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[Display omitted] • AE-mediated PDI effectively inactivated planktonic Staphylococcus aureus. • AE-mediated PDI damaged membrane integrity and genomic DNA. • Type II reaction mechanism was predominantly responsible in AE-mediated PDI process. • AE-mediated PDI reduced S. aureus contamination and maintained quality on apple juice. Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural compound with photodynamic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of AE-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The bacteriostatic efficiency under different photodynamic conditions and photosensitizing mechanism was studied in detail. The results showed that AE-mediated PDI exhibited a typical concentration and time-dependent characteristics. In terms of bactericidal mechanism, disruption of membrane integrity and increase of cell membrane permeability was observed. Type II reaction was assumed as the main photochemical reaction involved in AE-mediated PDI as evidenced by the action of different ROS quenching agents. Furthermore, AE-mediated PDI decreased the bacterial survival in freshly squeezed apple juice and maintained its quality. The combination of blue light and AE enlarged the application of AE as an effective natural photosensitizer suitable for a food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The push for green and eco-friendly materials has intensified, driven by the mounting environmental concerns associated with traditional petroleum-based products. As land resources shrink and space for development narrows, marine biomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative over the past decades. Well-known for their vast availability, outstanding biocompatibility, impressive biodegradability, and minimal toxicity, marine biomaterials present an ideal foundation for developing eco-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this review, we present the evolution of TENGs based on marine biomaterials, from their core working principles to their multifaceted applications. We begin by elucidating the operational modes and foundational principles of TENGs. Next, we highlight the intrinsic qualities and advantages of marine biomaterials commonly utilized in TENG designs. Additionally, we discuss approaches adopted to amplify the efficacy of TENGs derived from marine biomaterials. A synthesis of documented applications of these TENGs from existing literature is then presented. We finally discuss the existing challenges and future directions in marine biomaterial-inspired TENGs. [Display omitted] • Intensively introduces the intrinsic qualities and advantages of marine biomaterials commonly utilized in TENG designs. • Systematically reviews the approaches adopted to amplify the efficacy of TENGs derived from marine biomaterials. • Comprehensively summarizes the applications of marine biomaterial-based TENG from existing literature. • We discuss the existing challenges and future directions in marine biomaterial-inspired TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvesting ocean wave energy is a killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for advantages in simple mechanism, high power density and high efficiency at low frequency. Here we report a self-powered intelligent buoy system (SIBS), in which a high-output multilayered TENG is used for water wave energy harvesting. With a power management module, the output voltage can be converted and regulated as a steady DC voltage of 2.5 V for the operations of a microprogrammed control unit (MCU), several micro sensors and a transmitter. With the intelligent monitoring mechanism of the MCU, the harvested energy can be deployed for each sensor with different priority and data transmission cycle, and the SIBS can be at standby and active status by itself at different energy levels. At a wave frequency of 2 Hz, the SIBS can provide an average output power density of 13.2 mW/m2 and realize sustainable and autonomous wireless sensing for acceleration, magnetic intensity and temperature in range of 15 m, with amount of 19 bytes every 30 s. The SIBS has first demonstrated a complete TENG-based micro-energy solution for self-powered intelligent system, including energy harvesting, management, deployment and utilization, with an unattended manner and infinite lifetime. As a significant milestone for the TENG, this work has provided a universal platform for self-powered wireless sensor network nodes and exhibited broad prospects in internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence and blue energy. We propose a self-powered intelligent buoy system (SIBS), including a high-output multilayered TENG for harvesting water wave energy, which can be used for sustainable and autonomous wireless sensing and data transmission. Image 1 • A self-powered intelligent buoy system (SIBS) is proposed, in which a high-output multilayered TENG is used for water wave energy harvesting. • With a power management module, the output voltage can be converted and regulated as a steady DC voltage of 2.5 V for the operations of a microprogrammed control unit (MCU), several micro sensors and a transmitter. • With the intelligent monitoring mechanism of the MCU, the harvested energy can be deployed for each sensor with different priority and data transmission cycle, and the SIBS can be at standby and active status by itself at different energy levels. • This work has provided a universal platform for TENG-based self-powered wireless sensor network nodes and exhibited broad prospects in internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence and blue energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Water wave energy is regarded as one of the most prospective renewable energy sources, while most of it has not been utilized for numerous technology defects. As a new energy technology, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been widely utilized for low frequency and random mechanical energy harvesting, which is very suitable for scavenging water wave energy. In this paper, we present a torus structured triboelectric nanogenerator (TS-TENG) which consists of an inner ball and a torus shell. Triggered by water waves, the ball revolves in the torus shell for triboelectric power generation, and the TS-TENG can harvest random wave energy from all directions. Moreover, to scavenge large-scale water wave energy, the TS-TENG array is fabricated and presented as a power source for persistently powering electronic devices and charging a battery or capacitor. With an agitation frequency of 2 Hz and an oscillation angle of 5°, the TS-TENG is expected to give a maximum peak power density of 0.21 W/m2. Take advantage of low-cost, environment-friendly and easy- implement, the development of the TS-TENG is of great significance for harvesting large-scale ocean wave energy and other potential applications in blue energy. Graphical abstract Triggered by water waves, the inner ball revolves in the torus shell for triboelectric power generation, and the TS-TENG can harvest random wave energy from all directions. Moreover, to scavenge large-scale water wave energy, the TS-TENG array is fabricated and presented as a power source for persistently powering electronic devices and charging a battery or capacitor. fx1 Highlights • A torus structured triboelectric nanogenerator (TS-TENG) which encloses an inner ball inside a torus shell is investigated. • Triggered by water waves, the ball revolves in the torus shell for triboelectric power generation, and the TS-TENG can harvest random wave energy from all directions. • The TS-TENG array is fabricated and demonstrated as a power source for continuously driving electronic devices and charging an energy storage unit. • With an agitations frequency of 2 Hz and an oscillation angle of 5°, the TS-TENG is expected to give a maximum peak power density of 0.21 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart packaging plays a crucial role in safeguarding products, monitoring their quality, and ensuring supply chain efficiency during distribution and transportation. However, the extensive use of sensors in smart packaging systems requires a sustainable power supply for long-term monitoring. Unfortunately, portable batteries may not meet the needs for next-generation smart packaging as they have a limited lifetime, are heavy, and may cause environmental pollution after use. To address this issue, we propose a self-powered integrated smart packaging system driven by a novel desiccant-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D -TENG). The D -TENG is designed using a contact-separation mode and includes a paperboard-based honeycomb frame, two PTFE/Cu triboelectric layers, and desiccants stored in the honeycomb holes as the freestanding triboelectric material. We systematically investigate the significant parameters affecting the energy harvesting performance of the D -TENG, including the type of desiccants, frame height, number of honeycomb holes, frequency and amplitude of external excitation, and device orientation with the vibration direction. Furthermore, we demonstrate a self-powered integrated smart packaging system based on the D -TENGs that harvests vibration energy to power sensors integrated into the package. This research provides a practical strategy to continuously monitor the status and quality of packaged products throughout the supply chain for an extended period, reducing food waste and ensuring a complete record of logistics history in vaccine delivery. [Display omitted] • Developed a novel desiccant-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D -TENG). • Demonstrated a self-powered integrated smart packaging system based on the D -TENGs. • Provided a practical strategy to continuously monitor the status and quality of the packaged products. • Potentially reduce the food waste and ensure the complete record of logistics history of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective power management has always been the difficulty and bottleneck for practicability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Here we propose a universal power management strategy for TENG by maximizing energy transfer, direct current (DC) buck conversion, and self-management mechanism. With the implemented power management module (PMM), about 85% energy can be autonomously released from the TENG and output as a steady and continuous DC voltage on the load resistance. The DC component and ripple have been systematically investigated with different circuit parameters. At a low frequency of 1 Hz with the PMM, the matched impedance of the TENG has been converted from 35 MΩ to 1 MΩ at 80% efficiency, and the stored energy has been dramatically improved in charging a capacitor. The universality of this strategy has been greatly demonstrated by various TENGs with the PMM for harvesting human kinetic and environmental mechanical energy. The universal power management strategy for TENG is promising for a complete micro-energy solution in powering wearable electronics and industrial wireless networks. With the new coupling mode of triboelectricity and semiconductor in the PMM, the tribotronics has been extended and a new branch of power-tribotronics is proposed for manageable triboelectric power by electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water wave energy is considered a promising renewable energy source, while currently little has been exploited due to a number of unsolved challenges for present technologies. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), as an emerging energy harvesting technology, shows particular advantages in transforming low frequency mechanical energy into electricity, providing new opportunities for harvesting water wave energy. In this work, an integrated triboelectric nanogenerator array device based on air-driven membrane structures is demonstrated. With novel designs of a spring-levitated oscillator structure and a mechanism to use air pressure to transfer and distribute harvested water wave energy, the device can drive a series of integrated TENG units effectively and simultaneously. While operating at low frequency near the resonant frequency of about 2.9 Hz, the device integrating 38 TENG units shows high output of transferred charges per cycle of 15 μC, short-circuit current of 187 μA and optimized peak power density of 13.23 W m −3 . The device can easily integrates large-scale high-density TENG arrays in one package, as can greatly augment the output, providing a promising route to effectively harvest water wave energy for various practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and transparent electronics have attracted wide attention for electronic skin, wearable sensors and man-machine interactive interfacing. In this paper, a novel flexible transparent tribotronic transistor (FTT) is developed by coupling an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in free-standing sliding mode. The carrier transport between drain and source can be modulated by the sliding-induced electrostatic potential of the TENG instead of the conventional gate voltage. With the sliding distance increases from 0 to 7 mm, the reverse drain current is almost linearly increased from 2 to 22 μA. The FTT has excellent performances in stability and durability in different bending modes and radius. The optical transmittance of the device is about 71.6% in the visible wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm. Moreover, the FTT is used for active modulation of conventional electronics, in which the luminance, magnetism, sound and micro-motion can be modulated by sliding a finger. This work has provided a new way to actively modulate conventional electronics, and demonstrated the practicability of tribotronics for human-machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy has played a reasonable proportion in the current energy structure, extracting energy from wind sources attracts extensive attention in the era of global carbon neutrality. However, traditional wind turbine based on electromagnetic generator are not economic in some cases, the new technology demand for complementing conventional approaches is proposed. Recently, the emerging triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology based on the coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction have been widely researched and utilized to scavenge wind energy, with the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and portability. Here, the recent advances of wind harvesters based on TENG are reviewed, where the material, structure design, power management and the developed strategies to optimize the performance of TENG-based wind harvesting system are summarized. Meanwhile, the hybridization of TENG with other types of energy harvesting techniques is discussed. Finally, the application, outlook and challenge in the growth of TENG-based wind harvester are outlined. Here, the recent advances of wind harvesters based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are reviewed. The Strategies to improve the performance of wind driven TENG (WD-TENG) from the perspectives of material, structure optimization and power management are demonstrated. Meanwhile, the applications and development trend of WD-TENG are proposed. [Display omitted] • Strategies to improve performance of WD-TENG from aspects of material, structure and power management are demonstrated. • The hybridization between TENG and other technologies for developing compound wind energy harvesters are demonstrated. • The applications of WD-TENG are discussed, including powering portable electric devices, sensing system, etc. • The existing challenges and trend of development of WD-TENG in the future are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional tactile sensors that can mimic the sensory capabilities of human skin to perceive various external static and dynamic stimuli are essential to interact with the environment and humans for wearable electronics and soft intelligent robotics. Here, inspired by human skin, we report a textile-based tactile sensor capable of multifunctional sensing for personalized healthcare monitoring and soft robotic control. The tactile sensor consists of a triboelectric nanogenerator sensing layer to mimic the function of fast adapting (FA) mechanoreceptors and a piezoresistive sensing layer to achieve the functionality of slow adapting (SA) mechanoreceptors. The tactile sensor has been demonstrated to be able to recognize voice and monitor physiological signals and human motions in a real-time manner. Combined with a machine learning framework, the tactile sensor is able to percept surface textures and material types with high accuracy. It is also demonstrated as an effective human-machine interface for the control of assistive robotics. Skin-inspired, self-powered, textile tactile sensors are designed for multifunctional sensing in wearables and soft robotics. They use combined triboelectric and piezoresistive sensing layers to mimic functionalities of the fast-adapting (FA) mechanoreceptor and slow-adapting (SA) mechanoreceptor of human skin to detect both the dynamic and static signals under a variety of working conditions for different applications. [Display omitted] • Report a textile-based tactile sensor capable of multifunctional sensing for healthcare monitoring and soft robotics. • The tactile sensor consists of a TENG sensing layer and a piezoresistive sensing layer. • Demonstrate excellent performance in recognizing voice and monitoring physiological signals and human motions. • The tactile sensor can percept surface textures and material types and as a human-machine interface for soft robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a tremendous interest to harvest ocean wave energy due to its promising advantages of high-power density, wide distribution, independence of time of day, weather or seasons, and sustainability. However, most of the current energy harvesters or converters based on electromagnetic generators are suffering from unsatisfactory efficiency at low ocean wave triggering frequency and have the drawbacks of complex design, high cost and ease of corrosion in seawater. In this work, we report a matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured triboelectric nanogenerator (HS-TENG) by nest-assembling multiple shells with decreasing sizes for effectively harvesting low-frequency wave energies with low-cost, high power density and high efficiency. As a proof-of-concept, we have fabricated a three-hierarchical-level HS-TENG by nesting three spherical acrylic shells filled with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) balls into the gap spaces between the neighboring shells. The important factors that may affect the energy harvesting performance of the HS-TENG are studied, including the size and number of moving balls, the diameter of the holding shell, the amplitude and frequency of wave actuation, as well as the orientation angle between wave motion direction and electrode gap. It is demonstrated that the HS-TENG has superior output performance over the traditional single ball TENG (SB-TENG), with a maximum output peak power of 544 μW at a low frequency of 2 Hz, more than 6.5 times of that obtained by a SB-TENG with the same size, capable of driving different wearable electronics. Based on the optimized design, we further demonstrate that a HS-TENG network formed by a 3 × 3 device array can directly lighten dozens of light-emitting diodes and power an electronic thermometer for monitoring water condition, indicating its capability in effectively harvesting water wave energy for potential large-scale deployment in the ocean. This study provides an innovative hierarchical structure that can effectively improve the output performance of TENGs and paves the way for developing next-generation high-performance TENGs for blue energy harvesting. A matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured triboelectric nanogenerator (HS-TENG) is proposed to harvest water wave energy in the ocean. The novel hierarchical design and strategy presented in this work provide a new solution to effectively use the limited volume space in a device to enhance the energy density and output performance of the TENGs, paving the way for developing next-generation high-performance TENGs for blue energy harvesting. Image 1 • A matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured TENG is designed by nest-assembling multiple shells with decreasing sizes. • The HS-TENG has demonstrated a superior output performance over the traditional single ball TENG. • The HS-TENG network can directly lighten dozens of LEDs and power an electronic thermometer for monitoring water conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]