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Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the incidence of injuries to the teeth at the vertical osteotomy line after segmental Le Fort I osteotomy by examination of postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Data for this retrospective case study were collected using CBCT images of 132 patients with an indication for Le Fort I osteotomy with three-piece segmentation of the maxilla. Twenty-two patients (17%, 95% confidence interval 10–23%) had dental injuries. No patient had more than one dental injury. Thirty-three patients (25%, 95% confidence interval 18–32%) had bone dehiscence of the teeth (defined as the osteotomy line passing through the periodontal ligament). Six patients had bone dehiscence involving two teeth and one patient had bone dehiscence involving three teeth. In the group in which dental injuries occurred, the preoperative interdental distance at the vertical osteotomy line was significantly shorter than the interdental distance in the group without dental injuries. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a preoperative interdental distance of more than 2.5 mm significantly reduced the possibility of tooth injuries adjacent to the vertical osteotomy line during Le Fort I osteotomy with three-piece segmentation of the maxilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) comprises the administration of heated, humidified, and blended air/oxygen mixtures via nasal cannula at rates of ≥2 litres kg-1 min-1. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the length of the safe apnoea time using THRIVE with two different oxygen concentrations (100% vs 30% oxygen) compared with standard low-flow 100% oxygen administration.Methods: Sixty patients, aged 1-6 yr, weighing 10-20 kg, undergoing general anaesthesia for elective surgery, were randomly allocated to receive one of the following oxygen administration methods during apnoea: 1) low-flow 100% oxygen at 0.2 litres kg-1 min-1; 2) THRIVE 100% oxygen at 2 litres kg-1 min-1; and 3) THRIVE 30% oxygen at 2 litres kg-1 min-1. Primary outcome was time to desaturation to 95%. Termination criteria included SpO2 decreased to 95%, transcutaneous CO2 increased to 65 mmHg, or apnoea time of 10 min.Results: The median (interquartile range) [range] apnoea time was 6.9 (5.7-7.8) [2.8-10.0] min for low-flow 100% oxygen, 7.6 (6.2-9.1) [5.2-10.0] min for THRIVE 100% oxygen, and 3.0 (2.4-3.7) [0.2-5.3] min for THRIVE 30% oxygen. No significant difference was detected between apnoea times with low-flow and THRIVE 100% oxygen administration (P=0.15). THRIVE with 30% oxygen demonstrated significantly shorter apnoea times (P<0.001) than both 100% oxygen modalities. The overall rate of transcutaneous CO2 increase was 0.57 (0.49-0.63) [0.29-8.92] kPa min-1 without differences between the 3 groups (P=0.25).Conclusions: High-flow 100% oxygen (2 litres kg-1 min-1) administered via nasal cannulas did not extend the safe apnoea time for children weighing 10-20 kg compared with low-flow nasal cannula oxygen (0.2 litres kg-1 min-1). No ventilatory effect was observed with THRIVE at 2.0 litres kg-1 min-1.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02979067. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deglacial sediments in piston core JT96-02 from the continental slope off western Canada contain numerous centimeter-thick, iron sulfide-rich layers. Major and minor element chemistry, as well as C and N isotopic data suggest these layers represent background hemipelagic sedimentation. Intervening gray silty clay layers, each of which exhibits a fining-upward trend, are distal turbidites. The iron sulfides precipitated in response to the emplacement of each turbidite, which slowed oxygen diffusion into the sediment allowing anoxic conditions to develop in the underlying relatively organic-rich deposits. Resulting sulfate reduction and precipitation of Fe-sulfide fostered Mo enrichment (> 2 μg/g). It may also explain Ni, Cr, V, and Co enrichments, although differences in detrital mineralogy cannot be ruled out, particularly for Ni and Cr. Rhenium is also enriched, albeit slightly, within the sulfide layers, but low Re/Mo ratios (~ 0.78 ng/g/μg/g) suggest anoxic conditions developed very rapidly. Metals with high lithogenic concentrations (Cd and U) are not obviously enriched in the sulfide layers because there was insufficient time for noticeable authigenic accumulation before deposition of the next turbidite severed diffusive communication with overlying seawater, the primary source of metals. Silver is also slightly higher in the sulfide layers, possibly linked to higher marine organic matter content. In summary, the pulsed character of sedimentation during the deglaciation led to episodic enrichment of Mo and occurred independently of changes in bottom water oxygen or organic carbon content. This observation potentially complicates the use of Mo as a paleo-proxy in some continental margin environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 439–446 The introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib) vaccine into the Danish childhood vaccination programme in 1993 may have influenced the epidemiology of H. influenzae meningitis (i.e. increasing frequency of other non-vaccine types; presentation in other age groups). Based on nationwide registration, clinical information and laboratory findings were collected from all 65 confirmed cases of H. influenzae meningitis during the period 1994–2005. Twenty-nine patients (45%) were <13 years old [median 15 months (range 0–147)], and 36 patients (55%) were >24 years old [median 62 years (range 25–96)]. Hib accounted for 31% (20/65) of the cases, and significantly more children were infected with Hib compared with adults [53% (16/29) vs. 11% (4/36), respectively, p 0.0003]. Overall, 38% of cases had an otogenic focus and this was thus the most frequent primary focus of infection. Among children infected with Hib, two cases (13%) were identified as true vaccine failures. Six patients (9%) died; one premature infant infected with serotype f and five adults (age 83–96 years) with non-typeable H. influenzae. Hearing loss was reported in 16% of the surviving children and in 10% of the surviving adults. The presence of a lung focus was an independent prognostic factor for an unfavourable outcome (p 0.03). In conclusion, meningitis caused by Hib has been infrequent in Denmark after introduction of the Hib vaccine in the childhood vaccination programme, and no increase in meningitis cases due to non-b type H. influenzae has been observed. Cases with H. influenzae meningitis frequently had an otogenic focus, with low risk of an unfavourable outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pain is common after thoracotomy with reported prevalence rates of 20–60%. The pain may be caused by damage to the intercostal nerves during surgery. Some studies have suggested that young age at the time of surgery reduces the risk of developing chronic pain. So far, no studies have examined if children and adolescents develop chronic pain after thoracotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This paper describes the design and fabrication of a capacitive pressure sensor that has a large capacitance signal and a high sensitivity of 76pF/bar in touch mode operation. Due to the large signal, problems with parasitic capacitances are avoided and hence it is possible to integrate the sensor with a discrete components electronics circuit for signal conditioning. Using an AC bridge electronics circuit a resolution of 8mV/mbar is achieved. The large signal is obtained due to a novel membrane structure utilizing closely packed hexagonal elements. The sensor is fabricated in a process based on fusion bonding to create vacuum cavities. The exposed part of the sensor is perfectly flat such that it can be coated with corrosion resistant thin films. Hysteresis is an inherent problem in touch mode capacitive pressure sensors and a technique to significantly reduce it is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: High-power high-frequency radio waves beamed into the ionosphere with O-mode polarization cause plasma turbulence, which can accelerate electrons. These electrons collide with the F-layer neutrals causing artificial optical emissions identical to the natural aurora. The brightest optical emissions are O(1D) 630 nm, with a threshold of ∼2 eV, and O(1S) 557.7 nm, with a threshold of ∼4.2 eV. The optical emissions give direct evidence of electron acceleration by plasma turbulence, the non-Maxwellian electron energy spectrum as well as the morphology of the accelerating region with high spatial resolution. HF pumping of the ionosphere also causes bulk electron temperature enhancements, but these alone are not sufficient to explain the optical emissions. We review the published radar and optical observations of high-latitude pump-induced artificial optical emissions and introduce new data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The change in crystal structure and the oxidation state in iron of iron–cobalt-based perovskites with different A-site cations is investigated by the use of powder XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The perovskites investigated are (X0.6Sr0.4)0.99Fe0.8Co0.2O3−δ , where X is La, Pr, Sm or Gd. It is shown that the crystal structure changes from hexagonal to orthorhombic when the size of the A-site cation is lowered. At room temperature, the oxidation state of iron increases when the size of the A-site cation is lowered. This is explained by a crystal packing effect. At lower temperatures, charge disproportionation of Fe(IV) occurs to Fe(III) and Fe(V). The transition temperature depends on the type of the A-site cation. Some of the Fe is reduced to Fe(III) by transference of electrons from Co upon cooling below room temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Using recently developed algorithms based on Cholesky decomposition of two-electron integrals to compute response properties at the correlated level, the static and dynamic (at 589 nm) polarizabilities of [4n + 2]-annulenes (n=1, 2, 3, 4) have been calculated. The results show that the perpendicular component increases along the series linearly with the number of double bonds. The in-plane static polarizability is also increasing linearly with the area of the aromatic ring in the case of the delocalized species. However, linearity is lost for the localized conformations and for the dynamic polarizability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) and large cod (300–400 g body weight) are important predators on newly settled 0-group cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in Porsangerfjorden in northern Norway. The Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) used to be abundant but is now very rare in the fjord. Video recorded experiments showed that interactions between shorthorn sculpins, wolffish and large cod affected predation rates on small 0-group cod and saithe in tanks with a gravel, cobble and seaweed (Fucus serratus) substrate. We found that sculpins were unable to catch 0-group specimens when they were the only predatory species in the experimental tank and the lights were left on 24 h a day (to simulate the midnight sun), and that they did not even attempt to catch them. The addition of a large cod to the tank increased sculpin attack rates and predation success significantly. The "cod effect" was due to 0-group specimens avoiding attacks by escaping into the cobbles or vegetation, were they could be more easily reached by the sculpins. When tanks were supplemented with a wolffish in addition to the cod, both sculpin and cod predation success was lowered by approximately 50% in the 24-h light regime. When the experimental setup was changed to a day/night light cycle, however, the wolffish presence had no effect. Also, sculpins in tanks without cod and wolffish went from consuming zero to 29% of the 0-group specimens in the tank when the light regime went from 24-h light to day/night. Sculpins and cod were most effective predators on 0-group cod and saithe at dusk/night/dawn, and the presence of a cruising predator like cod increased sculpin predation success and probably vice versa. The experimental data indicate that rebuilding wolffish stocks in the fjord system may make the bottom substrate more protective for 0-group specimens of cod and saithe, by limiting the foraging volume of an effective bottom-dwelling 0-group predator like the sculpin. Further field and lab studies must be conducted before the reported findings optionally can be turned into a management advice. • The widely distributed Shorthorn sculpin is abundant and an important predator on newly settled cod and saithe juveniles. • Sculpin´s predation success is greatly increased when a larger cruising cod predator is also present in the tank. • Continuous light favors juveniles escape success while a full light cycle is more advantageous for the predators. • Wolffish presence lower cod and sculpin predation in continuous light but not when the cycle includes dusk, night and dawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wealth of data demonstrate that reduction of cholesterol levels is associated with benefit in reducing coronary artery disease risk. The magnitude of benefit observed with statin treatment, which acts primarily to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is greater than that observed with any other lipid-modifying intervention, and data from large statin trials indicate that this benefit is caused by LDL-C reduction. Statin treatment is highly cost-effective compared with other accepted therapies, at least in the secondary prevention setting, and has a superior safety and tolerability profile. For the foreseeable future, LDL-C reduction will remain the goal of lipid-modifying therapy, and statins will remain the primary therapeutic modality for achieving that goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the reliability of age–length growth estimates of anglerfish Lophius piscatorius in Faroese waters, results from illicia age determination, length frequency and mark-recapture analyses were compared. Features of the illicium, such as the time of deposition and sizes of the benthic and first annual zones, width and the marginal increment progression of the edge were studied in detail. Results showed that the average horizontal diameters of the benthic and first annual zones were 0.18mm (age 0) and 0.32mm (age 1), respectively, and these zones could be identified in anglerfish of any length. There was a strong positive correlation between illicium width and fish length. In transmitted light the edge was usually dark in the winter and light in the summer, and the transition between them took place in May/June. Results from illicia age-readings and length-frequency analysis show that anglerfish in these waters have a very high growth rate during their first years of life (age 0–1, 18.5cmyear−1), after which smaller individuals grow faster than larger fish. Growth rates of fish larger than 35cm in length are comparable to the fastest growth rates in other areas of the North Atlantic. Since the illicia age determinations resulted in growth rates that were consistent with length frequency and mark-recapture analyses, we believe that illicia derived age length keys could be used in age-based assessment of anglerfish in Faroese waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study is based on hourly samplings of wind speed, monthly sampling sessions of temperature, salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, nutrients, primary productivity and vertical export in the outer sill region (station GF3) of a sub-arctic SW Greenland fjord (Godthåbsfjord) through 2005–2010. Air–sea CO2 fluxes varied at GF3 from c. −20gCm−2 month−1 (uptake from the atmosphere) to 25gCm−2 month−1 (release to the atmosphere) during 2005–10. The average annual air–sea CO2 flux of −83 to −108gCm−2 yr−1 was within the range of the local gross annual primary productivity of 76–106gCm−2 yr−1. Furthermore, the estimated vertical export of phytoplankton carbon to depths below 60m of 38–89gCm−2 suggests that a large fraction of the mineralization (release of CO2) occurs in deeper waters in the outer sill region of the fjord. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between average annual gross primary production and annual air–sea flux during 2005–2010, which suggests that regulation of pCO2 in the fjord is more complex. Despite three confined periods with supersaturated pCO2 conditions in surface waters during 2005–2010, Godthåbsfjord can be considered as a strong sink (7.2tons C month−1 km−2) for atmospheric CO2. In addition, measurements from Godthåbsfjord during the summer season showed that mixing between glacial meltwater and coastal water could explain a large part of the low pCO2-values observed in the innermost part of the fjord. Finally, a larger survey confirmed the existence of very low pCO2 conditions in nearshore and shelf waters around Southern Greenland. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Barents Sea capelin stock is, potentially, the largest capelin stock in the world, with a maximum biomass in the range of 6–8 million tonne. The main spawning grounds for this capelin stock are along the coast of northern Norway. By modeling and fieldwork, this study addresses the interaction between mesoscale physical process and newly hatched capelin larvae. The study documents a close relationship between selected spawning location, advection, retention, mortality windows and dispersal patterns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reactants utilization is a key stake for a PEMFC system: a too low utilization leads to a waste of reactant but a too high utilization may result in a detrimental starvation. To study these impacts, two commercial stacks were characterised by impedance spectroscopy under different hydrogen and oxygen utilizations (from nominal conditions to quasi-starvation). One was fresh while the other was operated on-field during 10,000 h. This study shows that the two capacitive loops in the lowest frequency range (1 Hz and below) correspond respectively to oxygen and hydrogen mass transfer limitations: the limiting reactant can be clearly identified from the impacted frequencies. The size of these loops was increased by up to 30% when the cell operated at high reactant utilizations. These results could therefore pave the way to the development of algorithms able to estimate the degree of starvation of some cells. • Effect of reactant utilization in fresh and on-field aged stacks is studied by EIS. • The lowest frequencies' capacitive loop is due to H 2 mass transfer limitations. • Aging makes the diffusion of reactant gases more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water management is critical for PEMFCs, especially at system level. To study its impact on the performance and obtain useful indicators for fault detection, two commercial stacks were characterized by impedance spectroscopy under various humidities and current densities. One was fresh while the other was operated on-field during 10 000 h. Four capacitive and one inductive loops are identified. The capacitive loops are attributed to charge transfer kinetics at both anode and cathode and to cathodic and anodic mass transfer limitations. The inductive loop is attributed to oscillations in the ionomer water content induced by oscillations in the amount of produced water during the measurement. The size of the cathodic charge transfer loop and its departure angle at high frequencies increase as humidity decreases because the ionomer conductivity decreases. These parameters are potential indicators of the cathode drying. The angles are below 45° at low humidities but close to 90° in sur-saturated conditions. • Water management in fresh and on-field aged commercial stacks is studied by EIS. • 4 capacitive and 1 inductive loops are observed, depending on operating conditions. • Proton transport in the cathode active layer is mass transfer limited in dry state. • 3 variables that could be used as drying indicators were defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]