26 results on '"Petróczi, Andrea"'
Search Results
2. A systematic review of the versatile effects of the Peruvian Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii ) on sexual dysfunction, menopausal symptoms and related conditions
- Author
-
Bower-Cargill, Cherie, Yarandi, Niousha, and Petróczi, Andrea
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. ‘Clean athlete status’ cannot be certified: Calling for caution, evidence and transparency in ‘alternative’ anti-doping systems
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea, Backhouse, Susan H, Boardley, Ian D, Saugy, Martial, Pitsiladis, Yannis, Viret, Marjolaine, Ioannidis, Gregory, Ohl, Fabien, Loland, Sigmund, and McNamee, Mike
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Co-creating a social science research agenda for clean sport: An international Delphi study
- Author
-
Boardley, Ian D., Chandler, Martin, Backhouse, Susan H., and Petróczi, Andrea
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. “Doing What Is Right and Doing It Right”: A Mapping Review of Athletes' Perception of Anti-Doping Legitimacy
- Author
-
Woolway, Toby, Lazuras, Lambros, Barkoukis, Vassilis, and Petróczi, Andrea
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Being in control? A thematic content analysis of 14 in-depth interviews with 2,4-dinitrophenol users
- Author
-
Ainsworth, Neha Prasad, Vargo, Elisabeth Julie, and Petróczi, Andrea
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A call for policy guidance on psychometric testing in doping control in sport
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea, Backhouse, Susan H., Barkoukis, Vassilis, Brand, Ralf, Elbe, Anne-Marie, Lazuras, Lambros, and Lucidi, Fabio
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Why size matters; rugby union and doping.
- Author
-
Cox, Luke Thomas Joseph, McNamee, Mike, Petróczi, Andrea, and Bloodworth, Andrew
- Abstract
• Welsh Rugby Union players perceive size and muscularity are important. • Perceptions stem from performance related and societal factors. • Some athletes use doping substances to fulfil these perceived demands. • Acknowledgment of these factors should inform future Anti-Doping education. • The health of recreational athletes should be a primary focus. • Traditional understandings of doping ought to be re-evaluated. Rugby Union is a sport where physical attributes such as strength, speed and power, are highly desirable. To this end, there have been suggestions that rugby players might use doping substances to fulfil these said demands. The present study comprises interviews with thirteen doped recreational Welsh Rugby Union players. The study examined: (i) perceived physical demands of rugby; (ii) motivations to lift weights and follow specific diets; and (iii) the motivating factors to use nutritional and doping substances. Participants detail novel insight into doping within recreational Welsh rugby and reaffirm the perception that size matters. Specific factors such as coach reinforcement, age group categories and level of competition, contribute to this perception. Notably, however, participants use/d doping substances for multiple reasons that were context-sensitive, each carrying different weight and influenced by temporal and developmental dimensions. Importantly, most players also referred to factors outside of rugby participation. These findings have important implications for the Welsh Rugby Union and National Anti-Doping Organisations. We recommend that the Welsh Rugby Union target these potentially doping-inducing perceptions, offering more non-elite focused education for both athletes and coaches, with a focus on safe and healthy weight and size gaining practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A matter of mind-set in the interpretation of forensic application
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea, Backhouse, Susan H., Barkoukis, Vassilis, Brand, Ralf, Elbe, Anne-Marie, Lazuras, Lambros, and Lucidi, Fabio
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The role of personal commitment to integrity in clean sport and anti-doping.
- Author
-
Clancy, Sian, Owusu-Sekyere, Frank, Shelley, Jake, Veltmaat, Annalena, De Maria, Alessandra, and Petróczi, Andrea
- Abstract
• Commitment to clean sport and anti-doping compliance are two different things. • Clean sport concepts are individualized and differently situated along a continuum. • The way personal values are operationalized and enacted is both complex and fluid. • Clean sport mindset among athletes extends beyond the sporting environment. • Personal integrity and commitment to clean sport matter in values-based education. Despite widespread reference to protecting 'clean sport' and the rights of 'clean athletes' in anti-doping, to date very little attention has been paid to athletes who are, in majority, committed to clean sport. Understanding elite athletes' conceptions of 'clean sport' and integrity, the psychosocial factors related specifically to athletes' commitment to personal integrity and clean sport behaviour (as opposed to factors influencing anti-doping rule-breaking) provides a crucial, but currently missing, piece for anti-doping education. Drawing upon two complimentary theories (the Incremental Model of Doping Behaviour, and Personal Integrity) for coding frame, we employed a qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) approach to re-analyse in-depth life-story interviews of 14 elite athletes (9 males/5 females) from Germany, Italy, and the UK, representing 11 sports across high (n = 8), medium (n = 3) and low risk (n = 3) categories for doping. Interview data were originally collected for the SAFE YOU+ project to underpin illustrative case studies produced as educational material. QSA was conducted on this evidence within the constructivist research paradigm using thematic analysis through adductive reasoning. Elite athletes' conceptions of clean sport and commitment to personal integrity presented on a continuum from a strict position to use no substances at all through to the carefully calibrated use of non-prohibited substances/methods for the purpose of enhancing performance. There was a clear distinction between commitment to clean sport and anti-doping. Factors that threaten elite athletes' personal commitment to clean sport, and thus could push them towards doping included intrinsic concerns (medical, financial, performance), perceptions of legitimacy in the anti-doping system, descriptive doping norms and identity. Factors that may help athletes build and maintain personal commitment to clean sport, and their personal commitment to a clean sport environment, involved acceptance, anti-doping environment, motivation, permitted means to enhance performance and multi-dimensional identity. Doping was seen as the consequence of lapse in, or a lack of, personal commitment to clean sport. For the first time, empirical evidence has differentiated between commitment to clean sport, and anti-doping. Results from this investigation highlighted that the process by which abstract values are operationalized into personal value-systems and priorities, and enacted, are complex and fluid. Values-based, anti-doping education therefore should adopt a holistic and broad approach to reach beyond the values of sport within the context of anti-doping and consider the complex role of personal integrity and commitment to clean sport. Emphasis on the impact of anti-doping rule breaking on peers, society and culture is recommended in addition to greater awareness of one's responsibility for performance-enhancement related actions, and a clean sport mindset among athletes which extends beyond the sporting environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Stimulus-response compatibility tests of implicit preference for food and body image to identify people at risk for disordered eating: a validation study.
- Author
-
Khan, Saira and Petróczi, Andrea
- Subjects
- *
STIMULUS & response (Biology) , *BODY image , *EATING disorders , *SOCIAL perception , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PATIENTS , *DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
The aim of this study was to incorporate implicit measures of relevant social cognition into eating disorder research. Fifty-three females diagnosed with an eating disorder (ED), and 41 at-risk females were recruited via ED support websites, along with 23 healthy females for comparison. Computerised online tests assessing subconscious normative ideal body image (IBI-BIAT) and personalised self-identification body image (PBI-BIAT) associations and food preferences (FP-AAT) were administered, followed by the modified version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Anthropometric data, age, need for social approval, self-reported measures of self-esteem, normative perception and body image satisfaction were recorded. Self-reported diagnosed ED status was corroborated with BMI and EDE-Q. Diagnostic performance of the implicit measures was assessed with ROC analysis. Those diagnosed with ED showed significantly stronger automatic preferences for and self-identification with thin body image, compared to healthy females, but no differences were found in food preferences. The IBI-BIAT showed better diagnostic power than PBI-BIAT, correctly classifying 87% of the diagnosed participants. No correlation was found between IBI-BIAT and the explicit measures. The results suggest that the underlying subconscious social cognitive factors of pathological eating are linked to body image, not to food items per se . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Perceptions of assisted cognitive and sport performance enhancement among university students in England.
- Author
-
Vargo, Elisabeth Julie, James, Ricky A., Agyeman, Kofi, MacPhee, Thomas, McIntyre, Ross, Ronca, Flaminia, and Petróczi, Andrea
- Abstract
There has been an ongoing research effort to understand the morality of athletes using prescription and illicit drugs to enhance sporting performance. By comparison, perceptions around the ethics of university students using prescription drugs to enhance academic performance (known as cognitive enhancement or neuroenhancement ) are less well understood. This study compared how university students responded to the ethical considerations of using performance enhancing substances across sporting and academic contexts. A total of 98 participants from universities in the United Kingdom completed a Brief Implicit Association Test, a brief version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale, an explicit cognitive enhancer attitude assessment and reported their views on four scenarios regarding sports doping and the use of cognitive enhancers by university students. The implicit association did not show a significant polarisation of students’ moral attitudes. Explicit measures showed a stronger disagreement towards doping behaviours. Those professionally involved in sport found chemical enhancement more acceptable than other respondents, suggesting an instrumental viewpoint and a transfer of social knowledge from one domain of drug use to the other. Participants perceived the use of enhancers in sport and education as “cheating” when it affected others, but believed cognitive enhancement could be necessary due to competitiveness of the job market. Results suggest that chemical enhancement was considered acceptable by some student groups. The proportion of the sample knowing someone who used cognitive enhancers (13%) or someone who doped (19%) suggests that substance based performance enhancement may be normalising and increasing in popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Review of the literature on negative health risks based interventions to guide anabolic steroid misuse prevention.
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea, Dodge, Tonya, Backhouse, Susan H., and Adesanwo, Christiana
- Abstract
Background Despite the Internet and the WorldWideWeb providing ready access to information on the risks and health consequences of anabolic steroid (AS) misuse for all ages, AS use remains a public health concern. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the ability of negative health consequences information (NHCI) to prevent adolescent AS misuse in the era of the Internet information revolution. Methods A search of the literature published between January 2000 and March 2014, was conducted to identify studies that examined the effect of NHCI on AS use and other health-related social cognitive constructs and behaviour in adolescent samples. Results No empirical study was found that specifically investigated the isolated effect of NHCI on AS use. Other health-related intervention studies – involving adolescents – showed that the severity of the consequences tied to social disapproval can be more effective than the severity tied to health consequences. Relevance of NHCI can operate as a moderator or a mediator of the relationship between NHCI and social cognitive constructs and behaviour change. Pre-existing knowledge about negative health consequences functions as a mediator of the relationship between NHCI and social cognitive constructs and outcomes. Conclusion The best way to understand the effect of NHCI on social cognitive constructs and behaviour is to consider it in a larger nomological network that includes perceived severity, vulnerability, relevance and pre-existing knowledge. The review highlights gaps in the literature and suggests directions for future research. Implications for prevention programmes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The doping mindset – Part II: Potentials and pitfalls in capturing athletes’ doping attitudes with response-time methodology.
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea
- Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the progress made in applying response time methodology to assess implicit doping attitudes. The eight published studies reviewed in this paper evidenced the presence of implicit doping-related social cognition but without convincing discriminatory or predictive power. The response-time based measures using affective valence generally showed negative ‘implicit attitudes’ toward doping regardless of involvement; and none were able to predict self-reported doping behaviour over and above explicit attitude measures. Results suggest that this shortcoming could be explained by cognitive (in)consistency, marginally relevant affective frames and lack of conceptual clarity about what response time measures represent. Evidence emerged that relying on self-reports as behavioural outcome measures can yield misleading conclusions about the predictor variable. Research-design-imposed framing effect of the socially but not ecologically relevant heuristics on the implicit tests can produce non-interpretable outcomes. To facilitate future research into doping-related implicit social cognition, it is proposed that implicit doping attitude is best conceptualised as a collection of evaluations of the self-relevant thoughts about doping behaviour that are contextually retrieved from mental representations in meta-cognitively validated forms. Future research should adopt conceptual clarity of what performance on implicit tasks actually measure, focus on the cognitive processes and context that produce these measures and separate attitude from environmentally influenced associations. Researchers should move away from the prevailing but limiting affective/moralistic view of doping and incorporate alternative frames and methods to implicit social cognitive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The Procrustean bed of EU food safety notifications via the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed: Does one size fit all?
- Author
-
Taylor, Glenn, Petróczi, Andrea, Nepusz, Tamás, and Naughton, Declan P.
- Subjects
- *
FOOD safety , *NOTIFICATION (International relations) , *POPULATION biology , *QUANTITY cooking , *FOOD service , *FOOD toxicology , *FOOD industry - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Variations in food safety practice exist between EU Member State (MS) Ports. [•] Significant variations in relative numbers of detections are noted across EU ports. [•] Variations are not solely related to the quantity of food imported, nor the MS’ population. [•] Some MS may provide a gateway to the EU by importing more food and detecting less non-compliance. [•] EU control for imported food is only as strong as its weakest link and requires a mixed approach to enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Expanding the Female Athlete Triad concept to address a public health issue.
- Author
-
Wheatley, Sean, Khan, Saira, Székely, Andrea D., Naughton, Declan P., and Petróczi, Andrea
- Subjects
FEMALE athlete triad (Syndrome) ,PUBLIC health ,PHYSICAL activity ,LEAN body mass ,WOMEN athletes ,PERFORMANCES ,OSTEOPOROSIS diagnosis - Abstract
Abstract: Research into the Female Athlete Triad (FAT) often posits that the condition is one of the unwanted consequences of increased physical activity and the prevailing preference for a lean body among female athletes; as well as the result of mounting pressure for constant performance improvement, which is often coupled to a misconception that low body weight would help to achieve this goal. This paper challenges the prevailing concept of the FAT for being inexact and over-specific, giving the impression that only athletes are affected by this condition, whilst the narrow focus on the co-occurrence of disordered eating–amenorrhea–osteoporosis can potentially lead to incorrect diagnoses of females suffering from, or at risk of developing, the condition. As the common underlying factor in athletes and non-athlete females suffering from FAT conditions is chronically low energy availability (via increased physical activity and/or disordered or restricted eating), we propose a unified framework that focuses on this common characteristic. Under the umbrella term ‘Female Energy Deficiency’ (FED), the expanded FAT and related concepts such as Anorexia Athletica and atypical eating disorder may be reconciled. The suggested framework can facilitate the understanding of this convoluted field within and outside the athletic community and offers flexibility for future developments. To support our proposition, we discuss the: i) expansion of the components to capture the extent and depth of this health condition, ii) expansion of the ‘at risk’ population, and iii) effective prevention, along with the need for early diagnosis and treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Food alert patterns for metal contamination analyses in seafoods: Longitudinal and geographical perspectives
- Author
-
Nepusz, Tamás, Petróczi, Andrea, and Naughton, Declan P.
- Subjects
- *
SEAFOOD contamination , *FOOD chemistry , *HEAVY metal toxicology , *LONGITUDINAL method , *MERCURY poisoning , *CADMIUM poisoning , *HEAVY metals & the environment , *ENVIRONMENTAL toxicology - Abstract
Abstract: The aims of this study are to explore metal contamination in food with respect to variations in: i) the levels found over a period of eleven months and/or ii) by food types; and iii) to report patterns in reporting between countries. The frequencies of reported cases of metal ion contamination were ≤25% of total food alerts with notable increases between June and October. The alerted food products were dominated by seafood, where the majority were due to Mercury contamination and were made by EU member states with Italy making 57 of the 102 reports. The contaminated seafoods originate in thirty two countries with only Spain producing over 10 contaminated seafood products with a total of 47. In conclusion, this analysis highlights the main detector and transgressor nations along with the seafood and metal types that lead to alerts owing to high levels of contamination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea and Aidman, Eugene
- Subjects
- *
DOPING in sports , *PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *STUDY skills , *FACTOR analysis - Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: Doping use is seldom an accident – it is a deliberate action often requiring considerable commitment. Attitudes are known to influence this type of action and hence they are likely to be predictive of doping-related behaviours. To measure ‘doping attitude’, a valid and reliable tool is required. Design: This paper briefly reviews methodological issues in doping attitude research, introduces the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) and provides a comparative analysis of its reliability and validity as a self-reported measure of a generalized doping attitude. Methods: The scale''s reliability was examined with Cronbach''s internal consistency coefficient and test–retest correlations using data from 9 independent studies encompassing 7 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the scale''s structure. Known-groups'' validation strategy was employed to examine construct validity in 4 studies. Results: Estimates of the PEAS'' internal consistency (ranged between .71 and .91 across various samples) provided good evidence of the scale''s simultaneous reliability. The chi-square/df ratio in all cases was below the threshold with an average of 1.85 (ranging from 1.370 to 2.291), indicating an acceptable measurement model fit. Theoretically expected difference in doping attitudes was found between doping users and non-users with elevated PEAS scores from users, as well as predictable dynamics of PEAS scores across the repeated measures, provided support for construct validity of the scale. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the 17-item unidimensional PEAS suggest that the scale is a useful tool for measuring self-declared attitudes toward doping, with adequate reliability and promising validity estimates. Suggestions are discussed for the continuous scale development and validation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The status quo before the International Standard for Education: Elite adolescent athletes' perceptions of anti-doping education.
- Author
-
Gatterer, Katharina, Streicher, Bernhard, Petróczi, Andrea, Overbye, Marie, Schobersberger, Wolfgang, Gumpenberger, Matthias, Weber, Kathrin, Königstein, Karsten, and Blank, Cornelia
- Abstract
Education is a fundamental pillar of anti-doping. With the International Standard for Education (ISE) coming into effect in 2021, understanding the status quo of anti-doping education is paramount. This study aimed to evaluate young elite athletes' perceptions of the anti-doping education they receive. A total of 2,232 athletes, participating at any of four Youth Olympic events between 2018 and 2020 (representing 49 sport disciplines and 124 countries) were surveyed using an online questionnaire, including questions about the anti-doping education received, athletes' views about its usefulness and trust in its content. Additionally, anti-doping education programmes of the countries' National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) were assessed in terms of scope and extent, and categorised as 'comprehensive', 'selective', 'limited' or 'information-only'. Perceived usefulness and trust were compared between these groups. Three-quarters (73.3%) of the athletes received anti-doping education, its usefulness and trust were rated as 'good' (> 4 out of 5). Based on NADO's anti-doping education, athletes in the 'information-only' category had significantly lower values for usefulness and trust, while those in the 'selective' category had the highest values. Results confirm the importance of a multifaceted education, recommending the implementation of at least one educational approach above information provision as they were perceived to be more useful and trusted, and could facilitate Code compliance via developing skills as well as knowledge for informed decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Understanding the psychology behind performance-enhancement by doping.
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea and Strauss, Bernd
- Subjects
- *
DOPING in sports , *SERIAL publications , *SPORTS psychology , *PSYCHOLOGY - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries.
- Author
-
Petróczi, Andrea, Heyes, Andrew, Thrower, Sam N., Martinelli, Laura A., Backhouse, Susan H., and Boardley, Ian D.
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of doping in sports , *FOCUS groups , *CHILD rearing , *SPORTS , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *ACTION research , *THEMATIC analysis , *VALUES (Ethics) , *ELITE athletes - Abstract
In sport the narrative is changing from anti-doping to pro-clean sport. Yet, our understanding of what 'clean sport' means to athletes is notably absent from the literature. Working together with elite athletes and National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs), this study explored the meaning and importance of 'clean sport' and 'clean athlete identity'. Community-based participatory research design was employed to explore (a) how elite athletes define clean sport and being a clean athlete; (b) the hopes and challenges associated with clean sport and being a clean athlete; and (c) what can be done in anti-doping to elicit clean sport. Five elite athletes in five European countries (Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovenia and United Kingdom) were recruited as co-researchers by their respective NADOs, trained for their role as co-researchers and individually interviewed. Seventy-seven elite athletes were then purposefully recruited for 12 athlete-led national focus groups. Finally, the five athlete co-researchers and five athlete participants took part in one 2.5-h long international focus group. Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in generating four overarching themes: 'clean is being true to the self', 'clean performance enhancement has multiple meanings', 'clean is not a solo act' and 'the problems and solutions are systemic'. Collectively, the themes showed that the clean athlete identity is generally rooted in upbringing, early experiences and love of sport; and characterised by continued, intrinsically motivated commitment to fundamental values and morals acquired in childhood. In contrast, the concept of clean performance-enhancement is highly idiosyncratic and flexible. Elite athletes value anti-doping efforts but their experiences of disparity and unfairness in doping control undermine their trust in anti-doping. Clean athlete identity is a social endeavour and artefact, which needs to be reflected in and developed through evidence-informed anti-doping interventions. Raising athletes' voices via collaboration and participatory research can be an enriching experience for athletes and researchers alike, and a worthwhile endeavour for sport organisations with responsibility for anti-doping. To make anti-doping education personally relevant, the richness of individual interpretation of 'clean' for the self (i.e., clean athlete identity) and performance-enhancement must be acknowledged, respected and cultivated. [Display omitted] • Clean athlete identity is rooted in upbringing, early experiences and love of sport. • Definition of clean performance enhancement is highly idiosyncratic. • Clean athlete identity is reinforced, but not created, by values-based education. • Disbelief and scepticism that 'clean sport' could be achieved was evident. • Problems of anti-doping were identified as systemic, thus solutions must also be systemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached 'adulthood': Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
-
Folkerts, Dirk, Loh, Roland, Petróczi, Andrea, and Brueckner, Sebastian
- Subjects
- *
DOPING in sports , *META-analysis , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *SEX distribution , *ATHLETIC ability - Abstract
Doping is an omnipresent issue in both professional and amateur sports. Advances in social science research, including studies on doping attitude, have played a pivotal role in developing an understanding that prohibition and testing alone do not deter athletes from doping. Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. PRISMA protocol was employed for data identification and selection. Included articles were assessed for data quality and biases. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used to determine overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for a subset of studies using the full 17-item PEAS. Eighty-two studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and data from a subsample of 44 studies were meta-analyzed. The quantitative analyses yield an overall PEAS score of 39.18 (2.30 on a 6-point scale) and good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81 [95%CI 0.80, 0.83]). Males and admitted doping users scored higher on PEAS then females and non-users, but still within the 'negative' spectrum. Medium to strong correlations were recorded with moral disengagement (r = 0.42–0.75). Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports for doping, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior. Future research will benefit from a standardized short version of PEAS. The consistent 'negative' range observed in PEAS scores, even among admitted dopers, suggests a potential moral conviction angle, which may limit the scale's utility as a global attitude measure and calls for further research whether re-calibration of the scale as a measure of moral doping attitude is warranted. Advances in doping behavior research calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behavior; new and more specific attitude measures toward doping that separate moral and functional aspects effectively, along with a psychometrically sound instrument for adolescents. • Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) has been the main assessment tool for doping attitude. • For the first time, meta-analysis was extended to internal consistency reliability. • PEAS is reliable measure of moral doping attitude for adults. • Evidence suggests that PEAS is not a suitable proxy for indexing doping behavior. • For comparability, a standardized short version of PEAS is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Barriers and enablers in doping, anti-doping, and clean sport: A qualitative meta-synthesis informed by the theoretical domains framework and COM-B model.
- Author
-
Williams, Toni L., Patterson, Laurie B., Heyes, Andrew R., Staff, Helen R., Boardley, Ian D., Petróczi, Andrea, and Backhouse, Susan H.
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of doping in sports , *HUMAN services programs , *GROUP identity , *META-analysis , *SOCIAL norms , *BEHAVIORAL sciences , *THEMATIC analysis , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *SPORTS participation , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *SPORTS events , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *HEALTH behavior , *MATHEMATICAL models , *THEORY , *ATHLETIC ability , *PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability - Abstract
To protect the integrity of sport, and the health of athletes, global anti-doping programmes seek to prevent doping, and elicit anti-doping and clean sport behaviours, through education, deterrence, detection, enforcement, and rules. To guide programme development, this meta-synthesis of qualitative research applied a behavioural science framework to identify barriers and enablers to doping, anti-doping, and clean sport. A systematic search of electronic databases up to May 2022, followed by critical appraisal, resulted in 73 included articles. Fifty-two articles reported the athlete perspective, thirteen included athletes, athlete support personnel (ASP), and other experts, and eight focused on ASP only. Rigorous methods of thematic synthesis were drawn upon to construct analytical themes in line with the theoretical domains framework (TDF) and the capability, opportunity, and motivation model of behaviour (COM-B). A wide range of barriers and enablers were identified which influenced capability, opportunity, and motivation to participate in a clean sport environment. The weight of evidence pointed to limitations in the current anti-doping education system in providing athletes and ASP with the knowledge and skills to protect against doping, as well as the significant influence of social and cultural norms in shaping doping and clean sport behaviours through a shared social identity, and risky contexts leading to moments of vulnerability to doping. We identified a need for anti-doping programmes to move beyond the current focus on athlete capability, and address the opportunity and motivation components of clean sport behaviours through a targeted and tailored focus on education , training , persuasion , modelling and environmental restructuring interventions. • Findings highlighted lack of psychological capability to enact clean sport behaviours. • A collective clean sport identity needs to be fostered by athletes and their social network. • Sporting environments need restructuring to reduce doping vulnerability. • Future research needs to identify and define clean sport behaviours. • Education, training, persuasion, modelling, environmental restructuring interventions needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A potential inflating effect in estimation models: Cautionary evidence from comparing performance enhancing drug and herbal hormonal supplement use estimates
- Author
-
James, Ricky A., Nepusz, Tamás, Naughton, Declan P., and Petróczi, Andrea
- Subjects
- *
INTERPERSONAL relations , *ESTIMATION theory , *PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *STRATEGIC planning , *SELF-discrepancy , *DOPING in sports , *HERBAL medicine , *SURVEY methodology , *ALTERNATIVE medicine , *DIETARY supplements , *DISCRIMINANT analysis , *BOTANIC medicine , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *SELF-evaluation , *SPORTS psychology , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *DISCLOSURE , *ERGOGENIC aids , *RESEARCH methodology evaluation , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: This paper compares two indirect prevalence estimation methods that offer protection beyond anonymity and are suitable for self-administration, for investigating the epidemiology of transgressive or socially sensitive behaviours. Design: In this self-report study, 513 participants (58.7% male) from sports clubs across the UK and southern Ireland were asked to complete an anonymous survey containing the recently developed Single Sample Count (SSC), along with a comparative method Unrelated Question Model (UQM), using prohibited performance-enhancing drugs/substances (PED) as sensitive and hormone-boosting herbal supplements (HS) as non-sensitive control questions. Method: The survey comprised of sections of SSC, UQM, social projection and simple network scale up methods. Respondents were asked to indicate whether they preferred the SSC or UQM for more protection and ease of completion. Results: A large discrepancy was observed in prevalence estimates for PED using the UQM (58.4%) and SSC (19.8%), but not for HS (54.9% and 54.0%, respectively). The SSC prevalence estimate for PED was in keeping with the results from social projection (13.8% in own sport; 26.1% in all sports) and network scale up (19.3% for known and suspected doping combined). A clear preference was logged for SSC. Conclusion: SSC, but not UQM, showed good concurrent validity with social projection and personal networks for PED; and good discriminant validity with HS. The observed discrepancy could be explained by strategic responding which can inflate the proportion of ‘yes’ answers in the UQM. Adaptation of the UQM for self-administration may lead to an unwanted upward response distortion via strategic responding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Quantitative analysis of mephedrone using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy: Application to human hair
- Author
-
Shah, Syeda A.B., Deshmukh, Nawed I.K., Barker, James, Petróczi, Andrea, Cross, Paul, Archer, Roland, and Naughton, Declan P.
- Subjects
- *
METHAMPHETAMINE , *DRUG design , *DRUG development , *CONTROLLED release drugs , *DRUG metabolism , *LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry , *QUANTITATIVE chemical analysis - Abstract
Abstract: Recent abuse of designer drugs such as mephedrone has presented a requirement for sensitive, reliable and reproducible methods for the detection of these controlled drugs in different matrices. This study focuses on a fully developed validated method for the quantitative analysis of mephedrone and its two metabolites 4-methylephedrine and 4-methylnorephedrine in human hair. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range 5–100pg/mg for mephedrone and 10–150pg/mg for 4-methylephedrine and 4-methylnorephedrine. The method was successfully validated for the intraday precision, interday precision, limit of detection, accuracy and extraction recovery. Five out of 154 hair samples were confirmed to be positive for mephedrone. Due to the structural similarities to other methcathinones and amphetamines, one can propose the metabolism for mephedrone based on a similar pathway that has been previously used for these psychoactive drugs. The outlined method can be valuable for the future detection of mephedrone and its two metabolites in hair. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The role of comprehensive education in anti-doping policy legitimacy and support among clean athletes.
- Author
-
Barkoukis, Vassilis, Mallia, Luca, Lazuras, Lambros, Ourda, Despoina, Agnello, Sara, Andjelkovic, Marija, Bochaver, Konstantin, Folkers, Dirk, Bondarev, Dmitriy, Dikic, Nenad, Dreiskämper, Dennis, Petróczi, Andrea, Strauss, Bernd, and Zelli, Arnaldo more...
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of doping in sports , *SELF-evaluation , *SOCIAL norms , *MATHEMATICAL models , *ATHLETES , *PSYCHOLOGY , *SURVEYS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TRUST - Abstract
Anti-doping policies represent a group of regulations and procedures that are applied by anti-doping organizations in order to safeguard sports against doping. Evidence implies that, for anti-doping policies to be effective, they need to be endorsed by athletes. Still, there is scarce evidence on the process through which athletes decide to endorse and support anti-doping policies and the role of anti-doping education. The main objective of the study was to empirically examine a behavioural model of active anti-doping policy support. A self-reported survey with measures of perceived anti-doping legitimacy, social support via expected obedience, perceived trustworthiness and social cognitive variables associated with anti-doping policy support (attitudes, social norms, descriptive norms, perceived behavioural control, regret, and intention) was completed by 1328 competitive athletes in 6 countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK). Athletes who live in countries with comprehensive (emphasis on individual development and competency with a focus on sport and personal integrity) anti-doping education (ADE) and had received ADE are more supportive of anti-doping policies than athletes from countries with basic education provision anti-doping education (information type education). Furthermore, athletes who received ADE reported significantly higher levels of perceived legitimacy, trustworthiness, and obedience. The results of the SEM revealed that perceptions of legitimacy had both direct and indirect effects on intentions to support anti-doping policies. The effect of perceptions of legitimacy was mediated by social cognitive variables, which demonstrated strong direct effects on intentions. Importantly, the model was invariant across the countries, although mean differences in several constructs emerged. Anti-doping milieu and education impact athletes' willingness to support anti-doping policies. Interventions targeting legitimacy beliefs and social cognitive variables can be effective in promoting anti-doping policy support in competitive athletes. These interventions should expand beyond anti-doping policy legitimacy and target the specific beliefs (e.g., norms) that are pertinent to policy support in different countries. • Athletes receiving comprehensive ADE are more supportive of anti-doping policies than athletes who haven't received ADE. • Anti-doping education can increase the legitimacy of authorities implementing anti-doping policies. • Perceptions of legitimacy have both direct and indirect effects, through social cognitive variables, on intentions to support anti-doping policies. • The effect of legitimacy perceptions on intentions to support anti-doping policies is invariant across the countries, but mean differences exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.