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• The utilization characteristics of gold tailings were reviewed. • The recovery of valuable components from gold tailings was summarized. • The application of gold tailings in the field of materials was adumbrated. • A new process combining magnetic separation and cemented filling was proposed. Gold tailings are characterized by low-grade, complex composition, fine embedded particle size, environmental pollution, and large land occupation. This paper describes the mineralogical properties of gold tailings, including chemical composition, phase composition, particle size distribution, and microstructure; summarizes the recycling and utilization of components such as mica, feldspar, and valuable metals in gold tailings; reviews harmless treatment measures for harmful elements in gold tailings; and adumbrated the research progress of gold tailings in the application fields of building materials, ceramics, and glass materials. Based on these discussions, a new technology roadmap that combines multistage magnetic separation and cemented filling is proposed for the clean utilization of all components of gold tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging design and material innovation offer real opportunities to reduce seafood degradation within the supply chain. The growing environmental crisis and health burden caused by conventional packaging demands sustainable and biodegradable alternatives, which play a crucial role in the circular economy by promoting resource efficiency, waste reduction, product lifecycle optimization and the regeneration of natural systems. Although bio-based materials are considered renewable resources compared to conventional materials, they have limited applications, such as difficulty in processing, poor performance, high permeability and high costs associated with scaling up production. However, by understanding the critical limitations, targeted strategies can be developed to overcome them, such as blending these bio-based materials with other materials to improve their functionality, thereby increasing their applicability. In this context, this review provides a general insight into seafood packaging and discusses the latest strategies based on materials from natural sources. It is also discusses the existing limitations and potential future development prospects. [Display omitted] • Role of active agents for imparting functional properties to bio-based material is shown. • Strategies to overcome the limited application of bio-based materials are highlighted. • Mechanisms of action of active and intelligent bio-based packaging for seafood are addressed. • Enhancement of functional properties of seafood bio-based polymers by nanomaterials is shown. • Environmental, social and economical benefits can be obtained from bio-based seafood packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The source and whereabouts of CWW are reviewed from the life cycle perspective. • The AOPs for the treatment of CWW is analyzed systematically. • Technology coupling mode and optimization adjustment strategy are proposed. • The role of phenol in the treatment of CWW by AOPs was analyzed. The coking industry produces a large amount of coking wastewater (CWW) per year. The complex composition and high salinity characteristics of CWW result in its toxicity and obstinacy. At present, the treatment requirements of CWW face the change from standard discharge to resource recovery. The deep mineralization of refractory organic matters in CWW is a key premise to realize its reuse. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is a prospective countermeasure because of its high oxidation capacity. There are many types of AOPs and the advantages and disadvantages of each AOP type for CWW treatment lack systematic analysis. Herein, from the perspective of the full life cycle, the composition characteristics of CWW and its complex causes are revealed. Then, the main limitations and possible optimization approaches of CWW processing in different AOPs are deeply analyzed. This review is expected to contribute to the sustainable development of the CWW industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), as an important branch of artificial intelligence (AI), has been widely used in physics and engineering domains. It combines the perceptual advantages of deep learning (DL) and the decision-making advantages of reinforcement learning (RL), and is very suitable for solving the "perception-decision" problem with high-dimensional and nonlinear characteristics. In this paper, firstly, the algorithm principle, mainstream framework, characteristics and advantages of DRL are summarized. Secondly, the application research status of DRL in other energy fields is reviewed, which provides reference for the possible impact and future research direction in the field of nuclear energy. Thirdly, the main research directions of DRL in the field of nuclear energy are summarized and commented, and the application architecture and advantages of DRL are illustrated through specific application cases. Finally, the advantages, limitations and future development direction of DRL in the field of nuclear energy are discussed. The goal of this review is to provide an understanding of DRL capabilities along with state-of-the-art applications in nuclear energy to researchers wishing to address new problems with these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture-filling hydrate constitutes a pivotal component within the global hydrate reserves and serve as a significant focal point for hydrate exploration and development. However, the understanding of the formation mechanisms and geophysical properties of fracture-filling hydrate in sediments remains unclear. This review seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the formation mechanisms of fracture-filling hydrate from both micro-sedimentary and geological reservoir perspectives. It delves into various aspects of field tests, including seismic and logging, as well as laboratory tests covering acoustic properties, permeability, thermal properties, electrical resistivity, and mechanical properties. It aims to shed light on the challenges associated with the characteristics of fracture-filling hydrate reservoirs and their geophysical properties while proposing potential solutions, and emphasizes the urgency of identifying the formation patterns of fracture-filling hydrate and estimating resource volumes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of collaborative geophysical characterization testing for fracture-filling hydrate as a crucial step in addressing this challenge. It advocates for fostering international cooperation for global data integration and sharing as a viable solution to advance our understanding and management of these valuable resources. • A summary of the mechanism of hydrate formation is provided. • Logging characteristics as well as laboratory tests on fracture-filling hydrate-bearing sediments are analyzed. • Research challenges and future prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black sesame seeds (BSS) have been considered a traditional health food with notable nutritional value and pharmacological properties for centuries, particularly in Asian countries like China. The growing demand for natural and functional foods has driven the market development of BSS products. Fully understanding the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of BSS advances its high-value utilization. This review provides a systematic overview of BSS, highlighting the nutritional ingredients, health effects, and prospective food applications. Additionally, the review addresses current research limitations and proposes strategies for optimizing BSS utilization. BSS has a diverse nutritional profile, encompassing proteins, lipids, lignans, minerals, black pigments, and vitamins, with their content varying by cultivar and processing conditions. As an excellent nutritional resource of food, BSS exhibits prominent bioactivities demonstrated in animal and in vitro studies, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepato and nephro protective and anti-obesity, neuroprotective, antidepressant, as well as lowering blood pressure and anti-diabetic effects. BSS also holds promise for various applications in the food industry, from nutritional supplements to innovative food packaging solutions. It is widely appreciated for its organoleptic properties and associated health benefits, making it an important ingredient in numerous food formulations, including sauces, bakery and dairy products, and beverages. Finally, the review indicates that better utilization of BSS is hindered by inadequate component analysis, limited health benefits research, lack of clinical studies on biological activities and toxicity, and the need for investigation into the effects of processing conditions on health-promoting properties. [Display omitted] • Black sesame seeds contain abundant nutritional compositions, encompassing proteins, lipids, lignans, and minerals, etc. • The nutritional profile of black sesame seeds varies with genotypes and processing. • Black sesame seeds possess prominent health benefits. • Black sesame seeds exhibit diversified applications in food industries. • Deep bioactive studies and clinical trials on black sesame seeds is imperative for relative product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The growth of solar energy usage and solar power generated in India is exponential. • Theoretical and experimental research efforts in India on solar ponds are elaborated. • The possible scopes of applications of solar ponds in India are detailed. • Problems faced by the solar pond researchers are discussed. • Future of solar pond research in India is illustrated. Solar pond is generally a shallow artificial pool of water in which considerable temperature can be established within its lower layers by suppression of convective transport. Generally, for prevention of convection, some suitable salt solution is used. In this paper, various aspects of solar pond, in terms of both simulation and experimental research advances, practical applications, economic features, challenges faced and future prospects, particularly with respect to Indian context have been reviewed. In general, the importance and the position of India at global level in terms of solar energy harvesting potential have been discussed. Apart from conventional uses of solar ponds in process heating and salt production, their applications in water distillation and thermoelectric power generation are also highlighted. Besides, stability aspect and its importance are revisited from simulations and experimental observations. Important identified areas requiring future research and development to recognize more technically feasible solar pond-based systems include organic Rankine cycle for electrical power production, crop drying, building cooling and air-conditioning based on absorption systems, thermoelectric cooling, and integration of solar ponds with other renewable energy resources. The present literature is proposed to offer guidelines in policy making aimed at addressing various societal requirements in a sustainable and affordable manner by utilizing available natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research around sport-related concussion (SRC) has made great advances during the twenty-first century. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the published SRC research. A bibliometric analysis was conducted of data from articles from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze publication trends, most productive countries, institutions, authors, journals, research fields, and references with the highest citation number. VOSviewer software was used to perform network visualization and keywords co-occurrence analysis. CiteSpace software was used to perform reference co-citation analysis. 1) The number of publications and number of citations of research in SRC progressively increased between 2000 and 2021; 2) the United States was the leading country in research in SRC; 3) extensive cooperation among countries, institutions, and investigators was prevalent in SRC research; 4) P. McCrory, M. McCrea, and K.M. Guskiewicz were the 3 most prolific and influential authors; 5) research in SRC involved multidisciplinary perspectives and approaches; 6) research in SRC mainly covered aspects of primary prevention, diagnosis, and management, and the latter two have gained more attention in recent years; and 7) specific questions about "education," "predictors," "youth," "exercise," "reliability," "validity," and "baseline" were the research frontiers of SRC. Attention to research in SRC has rapidly increased in recent years. Our work is a holistic overview that summarizes the hotspots, frontiers, and prospects of SRC, thus providing valuable information and guidance concerning research directions for those who are interested in or are dedicated to SRC research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in genomics and the gradual reduction of cost for technologies like whole-genome sequencing have provided exciting opportunities for developing modern biotechnological-based vaccines in aquaculture. This systemic review describes the prospects and challenges of implementing these high-tech vaccines in fish species. The majority of the commercial vaccines in aquaculture utilize conventional procedures for which cost of administration, protective immunity and safety issues are the major challenges. In recent years, more efficient vaccines are being developed by adopting the advances in vaccine technology. Vaccines based on surface antigens, protein/peptide/polysaccharide subunits, recombinant DNA/mRNA/plasmids, novel antigen expression and delivery systems (bacteriophage particles, virus like particles/VLPs, recombinant yeast, mucosal vaccines), novel molecular adjuvants (IL-8, IL-12, HSPs), and encapsulation polymers and polysaccharides like chitosan nanoparticles and PLGA microcapsule were successfully developed. These biotechnology-based vaccines have proved to be very efficient in field trials, but are always in the research pipeline or as patents. Only very few of them are licensed for use, that too, in high-valued fishes like salmonids. Currently, commercial aquaculture vaccines are available for Aeromonas salmonicida , Vibrio salmonicida , Yersinia ruckeri , Vibrio anguillarum , Edwardsiella ictalurid , and for certain Betanodaviruses. Nevertheless, no registered vaccines are available for other major infectious diseases/pathogens such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), viral nervous necrosis virus (VNN) and certain other betanodaviruses, channel catfish virus (CCV), gill disease bacteria, mycobacteria, flavobacterium, Edwardsiella tarda , and certain streptococci. Despite the important economic losses that the pathogens cause to aquaculture worldwide, the commercialization of vaccines remains limited due to immunological pitfalls in aquatic species, large-scale vaccination issues, unregulated use of antibiotics and chemicals, gene-based vaccine regulations and commercial viability. If attempts are to be made to develop novel delivery methods, cost-effective procedures, and relaxations in DNA vaccine regulations, biotechnology-based vaccination could circumvent the emerging disease challenges in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiological safety is crucial in the dairy industry, given the global scale of milk production and its significant public health implications. Biofilm formation in the dairy industry is a significant challenge that potentially leads to contamination, degrading the quality of dairy products (e.g., cheese, yogurt, butter, cream, etc.). To prevent biofilm formation, a multidisciplinary approach combining physical, chemical, and biological methods is essential. Advanced technologies like smart packaging materials, show considerable promise in preventing bacterial adhesion as well as biofilm formation. Molecular techniques, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test, can identify specific bacteria responsible for biofilm formation, resulting in more effective control measures. Additionally, probiotics, enzymes, bacteriophages, ozone, and coating potentially enhance bacterial competition and prevent biofilm formation. However, best practices, such as good manufacturing practices, cold chain management, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds as well as maintaining a regular cleaning and sanitation schedule, are equally important. Monitoring dairy-product microbial quality is also crucial to preventing biofilm formation. This review underscores the importance of integrating advanced technologies with best practices to improve dairy-product quality and safety. The findings suggest that such an integrated approach can have profound implications for safeguarding public health and enhancing the safety of dairy products on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-modified cement composites (PMC) offer significant advantages in improving the long-term cost-effectiveness and serviceability of cementitious materials. Wherein, in-situ polymerization-modified cement composites (iPMC), in which the monomers polymerize within the cement matrix, show a more pronounced increase in the toughness of cement composites and have recently received a great deal of attention from researchers. This paper reviews current research on improving performance of in-situ polymerized cement composites. Key areas of investigation include the optimization of polymerization systems and their effects on the workability, setting time, mechanical properties and durability of cement composites. In addition, challenges to practical engineering applications are identified like substantial deformation, particularly under low relative humidity (RH), toxicity and the high cost of ingredients used for in-situ polymerization. The review also outlines prospective research directions, emphasizing the development of new, cost-effective and non-toxic polymerization systems, a deeper understanding of polymer-hydrate interactions throughout the material's life cycle, improvements in composite durability, and the exploration of novel application scenarios. • The contributions of in-situ polymerization to cement composites are reviewed. • Deformation, toxicity and costs challenge the application of in-situ polymerization. • The research needs of in-situ polymerization modified cement composites are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are considered one of the extremely promising energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In the past five years, V 2 O 5 , the most common and stable layered vanadium oxide, has been widely investigated as a cathode material in aqueous ZIBs for its high theoretical capacity and the possibility of multi-electron redox. However, Zn/V 2 O 5 batteries still suffer from considerable challenges in achieving long-cycle capacity and high energy density. Nowadays, various modification strategies are employed to enhance the electrochemical performance and other key performance parameters of V 2 O 5 cathodes. In this review, we systematically discuss the structure, energy storage mechanisms, and preparation methods of V 2 O 5. In addition, modification strategies such as ion/molecule pre-intercalation, composite with other materials, defect engineering, and morphological structure design as well as their recent research progress are highlighted. Finally, the challenges faced by high-performance V 2 O 5 -based cathodes and promising research directions are pointed out, aiming at the realization of mature applications with Zn/V 2 O 5 batteries. [Display omitted] • The recent progresses of V 2 O 5 -based cathodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries are reviewed. • The preparations, energy storage mechanisms and electrochemical performance of V 2 O 5 -based cathodes materials are discussed. • The challenges and perspectives of V 2 O 5 -based cathodes for advanced aqueous ZIBs are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global research in landscape architecture demonstrates the perceived safety in parks. This article used Al-Azhar Park, Cairo, Egypt, as a case study to determine the type of prospect that most promotes users' perception of safety. Given that prospects-refuge makes perceived safety perform better, this research focuses on 20 types of prospects concerning the eight factors of perceived safety. Using multi-choice surveys, the results from IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) statistics showed that the types of prospects are essential factors in creating parks' safety. The concluded replicable remarks highlighted that the panoramic views are the most preferred and perceived safety among other prospect types, especially the actual simple panorama and the open interrupted panorama. Future studies could develop those prospect types through qualitative analysis and other parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A massive amount of toxic substances and harmful chemicals are released every day into the outer environment, imposing serious environmental impacts on both land and aquatic animals. To date, research is constantly in progress to determine the best catalytic material for the effective remediation of these harmful pollutants. Hybrid nanomaterials prepared by combining functional polymers with inorganic nanostructures got attention as a promising area of research owing to their remarkable multifunctional properties deriving from their entire nanocomposite structure. The versatility of the existing nanomaterials' design in polymer-inorganic hybrids, with respect to their structure, composition, and architecture, opens new prospects for catalytic applications in environmental remediation. This review article provides comprehensive detail on catalytic polymer nanocomposites and highlights how they might act as a catalyst in the remediation of toxic pollutants. Additionally, it provides a detailed clarification of the processing of design and synthetic ways for manufacturing polymer nanocomposites and explores further into the concepts of precise design methodologies. Polymer nanocomposites are used for treating pollutants (electrocatalytic, biocatalytic, catalytic, and redox degradation). The three catalytic techniques that are frequently used are thoroughly illustrated. Furthermore, significant improvements in the method through which the aforementioned catalytic process and pollutants are extensively discussed. The final section summarizes challenges in research and the potential of catalytic polymer nanocomposites for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • Effective catalytic hybrid material for toxic pollutants remediation. • Design, synthesis and structure tailoring of polymer nanocomposites. • Comprehensive review on polymer nanocomposites in catalysis for pollutants treatment. • Highlighted problems, and future prospective for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug resistance presents a significant challenge to achieving positive clinical outcomes in anti-tumor therapy. Prior research has illuminated reasons behind drug resistance, including increased drug efflux, alterations in drug targets, and abnormal activation of oncogenic pathways. However, there's a need for deeper investigation into the impact of drug-resistant cells on parental tumor cells and intricate crosstalk between tumor cells and the malignant tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) have provided valuable insights. EVs are membrane-bound particles secreted by all cells, mediating cell-to-cell communication. They contain functional cargoes like DNA, RNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites from mother cells, delivered to other cells. Notably, EVs are increasingly recognized as regulators in the resistance to anti-cancer drugs. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of EV-mediated anti-tumor drug resistance, covering therapeutic approaches like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and even radiotherapy. Detecting EV-based biomarkers to predict drug resistance assists in bypassing anti-tumor drug resistance. Additionally, targeted inhibition of EV biogenesis and secretion emerges as a promising approach to counter drug resistance. We highlight the importance of conducting in-depth mechanistic research on EVs, their cargoes, and functional approaches specifically focusing on EV subpopulations. These efforts will significantly advance the development of strategies to overcome drug resistance in anti-tumor therapy. [Display omitted] • Extracellular vesicles play a regulatory role in anti-tumor drug resistance. • Therapeutics targeting extracellular vesicles combat drug resistance. • Biomarkers based on extracellular vesicles predict drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper examines the potential of electrospun nanofibrous membranes as a transformative solution to address the increasing worldwide water issue, with a focus on meeting the rising need for effective and environmentally friendly water filtration technology. The utilization of electrospinning facilitates the manufacturing of nanofibrous membranes that possess distinctive structural characteristics, hence providing an outstanding ratio of surface area to volume and allowing for the customization of membrane features. Notwithstanding notable progress, obstacles such as membrane fouling, scalability, and cost-effectiveness impede their extensive implementation. To mitigate these constraints, the use of standardized testing protocols is crucial for evaluating enduring efficacy and dependability within authentic contexts. The analysis highlights the promising prospects of electrospun nanofibrous membranes in the field of water filtration, with a particular focus on the continuous exploration of material advancements, novel manufacturing methods, and the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and data analytics. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject and encourage stakeholders and researchers to use electrospun nanofibrous membranes in conventional water purification methods. This will help build a reliable water supply for future generations. • Electrospun nanofibrous membranes offer a novel approach to tackle global water challenges. • The article highlights the eco-friendly features of these membranes, aligning with environmental goals. • Acknowledges challenges like membrane fouling and scalability, proposing solutions for widespread adoption • Research advocates for standardized testing methodologies to enhance reliability and comparability. • Establishing the significance of nanofibrous membranes as essential components for sustainable water purification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety science has been developed and has received more and more attention in China in recent years. • Safety science in China is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research field. • A systematic review of the history, legislation, education and research of safety science in China was conducted. • The future developments of safety science in China were introduced briefly. The practice and study of safety science in China has a long and prolific history. In China, safety science originated in the early 1950s, soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. However, the more complete concept, research and practice of safety science were defined after the late 1970s, when China started its full-scale drive for economic reform and policy of openness. In the past decades, particularly in the 21st century, with the support of and encouragement from the Chinese government, safety science in China has undergone many changes and has been developed such that it is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research and practice field. Evidently, the research and practice of safety science in China has been fruitful. However, this was not well known to the world because most of the works addressing safety science were published or introduced in Chinese. Focusing on the discipline level of safety science, this paper provides a complete overview of safety science in China from five perspectives, namely, history, legislation, education, research, and prospects. The paper attempts to promote the cooperation and exchange between China and other countries to provide effective evidence-based services for the development of safety science in countries across the world. However, more detailed research on China's safety science should be carried out for a deeper understanding of China's work safety research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban planning requires more public involvement and larger group participation to achieve scientific and democratic decision making. Crowdsourcing is a novel approach to gathering information, encouraging innovation and facilitating group decision-making. Unfortunately, although previous research has explored the utility of crowdsourcing applied to urban planning theoretically, there are still rare real practices or empirical studies using practical data. This study aims to identify the prospects for implementing crowdsourcing in urban planning through a bibliometric analysis on current research. First, database and keyword lists based on peer-reviewed journal articles were developed. Second, semantic analysis is applied to quantify co-occurrence frequencies of various terms in the articles based on the keyword lists, and in turn a semantic network is built. Then, cluster analysis was conducted to identify major and correlated research topics, and bursting key terms were analyzed and explained chronologically. Lastly, future research and practical trends were discussed. The major contribution of this study is identifying crowdsourcing as a novel urban planning method, which can strengthen government capacities by involving public participation, i.e., turning governments into task givers. Regarding future patterns, the application of crowdsourcing in urban planning is expected to expand to transportation, public health and environmental issues. It is also indicated that the use of crowdsourcing requires governments to adjust urban planning mechanisms. • Bibliometric analysis is used to overview current research status of crowdsourcing techniques applied in urban planning. • Being able to collect data efficiently makes crowdsourcing as a promising method to satisfy urban planning needs. • With smart mobile phones, crowdsourcing can be applied extensively, enhancing public participation in urban planning. • Governments should make adjustments in urban planning mechanism to meet the requirements of crowdsourcing. • Public health is identified as a major potential area in which crowdsourcing could be utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether China can prevent its CO 2 emissions from increasing by 2030 is critical for achieving the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming below 2 °C. Understanding the growth and potential peak of CO 2 emissions in various sectors and various provinces of China has great significance to formulate more targeted strategies on capping emissions on a national level. This issue has recently attracted increasing attention but remains far from being resolved. Therefore, this article critically reviews the current literature regarding sectoral- and provincial-level CO 2 emission projections for China, to determine up-to-date study progresses and guide future studies. It has been concluded that China's various sectors and provinces present large gaps with respect to the time and the quantity to peak their CO 2 emissions. Energy-extensive heavy industry sectors, such as cement, iron and steel, and electricity sectors, take the lead in capping CO 2 emissions compared with service, transport, and building sectors. In addition, the eastern provinces are expected to achieve the peak of CO 2 emissions prior to the central and western provinces, while more economically and technically advanced provinces reach this peak ahead of less developed and energy-producing provinces. Based on the significantly different dynamics and drivers of CO 2 emissions, sectoral- and provincial-specific strategies on emission abatement are outlined for China. Moreover, four critical topics are highlighted for future study, including improvement of study methodology, detailed examination of CO 2 emission trends in several key sectors and provinces, and in-depth exploration of the far-reaching impacts of capping CO 2 emissions in China and associated countermeasures. • Sectoral- and provincial-level peak of CO 2 emissions in China. • Energy-extensive industries cap emissions prior to services, transport, building. • Advanced provinces cap emissions ahead of less developed, energy-producing provinces. • Sectoral- and provincial-specific pathways to peak and reduce emissions for China. • Four critical topics requiring further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Unknown of advanced structure limits the study of TPS structure–activity relationship. • The formation of TPS conjugates limits the understanding of physicochemical property. • Most publications believed that TPS exert effects by regulating the gut microbiota. • TPS with good performance in bioactivity often have some similarity in primary structure. Tea polysaccharides (TPS) is receiving global concern in past years due to their therapeutic effects in many diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Many publications imply that the unique physicochemical properties and bioactivities of TPS are prerequisites for its use as a biofilm, drug carrier and emulsifier. Despite numerous healthy benefits, studies on the in-deep structure–activity relationship of TPS still not well explored and explained yet. The main reasons for the research limitation are attributed mainly to the unbreakable advanced structural research technology and the formation of TPS conjugates. The present review also summarizes some similar parameters in primary structure of TPS with better bioactivities, discusses the relationships between their physicochemical properties and bioactivities, and suggests that function-specific TPS would be obtained in the future if the links between preparation methods, physicochemical properties and bioactivities of TPS could be well understood and established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea seed (TS), as the mature fruit and growth source of tea plant, has been characterized with appealing bioactive substances, remarkable health benefits and diverse application prospects. As one of the most significant products of TS, tea seed oil (TSO) has gained recognition as the "oriental olive oil". Tea seed meal (TSM) and tea seed shell (TSS) continue to be underutilized and are usually considered as low-value by-products. Nevertheless, current exploration of the underlying mechanisms is inadequate, and investigations concerning deep processing and potential prospects still remain at their infancy. Consequently, there exists a gap in the comprehensive aspects of TS utilization and the related advancements. In this review, we have summarized the latest research progresses on TS, specifically focused on the bioactive substances, pharmacological activities, manufacturing process and potential applications. Furthermore, we have also elucidated the current challenges in existing studies, and proposed the research orientations and potential prospects of TS. TS contain abundant bioactive substances, and exhibit outstanding performance in antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-microbe, gastric protection, and so on. These properties contribute to its application potentials as crucial materials in industry, agriculture and ecology, as well as new perspective in drug development and clinical translation. Future researches should concentrate on the specific active ingredients, intricate structure-activity relationships, bioactive mechanisms, undiscovered health benefits and manufacturing process, which would facilitate the transformation of waste resources into valuable treasures, thus fostering sustainable development and socio-economic growth. The past and future of tea seed. [Display omitted] • Active ingredients of tea seed oil, tea seed shell and tea seed meal are elucidated. • Manufacturing methods are compared and discussed. • Health effects and underlying mechanisms are thoroughly elaborated. • Potential applications and prospects of tea seeds are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles on the pathogenesis of post-stroke depression (PSD) and the acupuncture treatment mechanism of PSD from January 2010 through to June 2020 were retrieved from China National knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, VIP China Science-Technology and National Social Sciences Database. In summary, the potential mechanism of acupuncture in treatment of PSD is explained from the following three aspects: acupuncture regulating monoamine neurotransmitters, acupuncture regulating neurotrophic factors and acupuncture regulating cytokines. The limitation and prospects of the current researches are also put forward so as to provide the references and to determine the research direction in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CGWW is major waste stream resulting from a number of activities of the low/medium temperature gasification unit that occurs during the production of natural gas. The resulting effluent contains a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic contaminants and exerts a negative influence on the environment, mainly due to the presence of toxic and refractory compounds. So far, various technologies have been applied for treatment of CGWW, while few reviews are available in the literature. Thus, this review attempts to offer a comprehensive picture about CGWW. An overview about pretreatment, biological and advanced processes for treatment of CGWW is presented, and the degradation mechanism of toxic and refractory pollutants is also elaborated. Technical bottlenecks existing in the operation of coal chemical industries, including foam proliferation, odors and biotoxicity risk, are detailed analyzed. Finally, the prospects of treatment for CGWW are discussed based on the concept of “wastewater is money”. The review can be provided as an effective technical support for the construction and operation of coal gasification industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role and contributions of natural products chemistry in advancements of the physical and biological sciences, its interdisciplinary domains, and emerging of new avenues by providing novel applications, constructive inputs, thrust, comprehensive understanding, broad perspective, and a new vision for future is outlined. The developmental prospects in bio-medical, health, nutrition, and other interrelated sciences along with some of the emerging trends in the subject area are also discussed as part of the current review of the basic and core developments, innovation in techniques, advances in methodology, and possible applications with their effects on the sciences in general and natural products chemistry in particular. The overview of the progress and ongoing developments in broader areas of the natural products chemistry discipline, its role and concurrent economic and scientific implications, contemporary objectives, future prospects as well as impending goals are also outlined. A look at the natural products chemistry in providing scientific progress in various disciplines is deliberated upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maca polysaccharides, some of the major bioactive substances in Lepidium meyenii (Walp.) (Maca), have various biological properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects, as well as hepatoprotective activity and regulation function. Although many therapeutics depend on multiple structures of maca polysaccharides in addition to providing sufficient foundations for maca polysaccharide products in industrial applications, the relationships between the pharmacological effects and structures have not been established. Therefore, this article summarizes the extraction and purification methods, compositions, pharmacological effects, prospects and industrial applications of maca polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the international seabed area is conducive to alleviate the global resource crisis. However, these activities are facing huge challenges due to the extreme difficulty, high risk and cost, and unpredictable impact on the deep-sea environment. With the method of literature analysis and social network analysis, this article studies the roles and challenges of different participants in deep-sea activities in China, and put forward suggestions to optimize the functions of stakeholders. Key findings demonstrate that Chinese managers, deep sea mining companies, scientific research institutions, the International Seabed Authority and International non-governmental organizations are the major stakeholders engaging in deep-sea activities of China; the challenges faced by different stakeholders mainly come from three aspects: Law, environmental protection and technology. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the sustainable development of deep-sea activities in China based on the aforementioned three aspects. • Our aim is to identify the role of stakeholders in deep sea mining. • Stakeholders include Chinese manager, contractor, scientific research institution, ISA and International NGOs. • We are also concerned about the challenges faced by these stakeholders. • Suggestions are put forward from three aspects: law, environmental protection and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Distribution and variation of micro (nano) plastics in environment are summarized. • Micro(nano)plastics could be accumulated and pose risk health to organism. • Micro(nano)plastics could also adsorb other pollutants and induce more serious effects. • Current limitations and prospects in future research are put forward. Environmental micro(nano)plastics have become a significant global pollution problem due to the widespread use of plastic products. In this review, we summarized the latest research advances on micro(nano)plastics in the environment, including their distribution, health risks, challenges, and future prospect. Micro(nano)plastics have been found in a variety of environmental media, such as the atmosphere, water bodies, sediment, and especially marine systems, even in remote places like Antarctica, mountain tops, and the deep sea. The accumulation of micro(nano)plastics in organisms or humans through ingestion or other passive ways poses a series of negative impacts on metabolism, immune function, and health. Moreover, due to their large specific surface area, micro(nano)plastics can also adsorb other pollutants, causing even more serious effects on animal and human health. Despite the significant health risks posed by micro(nano)plastics, there are limitations in the methods used to measure their dispersion in the environment and their potential health risks to organisms. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand these risks and their impacts on the environment and human health. Taken together, the challenges of micro(nano)plastics analysis in the environment and organisms must be addressed, and future research prospects need to be identified. Governments and individuals must take action to reduce plastic waste and minimize the negative impact of micro(nano)plastics on the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous challenges attributed to fossil fuels and the transformation of food crops for energy production necessitate the search for better energy options. Algae valorization via liquefaction under hydrothermal conditions is one of the re-ignited areas of interest for liquid fuels production. Their cultivation and processing feasibilities could infer good benefits for future energy sustainability. The paper explored the role of catalytic systems, especially the heterogeneous catalysts during the liquefaction process. Solid catalysts such as supported metals, zeolites and silica-alumina are so far given preference as catalytic materials for improving bio-oil and associated hydrocarbon fuels yields. The paper therefore analyzed critical literature on the process catalysis and simultaneously discussed new directions for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is an agrarian country where rice is the main food of nearly 161 million population and about two-third of the total population directly or indirectly involves with agriculture. Agricultural sector of the country contributes about 16% of the gross domestic product. In average, 1.9 million people are being added every year which creates additional rice demand of over 350 thousand metric tons. On the other hand, due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the country is significantly losing its cultivable land. In 2015, the cultivated land for rice was about 10.7 million hectares which will be reduced to 10.28 million hectares by next 5 years. At present, about 1.43 million diesel-based pumps and 320,557 electricity-based pumps are in operation for irrigation, which consume more than 1.06 million tons of diesel and near about 1400 MW electrical power, respectively. The irrigation pumps emit about 7 million tons of carbon dioxide every year which significantly pollutes the environment. Bangladesh is one of the energy starving countries, only 60% of its population has access to electricity. A huge amount of diesel fuel is required to import to mitigate the country's energy demand as the country has very limited fossil fuel resources. In the year 2011–2012, the total imported diesel fuel was 2,884,614 metric tons. In order to maintain a reasonable diesel price, the government had to subsidy around USD 0.3/L of diesel in recent years. However, the geographical position of Bangladesh is ideal for solar energy utilization which can be harvested from everywhere of the country. The annual solar radiation is as high as 1700 kWh/m 2 with the variation of daily average solar radiation of 4–6.5 kWh/m 2 . Therefore, solar irrigation may be an alternative way to increase production of crops without creating extra pressure on grid power or diesel fuel, and also helps to keep the environment clean. Bangladesh government has taken an initiative to replace 18,700 diesel based irrigation pumps by solar irrigation pumps with average capacity of 8 kWp each. More than 300 solar pumps have already been installed all over the country. In order to enhance the solar irrigation program, Bangladesh government has given attractive incentives, e. g. providing 50% subsidy and arranging 35% soft loan with the aid of donor agencies. Under the program, owners or individual investors require to invest only 15% of the total cost. This paper aims to review the prospect, necessity and technical challenges of solar irrigation in Bangladesh. A comprehensive review of current research and developmental activities taken by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and possible future directions of research to develop a reliable and cost-effective solar irrigation system are also presented in this article. In addition, the review points out the way of investment opportunities in agricultural sector for sustainable development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With international food price shocks in 2008 and 2011, food security became a political priority in many countries. In addition, some politicians have recently adopted a more nationalistic stance. Against that background, this paper critically investigates the prospects of increased food production within a national context. We use a small, high-income country, Norway, as an empirical case. In 2012, the government set a goal of increasing agricultural food production by 20% by 2030. We ask: 1) How has food production in Norway developed before and after the goal was set? 2) What plans do farmers have, and what do they regard as the main obstacles to increased production? We apply a mixed method combining public statistics, a survey, and interviews. We analyze four production systems: a) milk; b) grass-based meat; c) combined pig and grain; and d) grain. These systems represent around 80% of the domestically consumed food produced on farms in Norway. Since 2000, aggregate food production has had a slight downward trend with periodic fluctuations. Based on a political economy approach, we identify land and labor as the most limiting factors. Capital is less of a hindrance and offers a potential for increased production. Farmers have modest expectations of increased production, though. This outlook resonates with the strong integration of agriculture into the wider economy, at both micro and macro levels, making it challenging to implement new policies and change farm practices on a broad basis. Increases in some specific products, however, are realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource and can be efficiently converted into bio-energy by a bio-refinery. From the various techniques available for biomass thermo-chemical conversion; microwave assisted pyrolysis (MAP) seems to be the very promising. The principles of microwave technology were reviewed and the parameters for the efficient production of bio-oil using microwave technology were summarized. Microwave technology by itself cannot efficiently produce high quality bio-oil products, catalysts are used to improve the reaction conditions and selectivity for valued products during MAP. The catalysts used to optimize MAP are revised in the development of this article. The origins for bio-oils that are phenol rich or hydrocarbon rich are reviewed and their experimental results were summarized. The kinetics of MAP is discussed briefly in the development of the article. Future prospects and scientific development of MAP are also considered in the development of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One important goal for any developing country is to establish and provide electric power for its citizens; an endeavor initiated by the Government of Bangladesh many years ago. Renewable energy is a key component for development and Bangladesh has already made significant strides in reaching most of the country's population; both in Urban and Rural areas. The renewable energy projects initiated by the Government are helping Private sector, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), and Micro-Finance institutions expand the solar energy program, both in terms of Sustainability and Commercial viability. These projects are increasing awareness among consumers and suppliers of the benefits and the correct use of solar home systems. The study, therefore, investigates whether solar business industry should implement a common strategy to position itself in all over the country. The Authors outline the benefits of using solar energy and the possibilities regarding solar energy system in Bangladesh as well as the problems relating to this sector. Data was collected via questionnaire on a systematic random basis. The results indicate significant business potentials of the solar energy sector. As perception towards renewable energy product is being measured in terms of convenience, country made perception and as a whole it will enhance the comfort of the society to some extent but also it will contribute in the economy if proper sales and service is given to the consumers. The authors recommend the initiation of motivational awareness by policy developers of Bangladesh, for the achievement of sustainable growth in the production of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is the most important cultivated fruit species of family Rhamnaceae, which has been introduced to nearly 50 countries. • Four approaches of autopolyploid induction developed in jujube polyploid breeding, which became more urgent and important, were illustrated and evaluated. • Mutiple-level characteristics and rapid identification of jujube tetraploids were summarized. • The existing problems and challenges as well as the future prospects of artificial polyploidization aiming to provide references for jujube polyploid breeding and plant artificial polyploidization research were proposed. Polyploidization is an important driving force for plant evolution and an effective way to breed new cultivars. Polyploid cultivars are welcome because of their larger and higher quality fruits. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is the most important cultivated fruit species of family Rhamnaceae. It has been introduced to nearly 50 countries and is becoming popular in arid regions taking the advantages of nutritious fruit and strong tolerance to drought, barren and salty soil. Since the cross breeding of jujube is very difficult, polyploid breeding becomes more important for jujube. In this paper, we briefly summarized the history of jujube artificial autopolyploidization, and systematically described the four approaches of autopolyploid induction developed in jujube, i.e., in vitro apical/lateral bud induction, in vivo apical bud induction, in vitro callus induction, and in vivo polyploidy induction via callus (IPIC), in terms of methods, effects and advantages/disadvantages. IPIC is a novel bud regeneration way and a brand-new method for autopolyploid induction, which well integrates the advantages of other three approaches and overcomes most of their shortages including serious ploidy-chimera formation and complexity of tissue culture. Using this novel approach, homogenous polyploid jujube can be obtained directly and could blossom and even set fruit in the current year, shortening the breeding cycle by more than 3 years. This article also illustrated the morphological, agronomical, cytological, nutritional and physiological characteristics of jujube tetraploids, the rapid identification procedures for polyploidy, as well as the created polyploid germplasms and varieties of jujube. In addition, the existing problems and challenges of artificial autopolyploidization in jujube were analyzed, the scientific utilization of jujube autopolyploidy and future research priorities of jujube polyploidization were prospected. This review aims to provide references for jujube polyploid breeding and plant artificial polyploidization research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Various molecular dynamics software applicable to food protein systems are summarized. • Molecular dynamics simulation helps understands food protein microstructures. • Simulated trajectories confirmed variations in the systems at temporal and spatial scales. • Molecular dynamic simulation can help build visual models of interactions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used increasingly to explore mechanisms of interactions and conformational relationships between food proteins and other food compounds. MD simulation can better understand the structural changes between food proteins and small molecules at the molecular level. Based on the current extensive literature, visualization models established by MD simulation in the future may provide greater insight into finer molecular changes in food proteins and small molecules interactions. Development and software as well as force fields used in MD simulation for food protein and interaction systems were reviewed. The review focuses on the status of MD simulation technology in exploring food protein functional mechanisms, and bioactive substance delivery, food processing and storage, and food additives. Finally, current trends and applications were considered. This review provides an overview for the wider application of MD simulation technology in the food protein research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the elderly, disabled and injured people use rehabilitation aids fuel cell product market in the sector of population and health, at the same time efforts to assess the future prospects of the fuel cell. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of fuel cell, the difference between the fuel cell and battery, elaborated rehabilitation aids products on the power requirements, and from the categories of rehabilitation aids such as mobile aids products, rehabilitation robotics and intelligent home products details their advantages and market prospects of the fuel cell. Finally, the analysis concluded that the above view, and to discuss the direction of development for fuel cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ball milling is an effective and economical method, which has an important application prospect in overcoming the passivation problem of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and improving its decontamination efficiency. This work provides a systematic and comprehensive summary of the two intersecting areas of ball milling and ZVI materials from a holistic perspective. The results show that the interface structure of ZVI is changed and the particle size is reduced, resulting the enhanced activity of ZVI. Different from single-component mechanical crushing, multi-component mechanical synthesis can improve the agglomerations, alleviate surface passivation, and promote electron transfer. The variation of one or more parameters will affect the particle size, shape and type of the ball milling product. Therefore, for a specific composite system, it is necessary to optimize the process parameters and evaluate the practical application effect. In the ball-milled zero-valent iron (ZVIbm) system, the formation of micro-electrolysis, the unstable interfacial phase and matrix between reinforcers, and the microstructure changes lead to the large amount of generated Fe2+, which is the key to its efficient removal of pollutants. Notably, different from the low activity of ZVI and the high toxicity of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), ZVIbm has greater application potential in the future because of its moderate activity and low toxicity. Although the mechanochemical reactions induced by ball milling can effectively increase the activity of ZVI, the positive effects of mechanochemical modification and the negative effects of particle agglomeration and over-compaction under the condition of continuous energy input need to be further evaluated. This study has important guiding significance for the application of ball-milling technology in the field of ZVI pollution remediation. [Display omitted] • Ball-milling technology could achieve the mass-production of ZVI. • ZVI composites with more active should be developed. • The technology parameters should be further optimized. • Ball-milled zero-valent iron has better research prospects. • The field-scale application evaluation of ZVIbm needs to be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by heterogeneous transition metal has been widely concerned. Common heterogeneous transition metal catalysts mainly include Mn-based, Fe-based, Co-based, and Cu-based oxides. Among them, Manganese oxides (MnO x) have been widely studied due to their wide distribution, environmental friendliness, rich valence state composition and other advantages. In this paper, we systematically summarize related manganese oxide species, emerging oxidation pathways and their derivative mechanism, the structure-activity relationship between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and the catalytic efficiency, and common modification synergistic mechanism of MnO x. Moreover, the research challenges and application prospects of activated PMS by MnO x are proposed. This work can deepen the systematic understanding of the catalytic activation of persulfate by MnO x , promote the application of MnO x /persulfate system in the fields of water supply disinfection, sewage treatment, and soil remediation. [Display omitted] • The oxidation mechanism of PMS activated by MnOx was listed. • The structure-activity relationship between oxidation mechanism and physicochemical properties were summarized. • The common modification and synergistic mechanisms of MnOx were elaborated. • MnOx/PMS system exhibits extensive application prospect in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called 20-20-20 targets for the European Union include a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to 1990, 20% of primary energy from renewables, and a 20% reduction in primary energy demand through energy efficiency by 2020. Wind energy has played and will continue to play a significant role in progress towards meeting these goals; in 2012 it accounted for around 7% of total European electricity consumption. Against the background of the recent trend towards ever larger wind turbines at higher hub heights, this contribution explores the challenges to and prospects for a continued up-sizing of wind turbines in the future. Based on a literature review and interviews with experts in the European wind industry, the key challenges for large onshore wind turbines are identified and qualitatively analyzed in a European context. Further developments of large wind turbines depend on several components and related challenges rather than just one. The main challenges are thought to be related to social acceptance, the logistics of transport and erection, and the medium term sustainability of the political and economic support for wind energy. It seems likely that social acceptance will center around the issue of aerodynamic noise and the allowed distance from the turbine, although further research is required to fully understand the public perception of especially large wind power plants. In addition, the sheer size of larger wind turbines in the future presents significant challenges in terms of the materials and structures employed. There is little consensus on the likely development of drive train technologies, though a slight tendency towards direct drive systems with permanent magnet generators as well as multi-stage gearboxes was encountered, which could also serve to improve reliability. For the rotor blades, a trend towards fully carbon fiber blades is expected, and towers will continue to be constructed from steel and/or concrete, albeit both of these components increasingly in the form a modular construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Ghana's economy grows, the choice of future energy paths and policies in the coming years will have a significant influence on its energy security. A Renewable Energy Act approved in 2011 seeks to encourage the influx of renewable energy sources in Ghana's energy mix. The new legal framework combined with increasing demand for energy has created an opportunity for dramatic changes in the way energy is generated in Ghana. However, the impending changes and their implication remain uncertain. This paper examines the extent to which future energy scenarios in Ghana could rely on energy from biomass sources, through the production of biogas, liquid biofuels and electricity. Analysis was based on moderate and high use of bioenergy for transportation, electricity generation and residential fuel using the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) model. Results obtained indicate that introducing bioenergy to the energy mix could reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions by about 6 million tonnes CO 2 e by 2030, equivalent to a 14% reduction in a business-as-usual scenario. This paper advocates the use of second generation ethanol for transport, to the extent that it is economically exploitable. Resorting to first generation ethanol would require the allocation of over 580,000 ha of agricultural land for ethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has the potential to disrupt air transportation, providing disruptive innovation not only to aviation but also to mobility systems and urban planning. Underpinned by technological advances in batteries, as well as in electric and distributed propulsion that facilitate the design of novel aircraft types with the capability for Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL), the UAM is attracting the attention of an extensive list of stakeholders, institutions and companies. It also covers a broad range of different areas of interest that have to be considered by a holistic and multidisciplinary approach in order to derive its full potential. This paper aims to provide an in-depth qualitative analysis of relevant aspects of UAM development and implementation. The added value of this paper is in assessing the current status and prospects of the most important UAM areas by analysing them from the literature and practice point of views. The paper also deals with the main challenges and multidisciplinary constraints that might slow down the pace towards the successful application of the subject concept. • The UAM concept reasonably attracts a lot of attention from various stakeholders. • Integration of UAM into existing transportation systems is one of the major tasks. • Societal impacts and public approval have great importance for the UAM implementation. • Technology and regulations progress is fast due to the large interest for the UAM. • Air Traffic Management will be a challenging mission in the UAM concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lubrication mechanisms of MNCS as lubricant additives have been elaborated in brief. • Pristine, modified and hybrid MNCS as oil-based lubricant additives have been evaluated in this review. • Pristine, hybrid and intelligent MNCS as water-based lubricant additives have been reported in detail. • Porous MNCS as lubricant additives has also been scrutinized in this review. • The prospects of MNCS have been proposed in the lubrication field. Friction and wear are the primary attributes of energy loss and failure of machine parts in mechanical systems. There is a great demand to develop novel and effective lubricants to reduce friction and wear in especial in new high technologies industries. As lubricant additives, carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, fullerene and micro/nano carbon spheres (MNCS) can significantly improve the friction reduction and wear resistance capacities of lubricants. MNCS has excellent lubricity due to its unique thermal, mechanical and chemical properties and rolling friction between two friction surfaces caused by the spherical structures. However, there is still a lack of a detailed review that outlines these research results. In this review, the category and lubrication mechanism of the widely used nanolubricant additives are summarized, and then recent advances in the applications of MNCS as oil-based and water-based lubricant additives, and porous MNCS as new lubricant additives are comprehensively introduced from the aspects of experimental content and lubrication performances. Finally, the review presents a brief summary and some future prospects of MNCS in the lubrication field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The major challenges facing the commercialization of biodiesel are: readily available and profitable feedstock and cost-effective production process. Although conventional oilseed feedstocks provided biodiesel yields of more than 98%, sufficient land for cultivating such feedstocks is a major challenge. Moreover, the use of refined feedstocks is uneconomical because of refining costs and priority as food. Algae (including macro- and microalgae) are the focus of many current research interests because they have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption. Beside their high lipid contents and fast growth rate, microalgae have the potential to mitigate the competition for land-use and food-for-fuel conflicts. They are also able to reduce the greenhouse effects via CO2 sequestration. Critical survey of the literature suggests that microalgal oil has the potential to produce higher biodiesel yields with about 25% reduction in production costs. However, the oil from microalgae contains high free fatty acids which require pretreatment if conventional homogeneous catalysts are employed. Heterogeneous base catalysts are also not suitable due to soap formation and post-production processes, hence the need for solid acid catalysts. Therefore, this article provides a review on solid-acid catalysts used in processing microalgal oil for biodiesel production. Also discussed in details are the challenges and prospects of the production process. With more advances in technology and long-term commitment to investments, heterogeneous acid-catalyzed microalgal-biodiesel can become the ideal process for the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of agriculture is closely related to the application of pesticides in China. Excessive use of pesticides has indeed prevented harm by pests and largely improved the product of crops but has also resulted in high groundwater pollution risks. It is increasingly important to recognize groundwater pollution in agricultural areas and evaluate the groundwater pollution risk caused by pesticides. In this research, four major methods of risk evaluation are reviewed. To provide useful advice on the screening of these methods in actual application, the advantages and limitations of each method are stated in detail. Domestic and international research conditions are also reviewed in this paper. Recently, combined use of the existing evaluation methods has become the focus of international research. Some domestic researchers have attempted to use such combined methods to evaluate groundwater pollution risks, but most are based on the DRASTIC index method. Aiming at the deficiencies of the research in this field in China, prospects are considered for the development of risk assessment for groundwater pollution by pesticides. Four aspects were evaluated, including the establishment of a theoretical system, comprehensive consideration of the impact factors, the development of validation methods and combined evaluation methods, and the strengthening of monitoring work and groundwater pollution risk assessment in arid areas. This work enhances the understanding of groundwater pollution risks and provides useful advice on the development of risk evaluation for groundwater pollution by pesticides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development and applications about the weight of evidence technology in recent years are reviewed. This paper introduced the improved weight of evidence in remote sensing image processing and in different fields of application. Summary its constraints and existent problems. Look forward to the weight of evidence for the practical application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One of the most important methods of saving energy in a building is by carefully designing its facade. A ‘double skin façade’ is optimally one of the best options in managing the interaction between the outdoors and the internal spaces. It also provides some architectural flexibility to the design. Recently it has received much attention as opposed to the more typically glazed curtain wall. This is because of its ability to efficiently reduce energy and therefore saves cost. The amount of energy saved depends on the climate and the design chosen. The design of the DSF involves decisions on geometric parameters, glass selection, ventilation strategy, shading, daylighting, aesthetics, wind loads, and maintenance and cleaning cost expectations. DSF has an impact on several aspects of the design phase of a building. For example, thermal properties, acoustic characteristics and daylighting are affected in the exploitation phase of the building. In addition, in terms of building safety point of view, fire propagation maintenance or glazing thermal break must be taken into account. Currently, little work has been done on the behaviour of DSFs in hot and humid climates. This paper shall review previous studies made on double skin façade systems (DSFS) in buildings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body from ancient times. Amongst all the species, C. militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. Besides their popular applications for tonic medicine by the all stairs of the community, the constituents of C. militaris are now used extensively in modern systems of medicine. The current survey records the mysterious potentials of C. militaris are boosting up the present herbal treatments, as well as gearing up the green pharmacy revolution, in order to create a friendly environment with reasonable safety. Evidence showed that the active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective, let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine. A number of culture techniques for this mushroom have been noticed, for example, storage/stock culture, pre-culture, popular/indigenous culture (spawn culture, husked rice culture and saw dust culture) and, special/laboratory culture (shaking culture, submerged culture, surface liquid culture and continuous/repeated batch culture). The prospects for herbal biotechnology regarding drug discovery using C. militaris delivering what it has promised are high, as the technology is now extremely more powerful than before. This study chiefly highlights the medicinal uses of the mushroom C. militaris including its culture techniques, also aiming to draw sufficient attention of the researchers to the frontier research needs in this context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]