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Electrospinning is a well know technology for the production of nano and micro fibers. Graphene has been used in different fields due to its unique stability. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is prepared from the reduction of graphene oxide. In this work, we electrospun of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) solutions with rGO to combine the different physical properties of the materials, on a rotating collector to verify the influence of the solutions and rotation on the morphology of the fibers. The optimization of the process highlighted the influence of the flow rate and tip-collector distance in relation to the rotation speed used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few and small studies previously examined chest CT-scan characteristics of Coxiella burnetii (Cb) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Larger studies are needed to guide physicians towards diagnosis of Q fever in case of pneumonia. We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study between 2013 and 2017. All patients with Cb or Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) CAP who had a chest CT-scan on admission at Cayenne Hospital (French Guiana) were included. Chest CT-scan were all analyzed by the same expert radiologist. We included 75 patients with Cb CAP and 36 with Sp CAP. Fifty-nine percent of all patients were men (n = 66) and median age was 52 [IQR = 38–62]. Chest CT-scans of Cb CAP patients revealed 67 alveolar condensations (89 %), 52 ground-glass opacities (69 %), 30 cases of lymphadenopathy(ies) (40 %) and 25 pleural effusions (33 %). Parenchyma lesions caused by Cb were predominantly unilateral (67 %). We found high numbers of alveolar condensations in both Cb and Sp CAP (89 % and 75 %; respectively), but the presence of ground-glass opacities was significantly associated with Cb CAP (69 % versus 30 %; p < 0.01). Cb CAP were associated with more lymphadenopathies (40 % vs 17 %; p = 0.01) while Sp CAP showed more bronchial thickening (19 % versus 3 %; p < 0.01) and (micro)nodule(s) ≤1 cm (25 % vs 3 %, p < 0.01). This large study shows that the most typical aspect of chest CT-scan in case of Cb CAP in French Guiana is a unilateral alveolar consolidation associated with ground glass opacities and lymphadenopathies. C. burnetti and S. pneumoniae both most often cause alveolar consolidations, but present some significantly different CT-scan patterns. This could help physicians through therapeutic choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follow-up schemes in breast cancer survivors are predominantly consensus-based. To determine evidence-based follow-up intervals, estimates of sensitivity of the screening test(s) and duration of the preclinical detectable phase (PCDP) are key. We estimated the sensitivity and the duration of the PCDP of clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography for the detection of contralateral second breast cancers (CBC) in breast cancer survivors. Women with a CBC (N = 589) diagnosed in Florence between 1980 and 2005 were included. Test sensitivity and the duration of PCDP were estimated using a simple exponential model of PCDP duration. Analyses were stratified by follow-up period (0–5 vs. >5 years after primary diagnosis) and age at CBC diagnosis (<50 vs. ≥50 years). For CBE, test sensitivity was 55% and the duration of the PCDP 16 months. Mammography sensitivity was 91% and duration of the PCDP 35 months. Stratified analyses showed a higher test sensitivity for CBE for women aged <50 (70% vs. 51%). No difference in the duration of PCDP of CBE was found. For mammography, test sensitivity and the duration of the PCDP were higher for women with longer follow-up and in older women. Poor test sensitivity for CBE with a shorter duration of the PCDP compared with mammography were observed. Mammography had high test sensitivity and the potential to detect CBCs early. The estimated duration of the PCDP (35 months) was considerably longer than the recommended follow-up interval (12 months). Future studies are needed to determine whether a longer follow-up interval is appropriate. • Mammography had high test sensitivity and the potential to detect CBCs early. • The estimated duration of the PCDP was longer than the current follow-up interval. • New research needs to determine whether a longer follow-up interval is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • RYGB is the most important bariatric procedure worldwide. • The RYGB mayor limitation is the difficult exploration of the excluded stomach and duodenum. • The gastric bypass with fundectomy allowed for an easly endoscopic evaluation. • The possibility to easly perform OGD guaranteed the detection of gastric carcinoma at an early stage. Abstract Introduction: Roux-an-Y gastric bypass (RYGP) is one of the most important bariatric procedures and its results are well known in terms of weight loss and comorbid improvement. The major limitation of this technique is the difficult exploration of the excluded stomach and duodenum. Some Authors are performing the gastric bypass with fundectomy and, according to Literature, it is feasible and effective, with major advantage of explorable gastric pouch. Presentation of case: We report the case of a 54-year-old woman affected by obesity (BMI 49 kg/m2). After a pre-operative multidisciplinary evaluation and gastroscopy, she underwent a laparoscopic RYGB with fundectomy in October 2016. One year after surgery she contacted the department for vomiting, pyrosis and weakness. Thanks to the characteristics of the surgical technique it was possible to easily perform an OGD that detected an antral ulcer. The byopsy revealed a gastric adenocarcinoma. A degastroresection was performed and the istological finding was a gastric adenocarcinoma pT1b N0 G3. Discussion: Early diagnosis is essential in gastric tumors to ensure a good prognosis and the gold standard is performing gastroscopy with biopsies. With the standard technique is very challenging to perform an OGD and the cancer stage is likely to be advanced at diagnosis, with a bad prognosis for the patient. Conclusion: From the clinical case described and the analysis of the Literature, the advantages of this technique are clear, allowing for an easy endoscopic evaluation of gastric walls with the possibility of diagnosing early stage tumors with a better outcome for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively rare neoplasms displaying heterogeneous clinical behavior, ranging from indolent to aggressive forms. Patients diagnosed with NETs usually receive a varied array of treatments, including somatostatin analogs, locoregional treatments (ablation, intra-arterial therapy), cytotoxic chemotherapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), and targeted therapies. To maximize therapeutic efficacy while limiting toxicity (both physical and economic), there is a need for accurate and reliable tools to monitor disease evolution and progression and to assess the effectiveness of these treatments. Imaging morphological methods, primarily relying on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are indispensable modalities for the initial evaluation and continuous monitoring of patients with NETs, therefore playing a pivotal role in gauging the response to treatment. The primary goal of assessing tumor response is to anticipate and weigh the benefits of treatments, especially in terms of survival gain. The World Health Organization took the pioneering step of introducing assessment criteria based on cross-sectional imaging. This initial proposal standardized the measurement of lesion sizes, laying the groundwork for subsequent criteria. The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) subsequently refined and enhanced these standards, swiftly gaining acceptance within the oncology community. New treatments were progressively introduced, targeting specific features of NETs (such as tumor vascularization or expression of specific receptors), and achieving significant qualitative changes within tumors, although associated with minimal or paradoxical effects on tumor size. Several alternative criteria, adapted from those used in other cancer types and focusing on tumor viability, the slow growth of NETs, or refining the existing size-based RECIST criteria, have been proposed in NETs. This review article aims to describe and discuss the optimal utilization of CT and MRI for assessing the response of NETs to treatment; it provides a comprehensive overview of established and emerging criteria for evaluating tumor response, along with comparative analyses. Molecular imaging will not be addressed here and is covered in a dedicated article within this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanowires have been deposited on 100nm SiO 2 /Si substrates and SnO 2 and ZnO single nanowire devices have been fabricated by electron beam lithography technique. Gas sensing tests have been carried out, in order to detect ammonia, CO and NO 2 under standard humidity conditions. The devices have been also tested in either dark condition or exposed to ultraviolet light at room temperature. SnO 2 nanowires are able to detect ammonia at concentration of the order of few ppm also in dark conditions, they are sensitive to NO 2 and cannot detect CO. ZnO devices show good sensitivity to 5ppm of ammonia in 30% relative humidity atmosphere. The samples have been mounted on a TO-39 case in a field effect transistor configuration in order to study the influence of the back-gate voltage on the single nanowire devices gas sensing performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide nanowires were synthetized by thermal oxidation in vacuum, using a custom tubular furnace, adding niobium in the growth process to evaluate the influence of niobium in the conductometric response towards hydrogen gas. Samples were characterized by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, to confirm the crystalline structure of the material. The conductometric response of fabricated sensors was evaluated towards hydrogen gas. The addition of small percentage of niobium during the synthesis enhance the hydrogen sensing performance of the devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work Graphene Oxide (GO) and SnO 2 nanowires (NWs) composite sensing performance were studied. Single crystal SnO 2 NWs were directly grown by thermal evaporation method and GO was successfully synthesized using modified Hummers method. RF magnetron sputtered Pt particles were used as a catalyst for the growth of SnO 2 NWs. Drop cast technique was used to deposited GO on top of the SnO 2 NWs. FE-SEM (LEO 1525) was used to investigate the morphology of SnO 2 NWs and GO. Fabricated sensors were tested towards various concentration of H 2 at different working temperatures. This GO/SnO 2 hybrid sensors show a reversible response to H 2 at low operating temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanostructures were grown directly on the sensitive area of the transducer. A titanium thin film was deposited on 2 · 2 mm 2 alumina substrates by RF magnetron sputtering and hydrothermal method was used to achieve TiO 2 . This method is characterized by the use of different solutions (KOH, NaOH), a not stirred pressure reactor and a heating system. As-prepared samples require an acid treatment followed by a calcination step to obtain pure TiO 2 nanostructures. The nanostructured morphology was confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and their structural properties were investigated by RAMAN spectroscopy. Obtained samples were used as gas sensors, and their behaviour towards several gaseous species was analysed in a wide range of working temperatures. Measurements were carried out in a test chamber, investigating the change in the electrical conductance due to the surrounding atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical interface between p and n-types semiconducting materials known as p-n junction or heterojunction represents the key technology in many electronic and optoelectronic devices such as gas sensors. In this work we are presenting a novel method for the growth of NiO/ZnO (NWs) based heterostructures with vapor phase mechanism and their preliminary sensing study for acetone. To fabricate the NiO/ZnO NWs heterostructures, firstly NiO nanowires were grown on alumina substrates with Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) method and then Vapor-Solid (VS) method was used for the growth of ZnO nanowires on as grown NiO nanowires. The surface morphology of NiO nanowires and NiO/ZnO heterostructures were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Raman spectroscopy has also been used for the structural characterization of heterostructures. A set of conductromertric sensing devices based on NiO/ZnO heterostructures have been prepared. The preliminary sensing performance of NiO/ZnO NWs heterostructure devices towards acetone at temperature of 400°C is reported in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines organizational learning through a multilevel network lens. We assess how interpersonal knowledge transfer is sustained by the organizational structure of interunit work-flow ties and by the level of specialism of the connected units. To do this, we apply Multilevel Exponential Random Graph Models on data collected in a multiunit government institution in Italy. Results indicate that our approach allows simplifying and better understanding of organizational learning. Units are more likely to retain knowledge transfer ties within their boundaries. Unit boundary-spanning tends to occur only when knowledge transfer ties are sustained by hierarchical interunit work-flow ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, nickel oxide (NiO) nanowires have been synthesized on alumina substrate by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and were tested for alcohol sensing. RF magnetron sputtered gold particles were used as catalyst for the growth of NiO nanowires. Nanowire surface morphology was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Afterwards, a set of conductromertric sensing devices were prepared and mounted on TO packages using electro-soldered gold wires. The response of prepared sensors towards different gases such as acetone and ethanol was measured. The dynamic sensing phenomena and the calibration curves of NiO nanowire sensors exposed towards these gases were also studied in detail. The optimal working temperature of the sensors were found to be 500 °C for both the gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten trioxide nanowires, nickel oxide nanowires and niobium oxide nanostructures weresynthesized by thermal oxidation, vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and hydrothermal method,respectively. Alumina (2 · 2 mm 2 ) substrates were used for growth of the different metal oxidesnanostructures. Thin films of tungsten or niobium are used as source material for WO 3 and Nb 2 O 5 . Anultrathin film of gold was deposited on alumina as catalyst for NiO. All these materials were depositedby RF magnetron sputtering. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope andthe functional properties of these structures were tested towards several gaseous species at differentworking temperatures. The results obtained show that these sensing materials have similarperformances considering the different n- and p-type semiconductors behaviour. Tungstentrioxide (WO 3 ) nanowires, nickel oxide (NiO) nanowires and niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) nanostructures were synthesized by thermal oxidation, vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and hydrothermal method, respectively. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope and the functional properties of these structures as gas sensors were tested for several gaseous species at different working temperatures. In this work a comparison between the sensitivity of these devices towards acetone is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of tungsten and niobium (WNb) were the starting point for the growth of metal oxide nanowires. RF Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit a layer of 100 nm on 2 · 2 mm 2 alumina substrates. Prepared samples were thermally oxidized to obtain the growth of nanostructures whose morphology was investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Structural properties of these nanostructures were investigated by RAMAN spectroscopy. Functional characterization was carried out using a homemade test chamber. Interdigitated contacts and heating elements were deposited by DC Magnetron sputtering, and samples were bonded to TO packages thanks to gold wires. The gas sensing properties of samples were analyzed in a wide range of working temperatures for different target gases in order to verify the best working condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work is illustrated the potentiality use of a Nanowire (Nw) MOS sensor array to be use as tool to monitor the human skin microbiota in order to identify quantitative and qualitative changes. Tree different blends of microorganisms grown in artificial sweat have been tested. Classical techniques, like GC-MS with SPME, have been performed as well, in order to have a multidisciplinary approach and consistent data set. The obtained results show the ability of the NW technology to discriminate between the different blends of microorganisms and to follow up the development of the growth inside the blends during the analysis. The previous results have been confirmed by GC-MS with SPME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide nanowires (NWs) were successfully deposited on the membrane of micro hotplates (ams, Germany) by a very simple and scalable thermal oxidation technique. Synthetized nanostructures were morphologically investigated by mean of a FE-SEM (LEO 1525) and the structure was analysed by X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Micro hotplates were mounted on standard TO packages by gold wires by electro soldering in order to fabricate a batch of sensing devices. The performances of the fabricated devices were tested towards some chemical compounds of interest (NO 2 , Acetone, Ethanol and CO). Firstly a temperature screening was performed, to identify the optimal working temperature in presence of each target compound. Moreover, calibration curves were obtained, and the influence of humidity was taken into account for NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide nanowires (NWs) were successfully deposited on the membrane of micro hotplates (ams, Germany) by a very simple and scalable thermal oxidation technique. Synthetized nanostructures were morphologically investigated by mean of a FE-SEM (LEO 1525) and the structure was analysed by X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Micro hotplates were mounted on standard TO packages by gold wires by electro soldering in order to fabricate a batch of sensing devices. The performances of the fabricated devices were tested towards some chemical compounds of interest (NO 2 , Acetone, Ethanol and CO). Firstly a temperature screening was performed, to identify the optimal working temperature in presence of each target compound. Moreover, calibration curves were obtained, and the influence of humidity was taken into account for NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, nickel oxide (NiO) nanowires have been synthesized on alumina substrate by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and were tested for alcohol sensing. RF magnetron sputtered gold particles were used as catalyst for the growth of NiO nanowires. Nanowire surface morphology was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Afterwards, a set of conductromertric sensing devices were prepared and mounted on TO packages using electro-soldered gold wires. The response of prepared sensors towards different gases such as acetone and ethanol was measured. The dynamic sensing phenomena and the calibration curves of NiO nanowire sensors exposed towards these gases were also studied in detail. The optimal working temperature of the sensors were found to be 500 °C for both the gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of tungsten and niobium (WNb) were the starting point for the growth of metal oxide nanowires. RF Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit a layer of 100 nm on 2 · 2 mm 2 alumina substrates. Prepared samples were thermally oxidized to obtain the growth of nanostructures whose morphology was investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Structural properties of these nanostructures were investigated by RAMAN spectroscopy. Functional characterization was carried out using a homemade test chamber. Interdigitated contacts and heating elements were deposited by DC Magnetron sputtering, and samples were bonded to TO packages thanks to gold wires. The gas sensing properties of samples were analyzed in a wide range of working temperatures for different target gases in order to verify the best working condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work is illustrated the potentiality use of a Nanowire (Nw) MOS sensor array to be use as tool to monitor the human skin microbiota in order to identify quantitative and qualitative changes. Tree different blends of microorganisms grown in artificial sweat have been tested. Classical techniques, like GC-MS with SPME, have been performed as well, in order to have a multidisciplinary approach and consistent data set. The obtained results show the ability of the NW technology to discriminate between the different blends of microorganisms and to follow up the development of the growth inside the blends during the analysis. The previous results have been confirmed by GC-MS with SPME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten trioxide nanowires, nickel oxide nanowires and niobium oxide nanostructures weresynthesized by thermal oxidation, vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and hydrothermal method,respectively. Alumina (2 · 2 mm 2 ) substrates were used for growth of the different metal oxidesnanostructures. Thin films of tungsten or niobium are used as source material for WO 3 and Nb 2 O 5 . Anultrathin film of gold was deposited on alumina as catalyst for NiO. All these materials were depositedby RF magnetron sputtering. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope andthe functional properties of these structures were tested towards several gaseous species at differentworking temperatures. The results obtained show that these sensing materials have similarperformances considering the different n- and p-type semiconductors behaviour. Tungstentrioxide (WO 3 ) nanowires, nickel oxide (NiO) nanowires and niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) nanostructures were synthesized by thermal oxidation, vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) technique and hydrothermal method, respectively. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope and the functional properties of these structures as gas sensors were tested for several gaseous species at different working temperatures. In this work a comparison between the sensitivity of these devices towards acetone is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This case-matched study aimed to assess the feasibility and the potential benefits of placement of a prophylactic bioprosthetic collagen porcine mesh during closure of the temporary ileostomy after total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods From September 2012 to March 2013, 30 consecutive patients underwent placement of a retromuscular bioprosthetic mesh in the abdominal wall during closure of a diverting ileostomy after sphincter-saving laparoscopic TME for rectal cancer (mesh group). These 30 patients were matched individually to all identical patients who underwent a closure of the ileostomy without mesh after laparoscopic TME extracted from our prospective database (control group). The matching process was performed according to sex, age, body mass index, medically treated diabetes mellitus, neoadjuvant radiotherapy, and the delay between TME and closure of the ileostomy. The primary endpoint was stoma site incisional hernia, assessed in a blinded fashion by CT 1 year later. Results Mesh placement was feasible in all mesh group patients. There was no postoperative mortality. Overall postoperative morbidity rates were similar between mesh and control groups ( n = 5 [17%] vs n = 7 [11%], respectively; P = .512). On the 1-year CT, incisional hernia at the site of stomal closure was less in the mesh group ( n = 1) compared with the control group ( n = 12; P = .043). Reoperation for incisional hernia at the site of stomal closure was performed in 8 patients (13%) in the control group, whereas no patient from the mesh group required repair of the hernia ( P = .052). Conclusion Placement of a bioprosthetic collagen porcine mesh during closure of the temporary ileostomy after laparoscopic TME for rectal cancer seems to decrease the chance of hernia formation at the stoma site, at least at the 1-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As significant impacts of climate change are increasingly considered unavoidable, adaptation has become a policy priority. It is generally agreed that science is important for the adaptation process but specific guidance on how and to what degree science should contribute and be embedded in this process is still limited which is at odds with the high demand for science contributions to climate adaptation by international organizations, national governments and others. Here we present and analyze experiences from the tropical Andes based on a recent science-policy process on the national and supra-national government level. During this process a framework for the science contribution in climate adaptation has been developed; it consists of three stages, including (1) the framing and problem definition, (2) the scientific assessment of climate, impacts, vulnerabilities and risks, and (3) the evaluation of adaptation options and their implementation. A large amount of methods has been analyzed for stage (2), and a number of major climate adaptation projects in the region assessed for (3). Our study underlines the importance of joint problem framing among various scientific and non-scientific actors, definition of socio-environmental systems, time frames, and a more intense interaction of social and physical climate and impact sciences. Scientifically, the scarcity of environmental, social and economic data in regions like the Andes continue to represent a limitation to adaptation, and further investments into coordinated socio-environmental monitoring, data availability and sharing are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the development of surface ionization gas sensors based on copper oxide (CuO). CuO nanowires were prepared by thermal oxidation starting from a thin film of metallic copper deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. In addition to the well-known conductimetric sensors, we have developed another kind of device depending upon a different sensing mechanism, namely surface ionization (SI). SI phenomenon involves ions formed by the adsorption of gas molecules on heated solid surface, the electron transfer from the adsorbed species to the electrode surface and the extraction of the ion adsorbates into free space by an external electrical field. Our preliminary results show that humidity plays an important role in the ions formation and so in sensors performance. For this reason we have done a systematic study on the interaction mechanism of target molecules with hydroxyl groups adsorbates on CuO surface, explaining the experimental results in terms of acidity/basicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of Kelvin Probe (KP) surface work function analysis of p-type CuO thin films to its nanowires is presented. Thin films were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering and nanowires were grown by thermal oxidation of grown thin films. The structural characterization was carried out by SEM and micro-Raman spectrophotometry. Finally, Surface work function variations of both materials were recorded while exposing them to some oxidizing and reducing gases, looking for a comparison between their gas sensing performances. The collected results were analyzed and compared to improve our understanding about sensing mechanisms involved in these kinds of p-type materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niobium oxide nanostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from niobium films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on 2 × 2 mm 2 alumina substrates. The samples were firstly treated with a KOH solution and with HNO 3 , and then annealed to obtain the Nb 2 O 5 nanostructures. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the samples, while RAMAN spectroscopy was used to analyse their structural properties. In order to study the functional properties of the material, electrical contacts and heating elements were deposited over the substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. The as-prepared samples were mounted on TO packages using gold wires. Afterwards, functional tests were performed in a test chamber to investigate their electrical conductance variation as a function of the surrounding atmosphere and thus the sensitivity to different gaseous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of surveillance of the water supplies carry out a lot of epidemic issues supplies in developing countries ending in loss of human lives every year, being children the most affected age range. The aim of this study was surveying the microbial quality of water through the Electronic Nose (EN). The novel EN used in this study is equipped with an array of chemical gas sensor composed by 6 MOS (Metal oxide sensor), two of them fabricated using nanowire technology. This sensors array allows enhancing the threshold of the instrument in the detection of compounds in low concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide nanowires have been synthetized by a simple thermal oxidation route in an oxygen atmosphere, at low vacuum pressure. The morphology of the nanostructures was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical sensors were fabricated using tungsten oxide nanowires as active layer, directly deposited on the transducer. Gas sensing performances were evaluated towards some target chemical species (CO, NO2, NH3, Acetone, Ethanol). Firstly, a temperature screening was performed in presence of a fixed gas concentration, to determine the optimal working temperature of the sensors. Then, calibration curves for some chemical species were estimated. The influence of relative humidity was taken into account. Fabricated devices seem very promising for the detection of ammonia and carbon monoxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the industry of coffee, to obtain a cup of coffee with a balanced aroma, every step in the coffee production chain is crucial; one of the most important steps is the roasting process. The roasted coffee is one of the most difficult food matrixes for the complexity of the aroma (VOCs). The aim of this study was to monitor different roasting processes using a novel electronic nose, equipped with an array of MOX gas sensors based on thin films as well as nanowires, in parallel with classical colorimetric techniques to define the homogeneity of the final coffee samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The intragastric balloon has been reported to be a safe and effective tool for temporary weight loss. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the possible predictive role of intragastric balloon when used before laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Methods: A longitudinal multicenter study was conducted in patients with body mass index (BMI)>35 kg/m2 who underwent gastric banding with the BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB). After balloon removal (6 mo), patients were allocated into 2 group according to their percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL): group>25 (%EWL>25%) and group<25 (%EWL<25%). Patients from both group underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) 1–3 months after BIB removal. The LAP-BAND AP band was placed in all patients via pars flaccida. Weight loss parameters were considered in both groups. Results: From January 2005 to December 2009, 1357 patients were enrolled in this study. Mean BMI at time of BIB positioning was 44.9±8.4 (range 29–82.5). After 6 months, at time of removal, mean BMI was 39.4±7.3. According to the cutoff, patients were allocated into group A (n = 699) and group B (n = 658). At this time the mean BMI was 36.4±6.4 and 42.7±6.9 (P = .001) in groups A and B, respectively. At 1-year follow-up from LAGB, mean BMI was 35.8±6.5 and 40.0±7.4 (P<.001) in groups A and B, respectively. This significant difference was confirmed at 3- and 5-year follow-ups. A similar pattern was observed with the %EWL. Conclusion: Satisfactory results with BIB are predictive of a positive outcome of LASB at 1, 3, and 5 years after the procedure, and poor results do not inevitably indicate a negative outcome for gastric banding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: A pathologic complete response (pCR) can be observed in up to 25% of patients after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer and is associated with an improved long-term prognosis. However, few data are available regarding the effect of pCR on postoperative morbidity. This study aimed to assess the impact of the pCR on postoperative outcomes after laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME). Methods: A prospectively maintained database (2006−2011) was reviewed for all consecutive patients (n = 143) undergoing laparoscopic TME for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Postoperative data were compared for pCR-group and non-pCR-group. A pCR was defined as the absence of gross and microscopic tumor in the specimen, irrespective of the nodal status (ypT0). Results: Thirty-three patients (23%) had a pCR. Median operating time was greatly shorter in the pCR-group (230 minutes, 180−360), compared with the non-pCR-group (240 minutes, 130−420, P = .02). Lymph node involvement was noted for 12% of the patients in the pCR-group and 33% of the patients in the non-pCR-group (P = .91). Clavien Dindo grade 3 and 4 complications (6% vs 22%, P = .04), infection related morbidity (47% vs 76%, P = .04), and clinical anastomotic leakage rates (9% vs 29%, P = .02) were lesser in the pCR group compared with the non-pCR group. Mean duration of hospital stay was lesser in the pCR-group (9 vs 12 days, P = .01). Conclusion: This study showed that Clavien Dindo grade 3 and 4 complications, including anastomosis leakage, and infection related complications rates were lesser in patients with pathologic complete response after RCT and laparoscopic TME for rectal cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The efficacy of colorectal cancer screening based on faecal immunochemical test, in terms of reduction of colorectal cancer incidence, is under debate. In the district of Florence, an organized screening programme based on faecal immunochemical test has been running since the early 1990s. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of developing colorectal cancer for subjects undergoing faecal immunochemical test with those who did not undergo the test in the same period. Methods: Two cohorts were analyzed: subjects who underwent an initial faecal immunochemical test between 1993 and 1999 (“attenders”), and unscreened residents in the same municipalities invited to perform the faecal immunochemical test in the same period (“non-attenders”). Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Results: The attenders’ and non-attenders’ cohorts included 6961 and 26,285 subjects, respectively. Cox analysis showed a reduction in colorectal cancer incidence of 22% in the attenders’ compared to the non-attenders’ cohort (hazard ratio=0.78, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.65–0.93). Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that screening based on a single faecal immunochemical test every 2 years produces a significant decrease in colorectal cancer incidence after an average follow-up observation period of 11 years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Refusal of colonoscopy is a drawback of colorectal cancer screening programmes based on faecal occult blood test. Computed-tomographic-colonography is generally more accepted than colonoscopy. Aim: To compare adherence to computed-tomographic-colonography and second-invitation colonoscopy in subjects with positive faecal test refusing colonoscopy. Methods: We performed a prospective study in 198 subjects with positive faecal test who refused first referral to colonoscopy in one endoscopy service of the Florence screening programme. Subjects were randomly invited to computed-tomographic-colonography (n =100) or re-invited to colonoscopy (n =98). Mail invitation was followed by a questionnaire administered by phone. Computed-tomographic-colonography findings were verified with colonoscopy. Results: 32 subjects could not be reached, 71 (35.9%) had undergone colonoscopy on their own; 4 were excluded for contraindications; 30/48 (62.5%) in the computed-tomographic-colonography arm and 11/43 (25.6%) in the colonoscopy arm accepted the proposed examinations (p <0.001). Four advanced adenomas and 1 cancer were found in the 28 subjects who ultimately underwent computed-tomographic-colonography and 2 advanced adenomas and 2 cancers in the 9 subjects who ultimately underwent second-invitation colonoscopy. Conclusion: Subjects with positive faecal occult blood test refusing colonoscopy show a higher adherence to computed-tomographic-colonography than to second invitation colonoscopy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Zinc oxides (ZnO) nanowires were successfully deposited on plastic low-power micro-hotplates using the thermal oxidation technique. Metallic zinc layer was deposited on the sensing transducer by RF magnetron sputtering and then oxidized in a controlled atmosphere in order to obtain ZnO nanostructures. Morphological investigations confirmed the nanometric dimensions of the fabricated nanostructures. The n-type behavior of the nanostructured material was evaluated towards different chemical species to highlight the electrical properties of the materials. Calibration curves for the detection of several chemical species were defined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study metal oxide nanowires were grown by thermal oxidation of metallic thin layer deposited by sputtering on alumina and silicon substrates. Both n-type (ZnO) and p-type (CuO) nanowires were grown. Mat-based conductometric chemical sensing devices were successfully prepared, and their sensing response was evaluated towards different chemical species, in order to highlight the electrical properties of the materials. Calibration curves for the detection of some target gases were estimated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A planar ThermoElectric Generator (TEG) containing five thermocouples based on nanostructured metal-oxide elements wired electrically in series and thermally in parallel has been designed and fabricated. The thermoelectric elements consist of ZnO (n-type) and CuO (p-type) bundles of quasi-monodimensional nanowires deposited utilizing shadow masks. The TEG has been experimentally characterized, confirming feasibility of fabricating planar thermoelectric devices based on metal-oxide nanowires with the future aim to powering portable electronics and autonomous sensors and microsystems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Seebeck effect of ZnO nanowires has been investigated with the future aim of building thermoelectric devices based on nanowire arrays for energy harvesting and using them in low-power portable electronics and autonomous sensor systems. Quasi monodimensional (1D) ZnO nanowires have been deposited on alumina substrates according to the recently proposed thermal evaporation process, which involves Vapour-Phase and Vapour-Liquid-Phase growth mechanisms. The Seebeck coefficient of ZnO nanowires has been successfully measured with a purposely- developed experimental set-up, confirming that the ZnO nanowires exhibit high thermoelectric coefficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Copper oxide nanowires (NWs) were prepared grown by thermal oxidation of metallic Cu thin layer deposited by RF sputtering on various substrates. A strong relation between oxidation parameters and morphology has been detected, and thus optimal growth parameters were found. The preliminary response of this alternative p-type sensing material, using nanowire''s mat-based device, to various oxidizing and reducing target gases has been evaluated, in order to corroborate the functional properties of the CuO NWs as potential sensing material under certain conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: First degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients are at increased risk for the same disease. Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of familial risk and its association with the occurrence of pathological significant lesions in subjects with positive faecal occult blood testing leading to colonoscopy. Methods: Faecal occult blood testing is offered biennially to subjects aged 50–70. Subjects with a positive faecal test are invited to undergo colonoscopy. Familial history for colorectal cancer in subjects undergoing colonoscopy was routinely recorded. Results: From 1995 to 2009, 4833 screenees with positive faecal occult blood test undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled. Twelve percent reported a positive first degree family history. Multivariate analysis evidenced that the probability of detecting pathological significant lesions was statistically associated with age, gender, type of test, repeated or first screening, and having at least 1 first degree relative with colorectal cancer. Conclusions: Subjects attending colonoscopy reporting a positive first degree family history are at increased risk for pathologically significant lesions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rationale and Objectives: Percutaneous liver biopsy for tumors performed under local anesthesia is still a painful procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patient’s reaction and the analgesic efficacy and safety of an equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (EMONO) inhalation. Materials and Methods: A monocenter, prospective, randomized and double-blind controlled study was performed including 99 adult patients undergoing ultrasound controlled liver biopsy for tumors. 50 patients received an EMONO and 49 patients received a placebo. Pain was evaluated by patients before and after the procedure using a Visual Analog Scale. Results: Analgesic control, defined by the difference between the final and initial VAS scores (Δ), was significantly better in the EMONO group than in the placebo group (Δ = 17.8 ± 25.5 mm vs 30.1 ± 32.6 mm; P = .045. The number of patients who would agree to undergo another liver biopsy under the same conditions was significantly higher in the EMONO group than the placebo group (92.0% vs 75.5%, P = .026). There were no side-effects from the administration of an EMONO. Conclusion: This study shows that patients receiving an EMONO had a higher analgesic control after percutaneous biopsy of focal liver lesions than patients in the placebo group. Moreover, acceptance of additional biopsies was higher in the EMONO group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Copper oxide nanowires have been successfully prepared by vapor phase transport technique. The deposition conditions strongly influence the morphology of the nanostructures and in turn their electrical and functional properties. Micro-structural investigation and analysis of the electrical properties were performed together with electrical and functional characterization. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the high crystalline properties and elemental composition of copper oxide nanostructure. P-type semiconductor and sensing behavior has been proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Technologies related to identity recognition have found widespread application in the last years; among these, face recognition is one of the most promising and probably the most studied. The main goal of this work is to verify if it is possible to obtain a reliable identification of people, starting from a few 3D measurements of the face shape. To this purpose, an algorithm of face recognition based only on the 3D localization of some significant points of the face, starting from a pair of stereoscopic photographs, was developed and applied on a 51 people database. The localization of these landmarks is carried out manually: the goal of the work is the evaluation of the reliability of a few-point based algorithm, not its automation. The obtained results show a recognition percentage grater than 90%, an encouraging outcome for a preliminary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents an innovative facial recognition algorithm: a stereoscopic calibrated system acquires two images of a subject that are then separately analyzed by an active appearance model code which extracts from each of them 58 homologous points. The triangulation of these points allows the construction of a three-dimensional mask of the face of the individual. This mask is then compared against a database of reference masks. The obtained results are encouraging: preliminary tests on a limited database showed a false rejection rate identically equal to zero and a false acceptance rate of about 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Colonoscopy is a safe and routinely performed diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for colorectal diseases. Although bleeding and perforation are most common complications, extra colonic or visceral injuries have been described. Splenic rupture is rare with few cases reported in current literature. Presentation of case We report the case of a 73-year old man who presented to surgical consultation 50 h after colonoscopy. Clinical, laboratory and imaging findings were suggestive for haemoperitoneum. At surgery an almost complete splenic disruption was evident and urgent splenectomy was performed. Discussion Splenic injury following colonoscopy is exceptional, probably related to instrumental looping with excessive traction on the splenocolic ligament. In patients with an early presentation a sudden onset of symptoms is the rule. By contrast a delayed presentation (>48 h) is nonspecific and subtle with arduous diagnosis. Conclusion Awareness of this potential complication, high level of suspicion and prompt treatment are at the basis of better outcomes in such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with digestive endocrine tumors (DET) and liver metastases (LM) surgical resection is the only curative treatment. However, 5-year recurrence occurs in 50–80% of patients in the literature. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) is unknown. Aim: To assess the safety and the efficacy of systemic adjuvant CT with streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) following LM resection in patients with DET. Patients and Methods: Between 1996 and 2006, 52 consecutive patients (23 males, median age 54 years [21–69]) underwent surgery for LM of well-differentiated DET in our center. The primary tumor was resected. After R0 resection of LM, patients were considered for adjuvant CT if the primary tumor was pancreatic, if LM was ≥10, or if the patient was <50 years old, in patients with other primary tumors. Twenty-nine patients received adjuvant CT and 23 were in the observation group. Adjuvant CT included 4 postoperative courses of i.v. streptozotocin–5-FU (500 and 400 mg/m2, respectively, daily for 5 days every 42 days). RFS, OS and toxicity were evaluated. Log rank and chi-square analysis were used to identify prognostic factors. Results: Median post-operative follow-up was 47 months (4–162). In the adjuvant CT group, all patients except one received the 4 cycles. Two patients had grade 3–4 toxicity, including 1 febrile neutropenia resulting in death. Recurrence occurred in 43% and 65% of patients in the observation and adjuvant CT groups, respectively. RFS at 3 and 5 years was 51% and 38% in the observation group and 40% and 20% in the adjuvant CT group, respectively (P = .36). In univariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors associated with RFS were the number of LM (≥10) and synchronous LM. Administration of adjuvant CT was not correlated with RFS. OS at 3 and 5 years was 90% and 76% in the observation group and 96% and 96% in the adjuvant CT group, respectively (P = .58). Conclusion: RFS in patients receiving adjuvant CT was similar to that reported in the observation group and in historical cohorts without adjuvant CT. Thus, administration of streptozotocin–5-FU cannot be recommended in this indication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]