Search

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease associated with considerable physical, psychological, and economic burden. The pathology of AD includes complex interactions involving abnormalities in immune and skin barrier genes, skin barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, microbiome disturbance, and other environmental factors. Many of the cytokines involved in AD pathology, including IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, IL-31, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IFN-γ, signal through the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) pathway. The JAK family includes JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2; the STAT family includes STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A/B, and STAT6. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been implicated in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including AD. However, the exact mechanisms of JAK-STAT involvement in AD have not been fully characterized. This review aims to discuss current knowledge about the role of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and, specifically, the role of JAK1 in the pathology and symptomology of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the surgical techniques that are used to effectively correct thoracolumbar adult spinal deformity. Preoperative considerations and planning for selecting the appropriate correction technique, level selection, patient positioning, open correction techniques, and minimally invasive correction maneuvers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article compares the skill with which a large sample of Arabic writers was able to simulate different handwriting elements in two Arabic signatures. The data agree with the consensus of experts about Roman script: Form is significantly better simulated than Proportion, and Proportion is significantly better simulated than Line Quality. The fact that patterns long observed in Roman script simulation can be statistically demonstrated to exist in the simulation of Arabic signatures suggests that these may be widespread, if not universal, patterns of simulation among writing systems. This is also supported by similar results from a study of abstract characters (Leung et al. 1993), which suggests that these tendencies may even transcend linguistic writing systems. Among the Proportional elements are slant, alignment, spacing, and size. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]