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Intraoperative photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a widely adopted technique to enhance the extent of resection during high-grade glioma (HGG) surgery. Recent updates to the package insert for 5-ALA in Japan now allow its use in combination with drugs that may induce photosensitivity, such as talaporfin sodium (TS). TS is employed in intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) and has been shown to improve overall survival. The combination of 5-ALA with TS is expected to offer further benefits. However, the safety of this combination had not been established. This study reports on the safety of 5-ALA-PDD with TS-PDT in the treatment of recurrent HGG. 7 patients with recurrent HGG underwent tumor resection using a combination of 5-ALA-PDD and TS-PDT. The incidence of photosensitivity as an adverse effect associated with 5-ALA and TS was evaluated as described in the package insert. Adverse events were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Tumor-specific fluorescence intensity was strong in 4 cases and weak in 3. Photosensitivity occurred in only 1 patient (14.3%). Three patients exhibited CTCAE grade 1 or 2 abnormal liver function, and 1 patient experienced CTCAE grade 1 γ-GTP elevation. All abnormalities improved during follow-up. The combined use of 5-ALA-PDD and TS-PDT for HGG surgery did not increase the risk of serious adverse events in our study. Further investigations with a larger number of cases are needed for a more accurate assessment of its safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous reports have characterized photosensitivity in atopic dermatitis (AD), but with differences in terminology and criteria. This study aims to assess outcomes in 139 patients with AD referred for photodiagnostic testing and to establish diagnostic criteria for photosensitivity in AD. Clinical and photodiagnostic data were reviewed, categorizing photosensitivity into photoexacerbated AD, photosensitive AD, and chronic actinic dermatitis. Of the patient cohort, the mean age was 42.6 ± 16.7 years, and 61.9% were men. In total, 51.1% of the patients with photoexacerbated AD had normal monochromator phototesting, and 7.9% of the patients with photosensitive AD displayed slight-to-moderate ultraviolet (UV)-A sensitivity (≥30% of normal minimal erythema dose [MED]) and mostly normal or slightly reduced UV-B MEDs (≥80% of normal MED). Conversely, 41% of the patients had chronic actinic dermatitis, and 93% of this group demonstrated significant UV-B sensitivity, with very low UV-B MEDs (<80% of normal MED) and/or very low UV-A MEDs (<30% of normal MED). No significant differences in sex, age, or skin phototype were observed between the groups. Serial phototesting revealed changes in photosensitivity status over time in 8 patients. A small sample size and retrospective design. This study highlights the heterogeneity of photosensitivity patterns in patients with AD and the importance of follow-up assessments due to potential shifts in disease spectrum over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are a limited number of studies on the long-term prognosis of photosensitive idiopathic generalized epilepsies. • Approximately 14 % of p-IGE patients are in the no remission group. • The presence of clinical symptoms accompanying PPR is associated with poor prognosis. The long-term prognosis of photosensitive idiopathic generalized epilepsy (p-IGE) is generally considered favorable; however, its specific characteristics remain unclear. Our objective was to investigate the extended prognosis of p-IGE. We analyzed the demographics, clinical, and electroencephalographic (EEG) data of consecutive patients who were diagnosed as having p-IGE, who were under follow-up for a minimum of 10 years and exhibited a photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in their EEGs. Prognostic data, epilepsy course types, and electroclinical variables were compared using appropriate statistical methods. The mean follow-up duration for 108 consecutive patients with p-IGE (74.1 % female) was 16.8 ± 6.5 years. The main syndromes within this cohort included juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (37 %), juvenile absence epilepsy (15.7 %), and epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (EEM) (14.8 %). In terms of epilepsy course types, 27.8 % were in the relapse-remission group, and 13.9 % had never experienced remission. A low early remission rate (5.6 %) was evident, with the remaining half of the cohort categorized as the late remission group. Several significant poor prognostic factors were identified including self-induction, clinical symptoms accompanying PPR, asynchrony and focal findings in EEG discharges, a wide frequency range of PPR, the coexistence of three seizure types, the presence of accompanying focal seizure features, and a history of convulsive status epilepticus. Our long-term follow-up study, conducted within a substantial p-IGE group, unveiled newly proposed course types within this epilepsy category and highlighted significant poor prognostic factors related to photosensitivity. These findings furnish valuable insights for precise prognosis counselling and effective management strategies for patients with p-IGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower syndrome is a rare photosensitive pediatric epilepsy characterized by stereotyped hand-waving in response to bright lights. These stereotyped movements with maintained awareness can be mistaken for a movement disorder. This study assessed neurology providers' diagnostic reasoning, evaluation, and treatment of Sunflower syndrome. A 32-question anonymized electronic survey, including a clinical vignette and video of hand-waving in sunlight, was distributed to child neurology providers to assess (1) initial diagnosis and evaluation based on clinical information, (2) updated diagnosis and management after electroencephalography (EEG), and (3) prior experience with Sunflower syndrome. Among 277 viewed surveys, 211 respondents provided information about initial diagnosis and evaluation, 200 about updated diagnosis, 191 about management, and 189 about prior clinical experience. Most providers (135, 64%) suspected seizure, whereas fewer suspected movement disorders (29, 14%) or were unsure of the diagnosis (37, 22%). EEG was recommended by 180 (85%). After EEG, 189 (95%) diagnosed epilepsy, 111 of whom specifically diagnosed Sunflower syndrome. The majority (149, 78%) recommended antiseizure medications (ASMs) and sun avoidance (181, 95%). Only 103 (55%) had managed Sunflower syndrome. Epileptologists and those with prior clinical experience were more likely to suspect a seizure, order an EEG, and offer ASMs than those without prior experience. Although many providers had not managed Sunflower syndrome, the majority recognized this presentation as concerning for epilepsy. Epilepsy training and prior clinical experience are associated with improved recognition and appropriate treatment. Educational initiatives that increase awareness of Sunflower syndrome may improve patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate electroclinical phenotypes and long-term photosensitivity outcome in a large pediatric cohort of patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity. Patients with epilepsy with photosensitivity with four or more years of follow-up were included. Sustained terminal remission (STR) of photosensitivity (≥3.5 years) and seizure control were investigated, as well as the prognostic factors of photosensitivity. Furthermore, a cluster analysis was used to study the different subgroups of photoparoxysmal responses (PPR). We included 190 individuals with a median age at diagnosis of photosensitivity of 93.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 62.8 to 120 months) and a median follow-up duration of 68.5 months (IQR 51.8 to 84 months). STR of photosensitivity was achieved in 97 (51.1%) patients, and the mean time from age at diagnosis of photosensitivity onset to STR was 16.5 months. Age at the last follow-up (9 to 18 years [ P = 0.001]), a history of photoconvulsive response (PCR) (P = 0.009), and posterior epileptiform discharges (EDs) of PPRs (P = 0.05) were significantly associated with a lower chance of entering STR according to a Cox proportional hazards model. The subgroup of generalized epilepsy syndrome exhibited 46.2% of eye closure sensitivity and 47.7% of PCR. The rates of focal epilepsy syndrome (cluster 1), generalized epilepsy syndrome (cluster 2), and unclassified epilepsy (cluster 3) were similar and not statistically different in photosensitive outcome (P = 0.527). Age nine to 18 years, a history of PCR, and posterior EDs of PPRs were the adverse factors affecting photosensitivity, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in STR. There was no difference in the prognosis of photosensitivity in different epileptic syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the prevalence and severity of photosensitivity in patients with albinism, and to compare with ocular features and how this correlated with use and choice of optical filters. Cross-sectional study on 81 participants with ocular or oculocutaneous albinism. An ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and evaluation of iris translucency and fundus hypopigmentation was performed. Participants were offered optical rehabilitation with testing of a wide panel of filters. The associations between ocular characteristics, subjective photosensitivity complaints, and filter choice were evaluated. Photosensitivity was rated as "some" to "worst imaginable" in 77.8% of participants. Severity of photosensitivity correlated significantly with fundus hypopigmentation (p = 0.04) but not with iris translucency (p = 0.14) and it was worse in those with poor visual acuity but there was no association between photosensitivity and contrast vision. Seventy-four new pairs of spectacles were prescribed in the study. All outdoor spectacles contained a filter, whereas 26.5% of new indoor spectacles did not. Relatively neutral filter colors (gray, brown or a combination of gray and brown with other colors) and low transmission were preferred. Photosensitivity is common in albinism, but research targeting treatment is limited. Color and neutral filters with a low light transmission were preferred, with participants having a large number of spectacles, presumably to meet their needs in different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report ZnO nanowires (NWs) and silicon-based type-II PN heterojunction for UV–Visible–Infrared self-powered photodetection. The as-grown ZnO NWs were highly crystalline and aligned along the c-axis in the [002] direction revealed in the HRTEM and XRD measurements. The Hall measurements revealed the n-type behavior for ZnO and p-type for p-Si with carrier concentrations of 4.09 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.38 × 1017 cm−3, respectively. The depletion widths were estimated to be ∼35 nm and ∼120 nm, respectively for p-Si and n-ZnO NWs. The Ag/n-ZnO NWs/p-Si/Ag PN heterojunction showed large photoresponse, even at zero bias, under the illumination of commercially available UV–Visible–NIR LEDs, thus acting as a self-powered photodetector. It was interesting to observe that the photoresponse was dependent on the growth time and hence the thickness of ZnO NWs thin film. A maximum zero bias responsivity of ∼0.1 A/W at green (515 nm) was observed and was large for the junction with thicker ZnO NWs film (5 h growth), compared with thinner (3 h growth) device under IR (950 nm) LED illumination, however, it was observed otherwise for UV (395 nm) LED. This suggests that tuning the thickness of the ZnO NWs thin film results in the wavelength selective photoresponse, consequently, paving the way towards UV blind IR-visible photodetector based on ZnO NWs. The transient short circuit current (I sc vs t) and open circuit voltage (V oc vs t) properties showed fast and large responses under periodic illumination of all LEDs (UV–Vis–NIR). The response was observed to depend on the intensity of light and the maximum V oc comes out to be ∼102 mV and I sc ∼5.58 μA, under the illumination of a red laser diode. We present Ag/ZnO nanowires/p-Si/Ag heterojunction as a fast speed and self-powered photodetector in the UV-Vis-NIR region. The heterojunction with thicker ZnO NWs film is more responsive to NIR-Visible photons compared with UV photons and vice versa for the thinner films, paving the way toward thickness-dependent and wavelength selective photodetectors. [Display omitted] • ZnO NWs and Si-based heterojunction for self-powered and fast-speed UV-Vis-NIR photodetection. • The n-ZnO and p-Si have carrier concentrations of −4.09 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.38 × 1017 cm−3 respectively. • The heterojunction with thicker ZnO NWs film is more responsive to NIR-Visible photons compared with UV photons and vice versa for the thinner films. • The transient I sc and V oc properties showed fast and large responses under periodic illumination of LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoresponse properties of green synthesized Fe 3 O 4 (gFe 3 O 4) supported-activated carbon (AC/g-Fe 3 O 4) were studied using a photocurrent characterization approach. Preliminary UV–Vis analysis suggested a reduction in the band gap energy when activated carbon is incorporated into gFe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (2.61 → 1.57 eV). The current-voltage characteristics indicate semiconductor features for both gFe 3 O 4 and AC/gFe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The photodetector measurements indicate a significantly enhanced response for AC/gFe 3 O 4 and can be attributed to increased rectification and photogenerated carriers emanating from the activated carbon incorporation. The study proposes AC/gFe 3 O 4 nanocomposite as a novel material that can be used for the fabrication of photodetectors and other related optoelectronic devices. [Display omitted] • Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was synthesized via green plant extract from Ocimum Gratissimum. • Highly crystallized microstructure property for green assisted Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. • Reduction optical band gap of Fe 3 O 4 when activated carbon was incorporated. • Weakly doped p-type semiconductor features were observed for gFe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. • Significant increase in photosensitivity of gFe 3 O 4 nanoparticles when supported activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was shown the forming of Ag-contained ZnO-CeO 2 composites occurs due to the complex decomposition and structure transformation of oxide materials and Ag-complexes. It allows us to realise one synthesised approach for obtaining photosensitive materials with different particle sizes, defects and kinds of architecture. The possible mechanisms of photosensitivity of these materials are determined. For composite nanoparticles (NP) with sizes up to 30 nm, the photosensitivity is connected with an abnormal decrease of bandgap energies at reducing NP sizes and an effective charge separation due to electron stocks on [Се3+...O 2 ] centres and surface [Ce4+...O 2 -] oxidative centres formation. The appearance of the hyperfine structure pattern of six lines centred at g =2.002 and split by 93–94 G in the ESR spectra of the composite structure confirms the realization of this mechanism. For more big NP sizes of this composite, the surface plasmon resonance plays a more significant role in the material's photosensitive properties. The position of surface plasmon resonance depends on the kind of realised structure. The phase composition, temperature and reduction determine the type of structure (NPs/AgNPs ore core/Ag shell) that will be recognised in the Ag-contained CeO 2 -ZnO system. • Design of Ag- ZnO-CeO 2 system determined by temperature calcination, ZnO amount. • HFS lines of ESR spectra marks on produce of O 2 - for NP with size in 3 time bigger than in ceria. • SPR position depends on calcination temperature and system structural features. • Mi theory predicate the creation of CeO 2 /Ag Nps and CeO 2 (AgCl) core/Ag shell structure. • The difference mechanism photoactivity vs NP sizes are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A fluorescent probe for NO, TAB-3-OD, is developed by functionalizing triarylboron. • TAB-3-OD can transform into TAB-3-TA and provide a ratiometric signal for NO. • TAB-3-TA possesses higher photosensitivity than TAB-3-OD. • TAB-3-TA produces ROS in cells and induces apoptosis when irradiated with light. Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that participates in many important biological processes. In this study, we design and synthesize TAB-3-OD, a fluorescent probe for NO detection, by functionalizing a triarylboron with three o-dianilino groups. Weakly luminescent TAB-3-OD reacts with NO to form highly fluorescent triazole-containing TAB-3-TA, exhibiting a significant spectral blue shift that provides a ratiometric readout. The fluorescence imaging of exogenous and endogenous NO in cells with excellent lysosomal localization is achieved using TAB-3-OD. Unlike poorly photosensitive TAB-3-OD, TAB-3-TA is highly photosensitive and promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when irradiated with very low optical density light (1.2 mW/cm2), confirming that the observed photosensitivity is a consequence of the action of NO. Upon light irradiation,TAB-3-TA produces ROS in cells and induces apoptosis. These results reveal that TAB-3-OD can be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with high NO concentrations. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we fabricated an AlN-based Schottky photodetector by thermal evaporation technique using commercial AlN/n-Si heterojunction which was fabricated by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Thus, Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si heterostructure was obtained and tested for photodetector applications for various light power densities from 20 mW/cm2 to 100 mW/cm2 by I–V characteristics. Various parameters of heterostructure were extracted by thermionic emission theory, Norde and Cheung methods to clear the electrical properties of the Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si. Photodetection parameters such as responsivity, photosensitivity, and specific detectivity values were also studied depending on the changing light power density. The Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si photodetector revealed 1.36 A/W responsivity and 7.99 × 109 Jones specific detectivity values. The photoresponse time was investigated by light on-off transient measurements. The Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si photodetector exhibited fast and linear photoresponse to the illumination. The photocapacitance and photoconductance properties of the Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si photodetector were also studied. The results highlighted that Au/Ti/AlN/n-Si photodetector can be a good candidate for fast-response photodetection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metal-semiconductor based ultraviolet photodetectors (MS-UV-PDs). • PDA of Ga 2 O 3 film resulted in β-Ga 2 O 3 and mixed γ/β-Ga 2 O 3 phases. • High photosensitivity and fast decay time (0.6 s) by β-Ga 2 O 3 film. • Mixed γ/β-Ga 2 O 3 film attained high photoresponsivity. Electrical characteristics of gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3) thin film-based metal–semiconductor-ultraviolet photodetectors (MS-UV PDs) were systematically studied, whereby the radio frequency magnetron sputtered Ga 2 O 3 films on silicon were subjected to post-deposition annealing (600–900 °C) in nitrogen ambient. Good Schottky contact behaviour was demonstrated, exhibiting the lowest dark current (2.25 pA), high photosensitivity (1.1 x 104 %), high resistance (40 GΩ), and fast decay time (0.6 s) under the UV irradiation of 374 nm at a bias voltage of 10 V for the prepared β-Ga 2 O 3 thin film annealed at 900 °C. For Ga 2 O 3 film annealed at 700 °C, mixed γ/β-Ga 2 O 3 phases were detected, contributing to the acquisition of high photo-current (16.32nA), high photoresponsivity (479.18 mA/W), high external quantum efficiency (159 %), high detectivity (3.35 x 1011 Jones), and the lowest noise equivalent power (5.41 x 10−14 W/cm2.Hz1/2), as well as the lowest resistance (0.6 GΩ) at the same bias voltage and under the same illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, RES) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin widely studied in the recent years due to its known several biological activities. In spite of the potential benefits of RES, its use is restricted because of its photosensitivity, low solubility, and fast metabolism, which intensely challenge its bioactivity and bioavailability. As RES is unstable against environmental conditions and due to its low bioavailability, multiple methods have been provided for the encapsulation of RES to facilitate its practical application in various fields. Encapsulation is introduced as an appropriate strategy in order to maintain stability, high absorption, and sustained release rate of RES. This review attempts to discuss the recent techniques used in loading RES in micro/nano-carriers and explain their wide applications in food and biomedical industries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of piezotronic and piezo-phototronic features in semiconducting piezoelectrics has gained considerable attention for optimizing electronic and optoelectronic device performance. In this study, we explore the photocurrent response within a ZnO varistor-type interface device and examine its UV photosensitivity enhancement through piezo-phototronic modulation of the potential barriers at grain boundaries. Doped ZnO bicrystals were synthesized using the epitaxial solid-state transformation method with polarization vectors perpendicular to the interface. The vectors can be directed both into and out of the interfaces depending on the crystallographic orientation of the crystals designated as (000 1 ̅) | (000 1 ̅) and (0001) | (0001) interfaces, respectively. These varistor-type boundaries demonstrate an exceptional photoelectric response to UV photons. Furthermore, our results indicate that the photoresponsivity of bicrystals with (0001) | 0001 crystallographic orientation can be further enhanced under piezo-phototronic influence. Application of compressive stress of 100 MPa not only increased photocurrent formation by 1000 % but also boosted photosensitivity by 1400 %, attributed to the elevated double Schottky barrier (DSB) height at the interface resulting from mechanical loading on the bicrystal. Our findings highlight the significant role of piezoelectrically tuned potential barriers at grain boundaries in enhancing the separation and extraction of photogenerated excitons for photocurrent formation. This study introduces the engineered varistor-type interface as a promising candidate for future optoelectronic devices and contributes to our understanding of the piezo-phototronic concept in semiconductor-semiconductor interface devices. [Display omitted] • Doped ZnO bicrystals were synthesized via epitaxial solid-state transformation, controlling piezo polarization vectors. • The varistor-type materials showed an exceptional photoelectric response to UV light under piezo-phototronic influence. • Applying stress increased photocurrent by 1000 % and photosensitivity by 1400 % due to the elevated Schottky barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the relationship between eye closure sensitivity (ECLS), photosensitivity, and the mechanism of Jeavons syndrome (JS). The interictal and the ictal epileptiform discharges (EDs) of 80 patients with electroencephalograms were classified (I: focal posterior EDs; II: the posterior spread into the frontal EDs; and III: generalized EDs) and analyzed under different provoked conditions. During the interictal and the ictal period, the positive rates of ECLS were higher than those of photosensitivity (100% vs 57.5%, P = 0.001 ; 97.5% vs 27.4%, P = 0.001). After a one-year interval, eyelid-myoclonia with ECLS remitted in 16 out of 21 patients (P = 0.002), and eyelid-myoclonia with photo-convulsion response (PCR) disappeared in all the previous six patients (P = 0.021). For the interictal EDs with ECLS, grade I accounted for 11.2%; grade I, II, and III 51.3%; and grade III 32.5%. Interictal EDs classification of photosensitivity showed a similar trend as that of ECLS. For the ictal EDs, grade I accounted for 10.2% of patients with ECLS and 6.7% of patients with PCR; grade I, II, and III, 33.3% of patients with ECLS and 46.6% of patients with PCR; and grade III, 53.9% of patients with ECLS and 40% of patients with PCR. ECLS was more common than photosensitivity in JS. Photosensitivity was more likely to disappear than ECLS. Both eye closure and intermittent-photic-stimulation could induce three grades of EDs, confirming that visual stimuli could trigger occipital cortex originating epileptic neural network to varying degrees, which further recognizes JS as another continuum epilepsy. • Classify and analyze the interictal and ictal EDs with ECLS and photosensitivity. • Explain and demonstrate the epileptic neural network of JS. • ECLS was more common than photosensitivity in JS. • Photosensitivity was more likely to disappear than ECLS after ASMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy, photic stimulation can trigger visual symptoms and induce a photoparoxysmal response, or photosensitivity, on electroencephalography. However, the mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the neuroimaging changes related to visual symptoms and photosensitivity in genetically confirmed familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy type 1.Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography data were collected from 31 patients carrying the heterozygous pathogenic intronic pentanucleotide (TTTCA)n insertion in the sterile alpha motif domain-containing 12 gene and from 52 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.Results: (1) Both regional homogeneity and degree centrality values in the bilateral calcarine sulcus were significantly increased in patients compared with healthy controls. (2) When the calcarine sulcus area with increased regional homogeneity was taken as a seed, increased functional connectivity values were observed in the right precentral gyrus, while decreased functional connectivity values were observed in the right superior frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule. (3) Independent component analysis showed increased connectivity in the left calcarine sulcus inside the medial visual network. (4) Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between regional homogeneity values and frequency of seizure, and photoparoxysmal response grades were positively correlated with the severity of cortical tremor and duration of epilepsy.Conclusion: These findings provide strong evidence for the interpretation of visual symptoms and photosensitivity in familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy. We speculate that functional changes in the primary visual cortex may be an imaging biomarker for the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light wavelengths that induce meat discoloration and the photoreceptors in the meat were studied. We investigated the effects of the light wavelength on the oxidation rate of myoglobin (Mb) by exposing Mb extracts or model solutions containing Mb to light at specific wavelengths with a bandwidth of 5 nm using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The wavelengths examined comprised 385, 415, 445, 460, 490, 525, 555, 580, 605, 630,660, and 750 nm. In the Mb extracts, Mb oxidation was induced through exposure to the light at 445 and 580–605 nm; Mb was insensitive to light at 445 nm. Mitochondria, containing cytochrome a and cytochrome a 3 with absorption peaks at 448 and 600 nm, and riboflavin with fluorescence at 450 nm were studied as 445 nm receptors. Mitochondria significantly oxidized Mb via cytochrome c oxidation through complex IV activity; however, no 445 nm-specific photo sensitivity effects were observed. In contrast, riboflavin increased the Mb oxidation rate induced via exposure to the light at 450 nm in a concentration-dependent manner (minimum concentration: 38.4 μg L−1). While native mitochondria did not show 445 nm-specific photosensitivity effects on Mb, supernatants of heated mitochondria conferred 445 nm-wavelength sensitivity to Mb. Riboflavin concentration in this supernatant was 182 ± 60 μg L−1. The Mb photosensitivity spectrum with 473 μg L−1 riboflavin had two peaks at 445 nm and 580 nm, which were similar to those of Mb extract. These results suggest that mitochondrial damage affects the meat discoloration through the release of cytochrome c and riboflavin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly investigates the optical absorption properties of Bi 30 Sb 10 Se 60 thin films, focusing on their applicability in photo-sensing technologies. By employing a range of spectrophotometric techniques, including transmission and reflection analyses, the research identifies a direct energy gap of 1.68 eV, along with dispersion and oscillator energies of 14.36 eV and 3.42 eV, respectively. These parameters reveal the material's interaction capabilities with light. The study highlights the heterojunction's pronounced photosensitivity, especially at lower reverse biases, indicating its promise for photo-sensing applications. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra show broad defect emission bands with peaks at 475 nm, 487 nm, 510 nm, and 525 nm, which provide insights into recombination processes. Additionally, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the films' near-stoichiometric composition, while Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrates the high thermal stability of the films. The findings include high responsivity and detectivity of the photodetector, though the linear dynamic range (LDR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are comparatively lower. Overall, the research advances the understanding of Bi 30 Sb 10 Se 60 thin films, paving the way for their use in optimized photoresponsive devices within optoelectronic technologies. [Display omitted] • The investigation explores optical absorption in Bi 30 Sb 10 Se 60 thin films for photo-sensing. • Spectrophotometric analysis reveals a 1.68 eV energy gap, enhancing electronic insight. • Dispersion energy at 14.36 eV, and oscillator energy at 3.42 eV enriches optical behavior. • Pronounced photosensitivity noted in heterojunction, ideal for photo sensing. • PL spectra: Peaks at 475 nm, 487 nm, 510 nm, and 525 nm, revealing recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our proposed work, pure rGO and CuO@NiO/rGO (CNR) nanocomposites (NCs) with different ratios of CuO@NiO:rGO (90:10, 75:25 and 50:50) were synthesized and explored by XRD, SEM with EDX, TEM, XPS, UV–visible, PL and utilized to measure the current – voltage characteristics under dark and illumination conditions. TEM analysis indicates ultra-thin nanosheets of rGO with lengths of several tens of micrometer and CuO@NiO particle sizes is ∼50 nm. XPS analysis showed the presence of element and chemical states for Cu, Ni, O, and C in CNR-(50:50) sample. The energy gap (E g) of pure rGO is 3.99eV whereas the CNR for 90:10, 75:25 and 50:50 NCs energy gap (E g) values are viz., 1.43eV, 1.41eV and 1.39eV. The diode characteristic of CNR-(50:50)/n-Si exhibit lower ideality factor (n = 1.96), higher barrier height (Φ B = 0.80eV) under illumination condition. The CNR-(50:50)/n-Si photodiode exhibits higher photosensitivity (P S), responsivity (R), External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) and detectivity (D*) values of 956.45 %, 656.29 mA/W, 367.6/1 % and 5.72 × 1012 (Jones) respectively. • rGO/n-Si and CuO@NiO/rGO (CNR) NCs, with ratios CNR-(90:10), (75:25) and (50:50)/n-Si, was synthesized by drop casting method. • The CNR-(50:50)/n-Si exhibits a lower ideality factor (n = 1.96) and higher barrier height (Φ B = 0.80 eV) under 100 mW/cm² illumination. • The CNR-(50:50)/n-Si shows higher P S (956.45%), R (656.29 mA/W), EQE (367.61%) and D⁎ (5.72 × 10¹² Jones) than other photodiodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of iron tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Feq 3) are prepared on p-Si substrates by thermal deposition under high vacuum. The current-voltage (I – V) curves of Au/Feq 3 /p-Si/Al heterojunction are recorded as a function of temperature range from 303 to 383 K at 20 K interval. The device shows rectification behavior, with room temperature ideality factor (n) and barrier height (φ) values of 2.30 and 0.81 eV, respectively. The temperature dependence of φ and n is explained in terms of barrier inhomogeneity, in which the homogenous φ value is estimated as 0.97 eV. The conduction mechanisms of the diode are determined and related parameters are evaluated The series resistance of the diode is estimated as a function of temperature. Up on illuminating the diode, the reverse current of the diode increases with increasing the impinging light intensity, from which the photosensitivity and photoconduction are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of hydrogels has garnered significant attention in health monitoring and human motion sensing. However, the synthesis of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with excellent strain/pressure sensing and photoresponsiveness remains a challenge. Herein, the conductive hydrogels (BPTP) with excellent mechanical properties, fatigue resistance and photoresponsive behavior composed of polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) reinforcement and polydopamine-modified black phosphorus (BP@PDA) photosensitizer are prepared through a facile free-radical polymerization approach. The PDA adhered to the BP surface by π-π stacking promotes the optical properties of BP while also preventing BP oxidation from water. Through hydrogen bonding interactions, TOCNs improve the homogeneous dispersion of BP@PDA nanosheets and the mechanical toughness of BPTP. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of PDA and TOCNs, the conductive BPTP integrates superior mechanical performances, excellent photoelectric response and photothermal conversion capability. The BPTP-based sensor with high cycling stability demonstrates superior strain sensitivity (GF = 6.0) and pressure sensing capability (S = 0.13 kPa−1) to monitor various human activities. Therefore, this work delivers an alternative construction strategy for generating high-performance conductive hydrogels as multifunctional wearable sensors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium germano-gallate glasses are attractive glass hosts for photonic applications in the mid-infrared region up to 6 μm. In this work, we investigate the photosensitivity of such glasses under femtosecond laser, with an emphasize on the formation of refractive index changes. Six glasses with varying compositions (including addition of K, Na, Y, and La) were studied. We observed several transformation regimes in the pulse energy – repetition rate landscape: Type I (isotropic refractive index change) and a spatial broadening regime with a phase shift Δϕ > 2π rad at 550 nm. This translates into refractive index changes Δn > 10−2 and is comparable to values obtained in most chalcogenide glasses. The effect of glass composition on Δϕ appears correlated to the number of non-bridging oxygen presented in the glass and is brought to evidence by monitoring the Cations/GaO 3/2 ratio. This provides a way to design a range of germano-gallate glasses suitable to imprinting high refractive index contrast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine and quantify the effect of blue lenses (Z1) on photosensitivity (PS) suppression in patients aged 5-18 years with and without epilepsy.Methods: The retrospective cohort study was carried out in 100 pediatric patients aged 5-18 years with grade 4 PS assessed with EEG for medical indications. All EEG procedures were carried out and recordings assessed by two independent researchers. The study cohort was divided into groups with and without the diagnosis of epilepsy. The overall effect of the Z1 lenses on photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was determined by directly comparing the maximum discharge values in each patient without and with Z1 lenses in a within-subject design yielding the index of overall improvement (IOI). The differences in PS suppression by brain region and side were assessed by an additional between-subject comparison of age groups (below and above 14 years). Then, overall findings were compared with the PPR change criteria developed in 2006 by Capovilla (PPR disappearance, persistence, or attenuation) which warranted another subset analysis. Finally, in a between-subject design, we assessed whether the presence of epilepsy affects the intensity of PPR in children with PS, compared to non-epilepsy children.Results: The IOI in the entire cohort was 66.1±2.5% (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in IOI between the left and right hemispheres, between the age groups, and between the epilepsy and non-epilepsy groups, despite some qualitative variation. With reference to literature findings, whereas median IOI were comparable in PPR disappearance and attenuation subsets, they differed significantly from the median IOI in the PPR persistence subset.Conclusion: Using Z1 lenses results in neither a complete PPR disappearance, nor a complete lack of effect. However, the correlation between the quantified PS suppression and the Z1 filter may be expected to become a valuable piece of information for both clinicians and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous findings regarding intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) function after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are conflicting. We examined ipRGC-driven pupil responses in civilian TBI and control participants using two pupillography protocols that assessed transient and adaptive properties: (1) a one second (s) long wavelength "red" stimulus (651 nm, 133 cd/m2) and 10 increasing intensities of 1 s short wavelength "blue" stimuli (456 nm, 0.167 to 167 cd/m2) with a 60 s interstimulus interval, and (2) two minutes of 0.1 Hz red stimuli (33 cd/m2), followed by two minutes of 0.1 Hz blue stimuli (16 cd/m2). For Protocol 1, constriction amplitude and the 6 s post illumination pupil response (PIPR) were calculated. For Protocol 2, amplitudes and peak velocities of pupil constriction and redilation were calculated. For Protocol 1, constriction amplitude and the 6 s PIPR were not significantly different between TBI patients and control subjects for red or blue stimuli. For Protocol 2, pupil constriction amplitude attenuated over time for red stimuli and potentiated over time for blue stimuli across all subjects. Constriction and redilation velocities were similar between groups. Pupil constriction amplitude was significantly less in TBI patients compared to control subjects for red and blue stimuli, which can be attributed to age-related differences in baseline pupil size. While TBI, in addition to age, may have contributed to decreased baseline pupil diameter and constriction amplitude, responses to blue stimulation suggest no selective damage to ipRGCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epilepsy is more prevalent in men but Genetic Generalized Epilepsies (GGE) seem to be more common in women. A predominant maternal inheritance has been previously described in GGE. Our objective was to determine sex and inheritance patterns in a GGE population compared to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLEHS).Methods: We performed a prospective observational study including adult GGE and MTLEHS patients followed up at a tertiary epilepsy center from January 2016 to December 2019. Patients' familial history was obtained by a detailed questionnaire. Clinical and demographic data was retrieved from clinical notes.Results: A cohort of 641 patients, 403 with GGE and 238 with MTLEHS, was analyzed. GGE was more common in women than MTLEHS (58.8% vs 44.5%, OR=1.63, p = 0.004). Compared to MTLEHS patients, more GGE patients had familial history of epilepsy (45.4% vs 25.2%; p<0.001). The GGE group had a higher percentage of female relatives with epilepsy (55% vs 37%; p = 0.006). The prevalence of maternal inheritance was not different between GGE and MTLEHS groups (62.9% vs 57.7%; p = 0.596). Photosensitivity was more common in females than in males (44.7% vs 34.3%, p = 0.036).Conclusion: There is a female preponderance in GGE when compared to MTLEHS, as both GGE patients and their affected relatives are more frequently women. The prevalence of maternal inheritance was not higher in GGE than in MTLEHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • [(BuSn) 12 O 14 (OH) 6 ](NO 3) 2 exhibits high photosensitivity to EUV exposure. • Excellent stability of [(BuSn) 12 O 14 (OH) 6 ](NO 3) 2 irrespective of the post-exposure environment. • Superior resistance and selectivity of [(BuSn) 12 O 14 (OH) 6 ](NO 3) 2 to organic PR for Si and ACL during dry etching. • Nanoscale patterning of [(BuSn) 12 O 14 (OH) 6 ](NO 3) 2 with precise processing parameter controls. The semiconductor industry is currently transitioning to advanced extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) to address the challenges facing the use of photolithography in microprocessor and memory chip integration. This shift has sparked a surge in novel inorganic EUV photoresist research. However, several technical issues, such as insufficient EUV sensitivity, poor understanding of the photochemistry, and poor stability, have emerged. Here, the EUV sensitivity and stability of state-of-the-art tin oxo clusters are enhanced by integration with the photoactive nitrate anion to give [(BuSn) 12 O 14 (OH) 6 ](NO 3) 2 (TinNO 3). The findings of the study reveal that nitrate anions in TinNO 3 showing the photosensitivity as low as 32 mJ/cm2 and maintaining stability irrespective of the post-exposure environment. Furthermore, TinNO 3 possesses superior resistance to dry etching, enabling selective etching of Si and the amorphous carbon layer. Finally, through intensive optimization of the post-exposure bake parameters, photoresist-substrate adhesion, and development conditions, well-ordered CD 45 nm L/S patterns of TinNO 3 thin-film were achieved using ArF lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TiO 2 NRs/BiOCl//TiO 2 NRs/BiOCl UV PD produces pyro-phototronic effect by a face-to-face assembly method. • BiOCl increases the surface oxygen vacancies of TiO 2 NRs, reducing the dark current of UV PD. • The Cl ions combined with Se increase the photosensitivity of the material, thus increasing UV PD performance. This study presents the construction of an organic–inorganic heterojunction ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) through face-to-face assembly. The synergistic effects of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) and titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO 2 NRs) improve carrier transport efficiency and enhance the performance of the UV photodetector. The combination of BiOCl with TiO 2 NRs generates a pyro-phototronic effect and increases the surface oxygen vacancies of TiO 2 NRs, resulting in enhanced carrier transport efficiency, increased transient photocurrent, and reduced dark current in TiO 2 -based UV photodetectors. The enhanced photosensitivity of chloride (Cl) ions bound to selenium (Se) ions promotes easy electron injection from poly (3,4-ethylene dioxyselenophene) (PEDOS) into BiOCl, leading to accelerated electron transfer and a shortened response time. Compared to TiO 2 NRs/BiOCl//TiO 2 NRs/BiOCl, the TiO 2 NRs/BiOCl//PEDOS heterojunction exhibits a fast photoresponse with a rise time of 0.0802 s and a fall time of 79.8 ms. The responsivity is significantly improved from 11.0 mA/W to 108.8 mA/W (a 10-fold enhancement), and the detectivity is increased from 0.67 × 1011 Jones to 1.25 × 1011 Jones at 365 nanomaterials (0 V). These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism by which BiOCl nanosheets enhance the photodetection performance of devices, contributing to the advancement of UV photodetector technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel fluorinated copolymer for advanced resist was designed and the formulated resist exhibits higher sensitivity than non-fluorinated system. • Clear line and space patterns were achieved via EBL at a low dose of 7 µC/cm2. • Chemical reactions in fluorinated resist induced by electron irradiation were investigated. The development of advanced lithography requires more sensitive photoresists for light sources with shorter wavelengths, thereby enabling higher lithography yields while pursuing smaller sizes and higher precision. Herein, by introducing a fluorinated copolymer poly(tert -butyl methacrylate- co -styrene- co -4-hydroxystyrene- co - p -(hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)styrene) (PMSHF)-based chemically amplified photoresist (CAR), we report significant sensitivity improvement. The prepared fluoropolymer photoresists exhibit higher sensitivity (with an electron beam dose down to 7 µC/cm2) under identical conditions compared to the non-fluorinated photoresists, and the modulated formulations achieved 58 nm lines. Further analysis demonstrates that in addition to the advantage of enhanced absorption, the C-F bond in the fluorinated monomers would cleave to produce F−, which in turn participates in the subsequent chemical reaction, both contributing to the sensitivity enhancement. Our work demonstrates the potential of this fluorinated copolymer as a high-performance polymer matrix for next-generation lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective and degradable photosensitizers are crucial for promoting the clinical application and improving the safety of phototherapy. Herein, we report a novel photosensitizer with an A–D–A molecular backbone, TIDT, obtained by centering an electron-donating indacenodithiophene group between two electron-withdrawing tricyanofurans. TIDT could form nanoparticles (NPs) by self-assembly or co-assembly with an amphiphilic hydrogel (DSPE-PEG2000) and exhibited excellent photosensitivity and photothermal performance with NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic signal. This photosensitivity originated from simultaneous type I and type II processes. TIDT NPs can also be effectively photodegraded owing to oxidation by the ROS generated by its photosensitivity, which would reduce their phototoxicity during metabolic processes. The result also show TIDT NPs can also be used for NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of tumor sites in vivo. Moreover, combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy using TIDT NPs was successfully applied to antibacterial and antitumor treatments. [Display omitted] • A novel photosensitizer, TIDT, with an A–D–A molecular backbone was developed. • TIDT NPs exhibited photosensitivity and photothermal performance for phototherapy. • This photosensitivity of TIDT NPs originated from type I and type II processes. • TIDT NPs posses excellent NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic signal for imaging. • TIDT NPs can also be effectively photodegraded to reduce their phototoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A photosensitive supramolecular organic frameworks （SOF）system was fabricated. • The SOF can specifically respond to LPA by dissembling. • A FRET system was constructed to achieve a ratiomwetric readout for LPA. • cRGD groups were embedded in the SOF system to improve tumor-targeting ability. • The SOF system was used for loading DOX to achieve combined therapy of tumors. Supramolecular organic frameworks have been widely applied for biological detection and drug delivery. In this study, a supramolecular organic framework (SOF) is constructed through the self-assembly of a highly photosensitive triarylphosphine oxide guest molecule, OTPP-6-Methyl, with cucurbit [8] uril (CB [8]). The formation of the SOF gradually enhances the weak fluorescence of OTPP-6-Methyl owing to the restriction of the molecular folding motion. Although the high positive charge of OTPP-6-Methyl facilitates binding to various negatively charged substances, the SOF system only demonstrated an obvious fluorescence response to LPA, a biomarker of ovarian cancer, via the disassembly of SOF and subsequent binding of OTPP-6-Methyl with LPA. The fluorescence changes during the entire process are insufficient to allow the sensitive detection of LPA; thus, we further designed a FRET system by introducing Cy5, which can act as an energy receptor to achieve a ratiometric readout for LPA. The tumor-targeting cRGD group was introduced into the SOF system as part of another guest molecule, OTPP-5-M−1−cRGD, to improve the tumor-targeting ability of the SOF system. The SOF system further improves the photosensitivity of guest molecules, and is therefore used in the in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer subcutaneous tumors and as a DDS for loading DOX for the combined in vivo chemotherapy and photodynamic treatment of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherited photosensitivity syndromes are a heterogeneous group of genetic skin disorders with tremendous phenotypic variability, characterized by photosensitivity and defective DNA repair, especially nucleotide excision repair. A cohort of 17 Iranian families with heritable photosensitivity syndromes was evaluated to identify their genetic defect. The patients' DNA was analyzed with either whole-exome sequencing or RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The interpretations of the genomic results were guided by genome-wide homozygosity mapping. Haplotype analysis was performed for cases with recurrent mutations. RNA-Seq, in addition to mutation detection, was also utilized to confirm the pathogenicity. Thirteen sequence variants, including six previously unreported pathogenic variants, were disclosed in 17 Iranian families, with XPC as the most common mutated gene in 10 families (59%). In one patient, RNA-Seq, as a first-tier diagnostic approach, revealed a non-canonical homozygous germline variant: XPC :c.413–9 T > A. The Sashimi plot showed skipping of exon 4 with dramatic XPC down-expression. Haplotype analysis of XPC :c.2251–1 G>C and XPC :1243 C>T in four families showed common haplotypes of 1.7 Mb and 2.6 Mb, respectively, denoting a founder effect. Lastly, two extremely rare cases were presented in this report: a homozygous UVSSA :c.1990 C>T was disclosed, and ERCC2 -related cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome with an early childhood death. A direct comparison of our data with the results of previously reported cohorts demonstrates the international mutation landscape of DNA repair-related photosensitivity disorders, although population-specific differences were observed. • Reporting the genotypic and phenotypic spectra in 17 Iranian families with inherited photosensitivity syndromes with six novel mutations. • Reporting families with UVSSA -associated photosensitivity and ERCC2 -related cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome • Utilizing RNA-Sequencing as a first-tier approach in the genetic diagnosis of inherited photosensitivity syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoperiod is an important factor during rearing and laying period that affects age and body weight at sexual maturation and reproductive performance in poultry; however relevant research on this factor in pigeons is still lacking. Thus, this study investigated the effects of different photoperiodic programs on the reproductive performance and hormonal profile in White King pigeons. From 101 d of age, the pigeons in the control group were exposed to a natural photoperiod until 160 d, and then to a photoperiod of 16 h (16 light [ L ]: 8 dark [ D ]) and lasted for 200 d. Pigeons in the 3 experimental groups were exposed to a short photoperiod of 8L: 16D until 160 d, and then to 14L: 10D, 16L: 8D, and 18L: 6D, respectively. The results showed that light-restriction (8L: 16D) during the rearing period and then 14L: 10D or 16L: 8D photostimulation delayed the age at first egg laying in pigeons. However, 16L: 8D after an 8L: 16D photoperiod during the breeding period ensured maximum photosensitivity, and significantly improved the reproductive performance (egg production and fertility rates) in pigeons. Moreover, the highest reproductive performance in group under16L: 8D after 8L: 16D photoperiodic program was accompanied by improved follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels and reduced prolactin hormone levels. The results indicated that photoperiodic programs from rearing to laying period are closely related to the reproductive performance of White King pigeons. The results provide information that 8L: 16D during rearing period and 16L: 8D during laying period can be used to enhance reproductive performance in the pigeon industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique, used to modify the excitability of the central nervous system. The main mechanism of tDCS is to change the excitability by subthreshold modulation by affecting neuronal membrane potentials in the direction of depolarization or repolarization. tDCS was previously investigated as an alternative adjunctive therapy in patients with epilepsy. We aimed here to investigate the acute effect of tDCS on the photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in EEG. We enrolled 11 consecutive patients diagnosed with idiopathic generalized epilepsy who had PPR on at least 2 EEGs. Three different procedures, including sham, anodal, and cathodal tDCS were applied to the patients at intervals of one week by placing the active electrode over Oz, for 2 mA, 20 minutes. Spike-wave indices (SWI) were counted by two researchers independently and were compared during intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) on EEGs both before and after the application. After cathodal tDCS, SWI increased compared to baseline EEG and sham EEG in 3 patients, and after anodal tDCS, SWI increased in 2 patients. Although the SWI values did not change significantly, 8 patients reported subjectively that the applications were beneficial for them and that they experienced less discomfort during photic stimulation after the sessions. There were no side effects except transient skin rash in one patient, only. In our sham controlled tDCS study with both cathodal and anodal stimulation, our data showed that there was no significant change in SWI during IPS, despite subjective well-being. tDCS' modulatory effect does not seem to act in the acute phase on EEG parameters after photic stimulation. • Depending on the teratogenicity risk of anti-seizure drugs in women with photosensitive epilepsy different treatment options are needed. • tDCS is a non-invasive technique used to modify CNS excitability, but its acute effect on PPR in EEG remained unclear in our study. • SWI did not significantly change during IPS after tDCS, but subjective improvements observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work highlights improved photosensing performance in ITO/ (Bi 0.93 Sm 0.07) FeO 3 /Au heterostructure through a prior electric field poling. Maximal responsivity (R) of 2.0 × 10 − 2 A / W and specific detectivity (D*) of 2.2 × 10 11 Jones were obtained under 405-nm irradiation. The mechanism behind the observed photosensing performance is linked to the combined effects of the polarization-induced electric field and built-in electric fields at the interfaces (i.e., p–n junction and Schottky barrier). The net internal electric field established in the device serves as the driving force for the separation and transport of the photo-generated electron–hole pairs. The reduced direct optical bandgap (E g) of 2.13 eV, the well-defined ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loops, and the conduction pathways formed by the electric field-stimulated interconnection of domain walls and grain boundaries play significant roles in the remarkable photosensitivity of (Bi 0.93 Sm 0.07) FeO 3 ceramics, thus providing insight into optimizing BiFeO 3 -based materials for near-UV photodetector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analyzed 72 EEGs from 15 unreported individuals exhibiting developmental encephalopathy with pathogenic SYNGAP1 variants. • 72% of awake seizures occurred at eye-closure or with eyes closed. • Fixation-off and eye closure were the main triggers for seizures in this SYNGAP1 cohort. To further delineate the electroclinical features of individuals with SYNGAP1 pathogenic variants. Participants with pathogenic SYNGAP1 variants and available video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were recruited within five European epilepsy reference centers. We obtained molecular and clinical data, analyzed EEG recordings and archived video-EEGs of seizures and detailed characteristics of interictal and ictal EEG patterns for every patient. We recruited 15 previously unreported patients and analyzed 72 EEGs. Two distinct EEG patterns emerged, both triggered by eye closure. Pattern 1 (14/15 individuals) consisted of rhythmic posterior/diffuse delta waves appearing with eye-closure and persisting until eye opening (strongly suggestive of fixation-off sensitivity). Pattern 2 (9/15 individuals) consisted of diffuse polyspike-and-wave discharges triggered by eye closure (eye-closure sensitivity). Both patterns presented in 8/15. Including archived video-EEG clips of seizures from 9/15 patients, we analyzed 254 seizures. Of 224 seizures experienced while awake, 161 (72%) occurred at or following eye closure. In 119/161, pattern 1 preceded an atypical absence, myoclonic seizure or myoclonic absence; in 42/161, pattern 2 was associated with eyelid myoclonia, absences and myoclonic or atonic seizures. Fixation-off and eye closure were the main triggers for seizures in this SYNGAP1 cohort. Combining these clinical and electroencephalographic features could help guide genetic diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been significant interest in the photosensitivity, or photo-resistance, of Japanese rice cultivars, which synthesize tocols (Vitamin E), a class of phytochemicals including tocol derivatives tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3). In the present study, the distribution of tocols in the leaves, seeds, stems, and roots of six Japanese rice cultivars was investigated. The relationship between the different tocols in cultivars and their ultraviolet B sensitivity index (USB–SI) was analyzed. The leaves contained the highest average total amount of tocols at 230 μg.fresh-g−1, followed by seeds, stems, and roots. In leaves and stems, the most abundant component was α-T which was more than 85%. On the other hand, the tocols in seeds were 38% δ-T3, 32% α-T, and 20% α-T3. The tocols in roots were 55% α-T, 14% γ-T, and 13% δ-T3. The total tocol content in four plant parts exhibited a negative correlation (P < 0.05) in stem and root, and a negative relationship (r < −0.70) with the UVB-SI of the cultivars, suggesting that the total tocol contents were closely related to the resistance to UVB in Japanese rice plants. Image 1 • There was a difference in tocol composition in plant parts of Japanese rice cultivars. • The total tocols were decreased in order of leaves, seeds, stems, and roots. • In leaves and stems, the highest component of tocol was α-T (>85%). • In seeds, T3 components of α-T3 and γ-T3 were increased to 20% and 38%. • The tocols of the cultivars in four parts were negatively correlated with UBV-SI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the typical and atypical clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features of 40 patients with Jeavons syndrome (JS).Method: Retrospective analysis from two French tertiary centers.Results: Forty patients were enrolled (31 females and 9 males; sex ratio F/M = 3.44; mean age at epilepsy onset: 6.2 ± 3.4 years [range: 1-15 years]). A positive family history of generalized genetic epilepsy was reported by 13 patients (32.5 %). Eyelid myoclonias with or without absence were the seizure onset in 29 patients (72.5 %), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 11 (27.5 %). Over the course of the disease, all had absences. Intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders were reported in 14 (35 %) and 18 patients (45 %), respectively. Focal EEG abnormalities were observed in 65 % of patients, with a posterior (57.7 %) or anterior (30 %) distribution. Generalized EEG discharges were identified in 37 patients (92.5 %). Epileptiform abnormalities were activated during NREM sleep and increased upon awakening. Response to intermittent light stimulation (ILS) was observed in 34 patients (85 %), with an unusual pattern of epileptiform abnormalities at the same frequency of the flashes in 20 patients. Patients with all seizure types were more likely to have this response (p = 0.017).Conclusion: JS is a lifelong genetic epileptic syndrome with onset in childhood, female preponderance, and a positive family history of epilepsy in one-third of the cases. Focal EEG abnormalities are frequent. Response to ILS appears different from other photosensitive syndromes, with an unusual pattern of photo-induced abnormal synchronization. Intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders are not rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We characterized photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in a SCORE database of 10,671 EEG recordings. • Using standardized intermittent photic stimulation protocol and definitions, the prevalence of PPR was 4%. • The most common PPR type was activation of preexisting epileptogenic area. To characterize photoparoxysmal EEG response (PPR) using a standardized protocol of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) and standardized definitions for PPR, classified into six types. Using the SCORE system (Standardized Computer-Based Organized Reporting of EEG) we prospectively built a large database of standardized EEG annotations. In this study, we extracted the features related to PPR from the structured dataset consisting of 10,671 EEG recordings with IPS, from 7,188 patients. The standardized IPS protocol elicited PPR in 375 recordings (3.5%), in 288 patients (4%), with a preponderance among young (11–20 years) and female patients (67%). PPR was persistent in patients with multiple recordings. The most frequent type of PPR was activation of preexisting epileptogenic area (58%), followed by generalized-PPR limited to the stimulus train (22%). We could not find any recording with self-sustained posterior response. Seizures were elicited in 27% of patients with PPR, most often myoclonic seizures and absences, in patients with self-sustained generalized PPR. The most common type of PPR was accentuation of preexisting epileptogenic area. Self-sustained posterior response could not be documented. Self-sustained generalized-PPR had the highest association with seizures. Using standardized stimulation protocol and definitions for PPR types, IPS provides high diagnostic yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curing treatment is essential for ceramic precursors to maintain their shape during pyrolysis. In this study, a photosensitive SiC ceramic precursor was synthesized by chlorinating partial Si–H groups of polycarbosilane (PCS) with Cl 2 followed by reacting with hydroxyethyl acrylate. According to 1H NMR and element analysis, about 10% structural unit of PCS was grafted with the acrylate group. After mixing with photo-initiator, the acrylate-grafted PCS transformed from soluble and fusible state to insoluble and non-fusible state under UV light. Its curing rate with related ceramic yield and oxygen content were compared with PCSs cured by the traditional air oxidation and electronic radiation. By electrospinning synchronized with UV illumination and pyrolyzing the acrylate-grafted PCS, one-dimensional continuous SiC fibers were prepared. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the morphology, crystallographic structure and elemental composition were also characterized and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New approach to accessibility, deep video-to-video transformations. • An application to photosensitivity where networks learn flash suppression. • An oracle and a GAN make problematic videos and then remove those issues. • Scales to huge datasets and works on real videos that triggered seizures. • Generic non-symbolic approach applicable to many other accessibility issues. We demonstrate how to construct a new class of visual assistive technologies that, rather than extract symbolic information, learn to transform the visual environment to make it more accessible. We do so without engineering which transformations are useful allowing for arbitrary modifications of the visual input. As an instantiation of this idea we tackle a problem that affects and hurts millions worldwide: photosensitivity. Any time an affected person opens a website, video, or some other medium that contains an adverse visual stimulus, either intended or unintended, they might experience a seizure with potentially significant consequences. We show how a deep network can learn a video-to-video transformation rendering such stimuli harmless while otherwise preserving the video. This approach uses a specification of the adverse phenomena, the forward transformation, to learn the inverse transformation. We show how such a network generalizes to real-world videos that have triggered numerous seizures, both by mistake and in politically-motivated attacks. A number of complimentary approaches are demonstrated including using a hand-crafted generator and a GAN using a differentiable perceptual metric. Such technology can be deployed offline to protect videos before they are shown or online with assistive glasses or real-time post processing. Other applications of this general technique include helping those with limited vision, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnSnS films were thermally grown for the first time to the best of our knowledge. • The photodetector behavior of the film (Zn ≤ 0.40) is reported for the first time. • Band gap of the films can be tuned from 3.49 to 1.54 eV by varying the Zn content. • The Zn 0.1 Sn 0.9 S film exhibited the highest photosensitivity of 43.38. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and tin sulfide (SnS) are crucial semiconductors with potential use in various opto-electronic applications. By incorporating ZnS and SnS to form Zn x Sn 1-x S thin film, one can expect exceptional opto-electrical properties due to their large band gap dissimilarity. Herein, thin films of Zn x Sn 1-x S (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) were successfully deposited on glass substrates using a thermal evaporation method for the first time and its various properties were analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the polycrystalline behavior of Zn x Sn 1-x S films with a preferred orientation along the (1 1 1) plane. The absence of any secondary peaks along with the shift in the (1 1 1) peak position to lower 2θ values with increasing Zn concentration confirmed the formation of a solid solution. SEM analysis depicted the presence of uniform and homogeneous films. The formation of nearly stoichiometric Zn x Sn 1-x S films was verified using an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The electrical and optical properties of the films were estimated from the two-probe method and UV–Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The energy band gap values decreased from 3.49 eV to 1.54 eV as the composition of the Zn x Sn 1-x S films was varied. The various opto-electrical parameters were investigated and the photosensitivity was found highest at 43.38 for the Zn 0.10 Sn 0.90 S films. The observed tunable opto-electrical properties of the Zn x Sn 1-x S films suggests that the films can be utilized for a wide range of opto-electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron nanosheets possess unique photoelectric properties, including photosensitivity, photoresponse, and optical nonlinearity. In this article, we show the interaction between light and boron nanosheets in which concentric rings formed in the far field, which attributed to the strong Kerr nonlinearity of boron nanosheets. Furthermore, the distortion, regulation and relationship between the Kerr nonlinearity and effective mass or carrier mobility of the diffraction rings of boron nanosheets have been investigated. Our work shows that the spatial self-phase modulation effect of boron nanosheets is indeed caused by nonlocal electronic coherence. In addition, we have implemented all-light modulation and all-light logic gates based on the prepared boron nanosheets. We believe that our results will provide a powerful demonstration of nonlinear photonic devices based on boron nanosheets and a reference for photonic devices based on two-dimensional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereolithography of ceramic precursors is a valuable additive manufacturing technology for complex ceramic parts. In this study, a new SiC ceramic precursor—liquid hyperbranched polycarbosilane (LHBPCS) grafting acrylate group was synthesized by chlorinating some Si–H groups of LHBPCS with Cl 2 followed by reacting with hydroxyethyl acrylate. The reaction processes and structures of intermediate reactant and target product were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. According to photolithography experiment and hardness test under UV light, the synthesized LHBPCS had high photo-curing activity. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated it also possessed high ceramic yield (the ceramic yield at 1000 °C was 74.4%). After shaping with stereolithography, defect-free green bodies could be got. When heated to 1000 °C, the transparent yellow green bodies transformed into black SiC rich ceramic parts and 18.3–25.1% linear shrinkage associated with the precursor-to-ceramic conversion was observed. Because the shrinkage in the pyrolysis stage was nearly isotropic and the shrinkage was lower than other reported data, no obvious deformation or crack was found in the pyrolyzed parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]