietnamese individuals are a prominent group in the U.S. with unique experiences, such as their parents' heavy involvement in the nail salon industry, which shapes their identity. Yet, the experiences of Vietnamese American children who are exposed to the industry through their parents' occupation and its impact on their ethnic identity has not been explored. This study of second-generation Vietnamese Americans with nail salon worker parents in Michigan aims to address this gap and understand the resulting effects of this biculturalism on ethnic identity development. This qualitative study utilized interpretive phenomenology to capture the essence of second-generation Vietnamese Americans' lived experiences. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Twenty-four individuals participated in the interviews and three major themes emerged with respective subthemes. Theme 1 focused on second-generation child and immigrant child responsibilities, as it relates to their parents' occupation. Theme 2 focused on top-of-the-mind reactions to nail salons. Theme 3 focused on ethnic identity development while growing up in Michigan. This study on the lived experiences of second-generation Vietnamese Americans with parents in the nail salon industry in Michigan has implications for better understanding the influence of racialized or migrant-based U.S. economies on ethnic identity development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text addresses the implications of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and other drugs based on a specific publication. The article titled "Deaths induced by compassionate use of hydroxychloroquine during the first COVID-19 wave: an estimate," published in 2024 in the journal Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, reveals 17 000 deaths associated with the inappropriate use of HCQ in 6 countries, excluding Brazil and India. The dissemination of ineffective drugs, the persistence in recommending HCQ in Brazil, and the lack of an effective response from academia underscore the fragility of public health systems under pressure. Transparent communication between the scientific community and the public is vital, particularly considering studies, such as the one published in Nature Communications in 2021, which warns of the risks of chloroquine. The text highlights the influence of social media in spreading unverified information and emphasizes the need for criminal liability for those contributing to the spread of misinformation. It concludes by underlining the importance of learning from past mistakes to build a more resilient and informed future in the field of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe professional and personal experiences of nursing home care leaders during early waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative interpretive description. Eight sites across 2 Canadian provinces. Sites varied by COVID-19 status (low or high), size (<120 or ≥120 beds), and ownership model (for-profit or not-for-profit). We recruited 21 leaders as participants: 14 managers and 7 directors of care. Remote Zoom-assisted semi-structured interviews conducted from January to April 2021. Concurrent data generation and inductive content analysis occurred throughout. Sampling ceased once we reached sufficient analytic variation and richness to answer research questions. Most participants were female, ≥50 years of age, and born in Canada. We found 4 major themes. (1) Responsibility to protect: Extreme precautions were employed to protect residents, staff, and leaders' families. Leaders experienced profound distress when COVID-19 infiltrated their care homes. (2) Overwhelming workloads: Changing public health orders and redeployment to pandemic-related activities caused administrative chaos. Leaders worked double shifts to cope with pandemic demands and maintain their usual work. (3) Mental and emotional toll: All participants reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia, leading to ongoing exhaustion. Shifting staff focus from caring to custodial enforcement of isolation caused considerable distress, guilt, and grief. (4) Moving forward: The pandemic spotlighted deficiencies in the nursing home context that lead to inadequate quality of resident care and staff burnout. Some leaders indicated their pandemic experience signaled an unanticipated end to their careers. Nursing home leaders faced mental distress and inordinate workloads during the pandemic. This is an urgent call for systemic change to improve working conditions for leaders and quality of care and quality of life for residents. Nursing home leaders are at increased risk of burnout, which must be addressed to mitigate attrition in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has linguistically explored collective agency through the concept of group speech acts. However, how the "we-perspective" is constructed in narrative discourse has received less empirical attention. Drawing on positioning theory informed by linguistic anthropology, this study explores how a professional team in China constructs collective agency through conversational storytelling in their group meetings. The analysis shows that collective agency is constructed through a we-narrative of positive evaluation and the collaborative narrative of problem solving, vis-à-vis community cultural value of moral responsibility, positive thinking, and agentic beliefs. This study highlights the distributed nature of collective agency and the importance of examining multilayered narrative practices in professional settings. • Examining how collective agency is positioned through narrative-in-interaction in routinized meetings of a professional group. • Presenting a conceptual framework on how some important linguistic, interactional, and cultural resources are mobilized for constructing collective agency. • Investigating how We-perspective is constructed explicitly and implicitly through both plural pronouns and narrative structure in conversational storytelling. • Indicates some of the ways in which narrative/grammatical structure, narrating process, and cultural ideologies are interrelated in the positioning of collective agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan cluster has inevitably brought many problems along with its vigorous economic development, one of which is environmental pollution. Based on our previous research, we clarified the mechanisms and characteristics of environmental pollution transfer in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions, and this paper refered to the further correct delineation of the responsibility for environmental pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding provinces. This study measureed the full cost of environmental pollution control and economic benefits in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding provinces in terms of the economic costs required for governance, and constructed an inequity index (CG index) to characterise the inequity in the share of costs borne and benefits by the aforementioned provinces. The results of the study showed that there is significant environmental inequity and inequality of responsibility in the process of regional trade among the provinces in and around Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the surrounding region. The developed provinces (Beijing and Tianjin) benefited more and bore less responsibility for pollution control due to their optimised industrial structure, producing more capital-intensive and high value-added industries, while provinces with heavy chemical, high pollution and labour-intensive industries, such as Hebei and Shanxi, developed their economies more in the primary and secondary sectors due to their irrational industrial structure, and therefore benefited less and bore more when trading goods with the developed provinces (Beijing and Tianjin) benefited less and took more responsibility for pollution control. Based on the above findings, policy recommendations are then put forward to provide suggestions and references for the collaborative management of environmental pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is growing in food supply chains. The ethical language associated with food supply and technology is contextualised and framed by the meaning given to it by stakeholders. Failure to differentiate between these nuanced meanings can create a barrier to technology adoption and reduce the benefit derived. The aim of this review paper is to consider the embedded ethical language used by stakeholders who collaborate in the adoption of AI in food supply chains. Ethical perspectives frame this literature review and provide structure to consider how to shape a common discourse to build trust in, and frame more considered utilisation of, AI in food supply chains to the benefit of users, and wider society. Whilst the nature of data within the food system is much broader than the personal data covered by the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the ethical issues for computational and AI systems are similar and can be considered in terms of particular aspects: transparency, traceability, explainability, interpretability, accessibility, accountability and responsibility. The outputs of this research assist in giving a more rounded understanding of the language used, exploring the ethical interaction of aspects of AI used in food supply chains and also the management activities and actions that can be adopted to improve the applicability of AI technology, increase engagement and derive greater performance benefits. This work has implications for those developing AI governance protocols for the food supply chain as well as supply chain practitioners. • AI applications are increasingly being adopted in food supply chains. • AI empowers decision-making, but its use must be framed by ethical considerations. • Benefits/risks of using AI are constantly evaluated in the AI development cycle. • Improving explainability, interpretability and accessibility enables transparency. • Responsibility and accountability relate to governance structures for use of AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health care has shifted to focus less on individual practitioners and more on providing interprofessional and collaborative patient care. A strong working relationship among pharmacists and physicians is imperative for patient care and safety.Objectives: The objective of this research was to examine physician perspectives of the relationship between physicians and pharmacists, specifically evaluating the qualities and actions necessary for pharmacists to establish trust to provide the best quality of patient care.Methods: Semistructured qualitative key informant interviews were conducted with 11 physicians. Questions were designed to gather information about the physicians' experiences with pharmacists and perceived barriers and opportunities for building trust and collaboration. The Unified Theory of Trust and Collaboration was used as a theoretical framework.Results: The ability to cooperate was the most important aspect identified by all 11 physicians in creating effective collaboration along with respect, knowledge, communication, and trust. Common barriers identified with the pharmacist-physician relationship were the lack of identity, rapport, knowledge, positive attitude, and communication.Conclusion: Building trust and narrowing the gaps of communication are crucial in achieving effective collaborative practice among health professionals. Pharmacists and physicians must have the capability to cooperate with one another, understand the common moral responsibility they share, recognize the implications of their personal behavior on their professional relationships, and focus on their scope of practice without crossing boundaries. Through positive behaviors of civility, communication, adaption, and mutual respect in their individual roles, pharmacists and physicians can enhance their relationship and practice collaboratively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]