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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sweat dermatitis is an irritant inflammatory dermatosis commonly encountered in tropics during summers. Profuse sweating triggered by high heat index, friction, clothing, outdoor activities, military training, overcrowding, prolonged working in ill-ventilated places, etc., are responsible or this dermatitis. Aim was to study the clinical, dermoscopic, vapometric, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings in sweat dermatitis. Twenty-five patients of sweat dermatitis attending out-patient department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital, were recruited over a period of three months (June to August 2022). A detailed history was followed by dermatological examination, dermoscopy, vapometry, histopathology, and IHC studies. Twenty-five patients were included in the study. There was male preponderance with male: female ratio of 2.1:1. The mean age of patients was 30.36 years. Dermatological examination in all patients revealed brownish "parchment"-like, shiny "crinkled cellophane paper"-like patches over the entire upper back and shoulder region with areas of exfoliation. Dermoscopy revealed increased skin markings, deep brown pigmentary changes with superimposed whitish scales with islands of eroded skin, and prominent eccrine duct openings. Vapometric analysis revealed increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the affected area in 88% of patients. Histopathological examination showed features of spongiotic dermatitis. IHC with CK7 (cytoplasmic) highlighted the normal eccrine coils. Sweat dermatitis is common seasonal dermatoses in tropics, but it remains undiagnosed due to lack of awareness. This study aims to sensitize medical doctors and dermatologists about sweat dermatitis and prevention strategies that can be helpful in mitigating it. The study also discusses the role of investigative modalities, such as dermoscopy, vapometry, histopathology, and IHC, in sweat dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of frequency specific intramuscular electrical stimulation on post trigger point dry needling soreness. Dry needling (DN) with intramuscular electrical stimulation (DN/IMES) has been shown to be effective in reducing post needling soreness. The effect of frequency specific intramuscular electrical stimulation on post needling soreness has not been studied abundantly, but initial results are favorable. This study investigated the effect of frequency specific intramuscular electrical stimulation on post needling soreness. A convenience sample of 45 (α = 0.05, power = 95%) subjects was recruited for this study and randomly assigned to DN (n = 15), DN/IMES [f-2Hz] (n = 15) and DN/IMES [f-100Hz] (n = 15) groups. Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were measured before and 24 hours after the intervention. Both DN/IMES [f-2Hz and 100 Hz] groups showed statistically significant improvement in NPRS (p = 0.001 and 0.00005, respectively) and PPT (p = 0.004 and 0.0002, respectively). No statistically significant changes were observed in DN group in NPRS (p = 0.726) and PPT (p = 0.238). Both dry needling with Intramuscular electrical stimulation (DN/IMES [f-2Hz and 100Hz]) groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement in soreness as compared to DN group, but DN/IMES [f-100 Hz] group showed more significant improvement as compared to DN/IMES [f-2 Hz] group in reducing post needling soreness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unicystic ameloblastoma is a distinct entity of ameloblastoma characterized by slow growth and locally aggressive behavior. This retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of different treatment modalities of unicystic ameloblastoma, focusing on clinico-radiological and histopathological features. Data from patients diagnosed with unicystic ameloblastoma were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized into luminal and intraluminal (Group A) and mural (Group B) variants based on the Ackermann classification, which has a significant influence on their biological behavior, treatment approaches, and prognosis. Patients in Group A underwent enucleation with chemical cauterization, peripheral ostectomy, and iodoform packing, whereas those in Group B were treated with resection and reconstruction. Post-operatively, the patients were subjected to radiographic assessments via digital orthopantomogram at regular intervals. Because of the rarity of unicystic ameloblastoma, only 17 patients were included in the study (Group A: 9 patients; Group B: 8 patients), with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range: 1.4–11.8 years). The primary outcome measure was the absence of recurrence, which indicated treatment success. No patient in either group experienced recurrence within the follow-up period. This study provides evidence supporting the successful treatment of luminal and intraluminal variants of unicystic ameloblastoma in young individuals using a conservative approach. However, the more aggressive mural variant demonstrated favorable outcomes with radical treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of the Ackermann classification in guiding treatment decisions for unicystic ameloblastoma and contribute valuable insights into optimizing therapeutic strategies based on clinico-radiological and histopathological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arginine-vasopressin (AVP) hormone plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes, such as hormone secretion, cardiovascular modulation, and social behavior. Recent studies have highlighted the V1a receptor as a promising therapeutic target. In-depth insights into V1a receptor-related pathologies, attained through in vivo imaging and quantification in both peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS), could significantly advance the development of effective V1a inhibitors. To address this need, we develop a novel V1a-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) ligand, [18F]V1A-2303 ([18F] 8), which demonstrates favorable in vitro binding affinity and selectivity for the V1a receptor. Specific tracer binding in peripheral tissues was also confirmed through rigorous cell uptake studies, autoradiography, biodistribution assessments. Furthermore, [18F] 8 was employed in PET imaging and arterial blood sampling studies in healthy rhesus monkeys to assess its brain permeability and specificity, whole-body distribution, and kinetic properties. Our research indicated [18F] 8 as a valuable tool for noninvasively studying V1a receptors in peripheral organs, and as a foundational element for the development of next-generation, brain-penetrant ligands specifically designed for the CNS. This work described the synthesis and evaluation of a novel 18F-labeled vasopressin 1a receptor PET ligand, which showed peripheral binding specificity and could cross the blood‒brain barrier in non-human primates. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing interest in how conversational agents might improve health care delivery and information dissemination, there is limited research assessing the quality of health information provided by these technologies, especially in orthognathic surgery (OGS). This study aimed to measure and compare the quality of four virtual assistants (VAs) in addressing the frequently asked questions about OGS. This in-silico cross-sectional study assessed the responses of a sample of four VAs through a standardized set of 10 questionnaires related to OGS. The independent variables were the four VAs. The four VAs tested were VA1: Alexa (Seattle, Washington), VA2: Google Assistant (Google Mountain View, California), VA3: Siri (Cupertino, California), and VA4: Bing (San Diego, California). The primary outcome variable was the quality of the answers generated by the four VAs. Four investigators (two orthodontists and two oral surgeons) assessed the quality of response of the four VAs through a standardized set of 10 questionnaires using a five-point modified Likert scale, with the lowest score (1) signifying the highest quality. The main outcome variables measured were the combined mean scores of the responses from each VA, and the secondary outcome assessed was the variability in responses among the different investigators. None. One-way analysis of variance was done to compare the average scores per question. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc analyses was done to compare the combined mean scores among the VAs, and the combined mean scores of all questions were evaluated to determine variability if any among different VA's responses to the investigators. Among the four VAs, VA4 (1.32 ± 0.57) had significantly the lowest (best) score, followed by VA2 (1.55 ± 0.78), VA1 (2.67 ± 1.49), and VA3 (3.52 ± 0.50) (P value <.001). There were no significant differences in how the VAs: VA3 (P value =.46), VA4 (P value =.45), and VA2 (P value =.44) responded to each of the investigators except VA1 (P value =.003). The VAs responded to the queries related to OGS, with VA4 displaying the best quality response, followed by VA2, VA1, and VA3. Technology companies and clinical organizations should partner for an intelligent VA with evidence-based responses specifically curated to educate patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergy between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and soil management in agriculture holds immense potential for sustainable practices and increased productivity. AI's capacity to analyse extensive data, along with Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning, allows precise monitoring of critical environmental factors crucial for optimal crop growth. By utilizing AI algorithms and IoT-collected data, farmers gain insights into soil health, guiding informed decisions on crop selection and resource allocation. However, challenges persist due to field variability, demanding adaptable AI solutions. Collaborative efforts are essential to tailor AI for diverse agricultural settings. AI also promises to enhance soil microbiota by studying microbiomes and recommending practices for healthier soils, contributing to sustainable agricultural systems aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter focus on the role of AI in various aspect of agricultural practices and how this tool can be used to enhance the beneficial soil microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to compare clinical efficacy of newly introduced PowerScope 2 appliance with Forsus FRD in the treatment of Skeletal Class II malocclusion. This randomized controlled trial studied 40 patients at two centers (20 patients at each center, divided into two groups of 10 patients each as Group 1: Forsus FRD and Group 2: PowerScope 2 appliance. The skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and airway changes were noted at T0 (pretreatment), T1 (preappliance therapy), and T2 (postappliance therapy). Acoustic Pharyngometry (Eccovision® Acoustic Pharyngometer) was done to ascertain changes in mean airway volume and area with both modalities noninvasively. Treatment duration and chairside time in appliance installation and removal were noted. Patient comfort was compared using a customized questionnaire survey. A significant change was observed in skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and airway parameters after treatment with both modalities (p -value <0.05 for all) with no significant intergroup difference (p -value >0.05). Chairside time spent in appliance insertion was significantly lower with PowerScope 2 appliance (10.33 min) as compared to the Forsus FRD appliance (18.28 min) (p -value <0.05). Visual Analogue Scale scores for parameters such as problems in mastication, problems in speech, and problems in oral hygiene maintenance were significantly lower with PowerScope 2 appliance as compared to the Forsus FRD appliance (p -value <0.05). Although both modalities are effective in the management of Class II malocclusion, the PowerScope 2 appliance scores better in terms of lesser chairside time in appliance installation and better patient comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry, pruritic skin. Several studies have described nocturnal increases in itching behavior, suggesting a role for the circadian rhythm in modulating symptom severity. However, the circadian rhythm of metabolites in the skin and serum of patients with AD is yet to be described. We sought to assess circadian patterns of skin and serum metabolism in patients with AD. Twelve patients with moderate to severe AD and 5 healthy volunteers were monitored for 28 hours in a controlled environment. Serum was collected every 2 hours and tape strips every 4 hours from both lesional and nonlesional skin in participants with AD and location-, sex-, and age-matched healthy skin of controls. We then performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis, examining the circadian peaks of metabolism in patients with AD. Distinct metabolic profiles were observed in AD versus control samples. When accounting for time of collection, the greatest differences in serum metabolic pathways were observed in arachidonic acid, steroid biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. We identified 42 circadian peaks in AD or control serum and 17 in the skin. Pathway enrichment and serum-skin metabolite correlation varied throughout the day. Differences were most evident in the late morning and immediately after sleep onset. Although limited by a small sample size and observational design, our findings suggest that accounting for sample collection time could improve biomarker detection studies in AD and highlight that metabolic changes may be associated with nocturnal differences in symptom severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To bridge the digital barrier between those with disabilities and those without impairments, several applications can be operated by brain signals. It highlights the importance of employing brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and mentions a specific system called the "Brain-Controlled Computer System" that can control a computer cursor and perform mouse actions using brain signals.. The system can control the cursor and provide mouse left/right click with brain signals using a low-cost Brainlink Lite device. Based on this system, we employed machine learning and deep learning methodologies to develop a system that classifies brain signals for cursor movement. The methodology involved gathering user input through surveys, interviews, and comparison studies, as well as utilizing pre-developed datasets collected using a mind sensor. We initially trained a model on a previous dataset, achieving approximately 70% accuracy. However, when applied to the new dataset, the accuracy dropped to 49%. To improve the results, we experimented with more complex models, including additional layers and a dropout layer to prevent overfitting. Despite these enhancements, the accuracy only reached a maximum of 52%. The research team collected a dataset tailored to their specific application. They made a groundbreaking discovery by applying a convolutional neural network (CNN), typically used for image analysis, to process continuous brainwave data. Despite this non-standard use, their hypothesis proved correct, with the CNN model achieving an impressive 80% accuracy in classifying brain signals for controlling a cursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent of pollution in areas near industrial activities and Yamuna River has increased tremendously and to determine the overall water quality status in these locations is utmost important. This paper presents a comprehensive study on assessing the water quality and gain insights into the overall water quality status in the vicinity of industries and along the Yamuna River in Delhi. To achieve this, water samples were collected from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the last eight years (2013-2021) and was converted into a machine-readable format to facilitate further analysis. These samples were analysed for several water quality parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrient levels, heavy metals, and other relevant pollutants. By understanding these factors, a deeper understanding of the pollution sources and their impact on water quality is gained. Time series methods are applied to forecast future trends and values of the water quality parameters. This allows for predicting potential changes in water quality over time. A remarkable accuracy of 93.6% is attained in predicting water quality values up to the present time. The analysis reveals that water quality in the NCR region falls below acceptable standards. However, there has been a marginal enhancement in the water quality at Khajori Paltoon (Location L3) post-COVID. To achieve a more significant improvement in water quality, it is imperative to implement new policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for model free gait recognition using supervised learning. The method involves utilizing gait entropy images (GEnIs) as features to represent gait information. These GEnI are generated by calculating entropy for individual pixels within silhouettes throughout a full gait cycle. To enhance the robustness of gait recognition, we introduce the inclusion of view angle information, which corresponds to the perspective from which the gait sequence is captured. This additional feature is combined with the GEnI in order to create a comprehensive representation. In scenarios such as real-time CCTV footage, the view angles are frequently unknown. To address this, we propose a two phase algorithm. In the first phase, we predict the view angle of a gait sequence. This prediction is achieved by training a random forest classifier. Once the predicted angle feature is obtained, it is integrated with the GEnI feature. Subsequently, in the second phase, another random forest classifier is trained for gait recognition based on this combined feature set. The capabilty of the proposed approach is assessed through experiments performed on public dataset CASIA-B. Experimental outcomes and comparison with the state-of-the-art provide substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of our approach. In a cross-walking scenario, we attain accuracies of 95.91% for regular walking, 62.21% for walking while carrying a bag, and 27.64% for walking while wearing a coat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent of pollution in areas near industrial activities and Yamuna River has increased tremendously and to determine the overall water quality status in these locations is utmost important. This paper presents a comprehensive study on assessing the water quality and gain insights into the overall water quality status in the vicinity of industries and along the Yamuna River in Delhi. To achieve this, water samples were collected from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the last eight years (2013-2021) and was converted into a machine-readable format to facilitate further analysis. These samples were analysed for several water quality parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrient levels, heavy metals, and other relevant pollutants. By understanding these factors, a deeper understanding of the pollution sources and their impact on water quality is gained. Time series methods are applied to forecast future trends and values of the water quality parameters. This allows for predicting potential changes in water quality over time. A remarkable accuracy of 93.6% is attained in predicting water quality values up to the present time. The analysis reveals that water quality in the NCR region falls below acceptable standards. However, there has been a marginal enhancement in the water quality at Khajori Paltoon (Location L3) post-COVID. To achieve a more significant improvement in water quality, it is imperative to implement new policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis leads to mandibular micrognathia that severely collapses the upper airway causing obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), resulting in deterioration and compromise in the quality of life (QoL) of patients. In this study, we aimed to calculate airway volume changes, apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), and improvement in quality of life before and after distraction osteogenesis (DO). Fourteen Patients with OSA secondary to TMJ ankylosis at a mean (SD) age of 17.5 (5.43) years were enrolled in this prospective study. Multivector mandibular distractors were used in all patients following the standard Ilizarov distraction protocol with a mean (SD) anteroposterior distraction of 16.21 (4.37) mm and a consolidation period of 116.92 (14.35) days. The patients were followed up for six months. A polysomnography test (PSG) was done to quantify AHI and a low-dose computed tomographic scan was done to calculate airway volume using Dolphin medical imaging software pre and post-DO. The QoL of the patients was calculated using the OSA-18 questionnaire. Results analysis depicted that the mean (SD) preoperative AHI was 51.44 (37.99)/h which was improved to 9.57 (9.74)/h (p = 0.001) after DO. Airway volume was calculated on Dolphin software before and after DO showed a significant improvement in airway volume by 121.12% (98.30)%. Similarly, the OSA-18 questionnaire showed significant improvement in QoL from severe to normal. This study suggested that DO increases the corpus length of the mandible, leading to an increment in airway volume, which improves the QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to delineate the randomness and imprecision in a single framework of time-sequential information, we proposed the notion of a time-sequential probabilistic fermatean hesitant set (TS-PFHS). Triangular time-sequential probabilistic fermatean hesitant number (Tr-TS-PFHN) is also initiated as a triangular version of TS-PFHS along with its fundamental operations and a ranking function. For the employment of our proposed set, we formulated a solid transportation problem (STP) with multiple objectives with TS-PFHS parameters for a sustainable green environment. Consequently, we proposed an algorithm by utilizing fuzzy programming (FP) and weighted sum technique (WST) to address proposed green transportation model. Additionally, to highlight the significance of the suggested technique, a numerical instance based on the transportation of electric vehicles in India is also investigated. Finally, conclusion along with the future prospects and limitations of the work done are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive use and abuse of antibiotics has given birth to drug-resistant bacteria and emergence of severe bacterial infections in people. Intriguingly, light activated antimicrobial activity i.e. antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has gained enhanced therapeutic potential and efficacy in killing the bacterial cells. Therefore, the present study investigates the efficacy of employing advanced nanocomposites for biocidal inhibition of bacterial growth through enhanced sterilization capabilities. Specifically, dopamine functionalized CuS NPs combined with carbon dots (CDs@Dop-CuS) were selected for their remarkable photodynamic potential when used in conjunction with methylene blue (MB). Comparative and synergistic application of Dop-CuS, CDs, and MB revealed the superior singlet oxygen generation potency of MB/CDs@Dop-CuS. Furthermore, the structural changes in the E. coli bacterial cells membrane were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy imaging, demonstrating superior inhibition rates of MB/CDs@Dop-CuS compared to MB alone under 660 nm irradiation. The commendable docking score and binding potential of CDs@Dop-CuS nanocomposites obtained via molecular docking simulations further validate their efficacy as photosensitizers against E. coli bacterial cells. Thus, this novel MB/CDs@Dop-CuS photosensitizer provides enhanced efficacy as an alternative to traditional antibiotic treatments, offering a superior disinfection for public utility services and addressing the growing issue of drug-resistant bacterial infections. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of CDs@Dop-CuS nanocomposite using one pot solvothermal approach. • CDs@Dop-CuS displayed photodynamic antibacterial activities against E. coli. • 0.91 % of bacteria cell viability was achieved with MB/CDs@Dop-CuS under light. • Molecular docking revealed effective binding potential for CDs@Dop-CuS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a fractional order fast terminal sliding mode control strategy is developed to address the trajectory tracking problem that arises when robot manipulators are subjected to uncertainties and external disturbances. A novel fractional order fast terminal sliding surface is proposed to achieve rapid finite time convergence and the explicit expression for the settling time is also formulated. To manage uncertainties, chattering phenomenon, singularities, large control gains, etc., a new fractional order fast terminal sliding mode control scheme is developed based on the proposed sliding surface. The radial basis function neural network is used in the proposed control strategy to approximate the nonlinearities and modeling errors of the robot dynamics in real time. The reconstruction error of neural network and upper bound on disturbances are handled by the adaptive compensator. The Lyapunov technique is used to examine the stability of the proposed control strategy. The proposed control technique improves the efficiency of the controller and allows for the asymptotic error convergence to occur in a finite amount of time. To compare the effectiveness of the proposed scheme to various existing control approaches, numerical simulation studies are also conducted. • A novel fractional-order fast terminal sliding surface is proposed. • A fractional-order FTSMC based scheme is proposed for control problem of robot manipulators. • The RBF neural network is used to handle the system's uncertainty. • Finite time convergence of the tracking errors and the stability of the system is analyzed by Lyapunov theory. • Numerical simulation studies are performed to show the effectiveness in a comparative manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, the aging population and the higher incidence of comorbid conditions have resulted in an ever-growing need for cardiac interventions. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of these interventions, associated with higher mortalities, chronic or end-stage kidney disease, readmission rates, and hospital and post-discharge costs. The AKI pathophysiology includes contrast-associated AKI, hemodynamic changes, cardiorenal syndrome, and atheroembolism. Preventive measures include limiting contrast media dose, optimizing hemodynamic conditions, and limiting exposure to other nephrotoxins. This review article outlines the current state-of-art knowledge regarding AKI pathophysiology, risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies in the peri-interventional period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination caused by human activities is a major threat to aquatic organisms. Therefore, a 28-day trial was designed to evaluate the hematological and histological changes in Labeo rohita exposed to chromium chloride. For this purpose, 240 fish (Labeo rohita) were randomly selected and divided into four groups. Three groups were treated with a sublethal waterborne concentration of chromium (37, 22, and 11 mgL−1); the fourth group was chromium-free control (0 mgL−1). Results demonstrated that noted values of hematological parameters, such as mean cell hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, platelets, and hemoglobin, were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in experimental groups compared with control, while mean cell volume and white blood cells were increased. On the 28th day, a decline was observed in white blood cell values. The severity of histological lesions in the liver, kidney, and gills increased as the concentration and duration of chromium exposure increased. No histological change was observed in the control (T 0), while T 1 showed more severe changes than T 2 and T 3. Those results suggest that long-term exposure to chromium chloride causes adverse effects on the hematology and histology of major carp, Labeo rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature is replete with various approaches for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), each with its own distinct advantages and disadvantages. None of these approaches, however, have been associated with superior operative outcomes. The purpose of this study was to measure the efficacy of three operative approaches to TMJ, namely superficial, subfascial, and deep subfascial approaches. The aim was to contrast selected intraoperative and postoperative outcomes among these surgical approaches. This was a prospective randomized clinical trial of subjects presenting to outpatient department. The primary predictor variables were three dissection planes of TMJ: Group-I (superficial), Group-II (subfascial), and Group-III (deep subfascial). The primary outcome variables were quality of surgical field employing fromme scale, dissection time in minutes, amount of blood loss in milliliters, and facial nerve function (FNF) using House-Brackmann scale. The secondary outcome variables were postoperative pain using visual-analog scale and swelling in millimeters measured on 1st, 3rd, and 7th postoperative days and quality of life using facial clinimetric evaluation questionnaire at 6-month follow-up. Age, gender, side, diagnosis, and type of surgery were the covariates. The data were analyzed using descriptive, comparative, and regression analysis. A P value of less than.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included thirty subjects (8 males and 22 females) with various TMJ disorders ranging in age from 8 years to 65 years (mean 27.83 ± 10.52). On evaluation of intraoperative parameters, subfascial approach had statistically significant superior quality of surgical field (Group-I: 1.90 ± 0.57; Group-II: 1.10 ± 0.32; Group-III: 1.40 ± 0.52; P value =.006), statistically significant shortest dissection time (Group-I: 18.30 ± 3.74 min; Group-II: 13.240 ± 1.96 min; Group-III: 16.20 ± 1.99 min; with P value =.03), and statistically significant lower amount of blood loss compared with other groups (Group-I: 92.40 ± 4.74 ml: Group-II: 82.30 ± 3.77 ml; Group-III: 84.60 ± 3.06 ml; P value<.001). On assessment of postoperative parameters, only FNF of temporal branch showed statistically significant difference from 24 hours till 3 months with better outcome in deep subfascial approach. Mean scores of FNF at 24 hours and 1-week (Group-I: 4.20 ± 2.39; Group-II: 2.40 ± 2.27; Group-III: 1.50 ± 1.58 P =.02) and 1-month and 3-month (Group-I: 2.70 ± 1.82; Group-II: 1.20 ± 0.63; Group-III: 1.00 ± 0.00 P =.04). The subfascial approach significantly improved intraoperative outcomes and deep subfascial approach was comparatively safe with fewer incidence of facial nerve injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biliary Atresia (BA), an obstructive cholangiopathy, is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation in children. Timely differentiation of BA from other causes of neonatal jaundice remains a challenge, yet is critical to improving outcomes. Clinical characteristics including demographics, age at jaundice presentation, age at hepatobiliary scintigraphy, age at surgery, severity of liver fibrosis, and native-liver survival were reviewed in infants with hyperbilirubinemia and suspected BA for this single center retrospective cohort study. We investigated the accuracy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy as well as elapsed time from jaundice presentation to diagnostic intervention. BA was suspected in 234 infants. BA was identified in 17% of infants with hepatobiliary scintigraphy and 72% of infants who underwent operative exploration without hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Elapsed time from jaundice presentation to Kasai Portoenterostomy (KPE) for BA patients was 2.1 x longer if hepatobiliary scintigraphy was obtained (p = 0.084). The mean age at KPE for this cohort was 66.8 days (n = 54) , with a significantly higher mean age at KPE (75.2 days) for infants who were later listed or underwent liver transplantation (p = 0.038). Histologically, the lowest liver fibrosis scores were seen in infants undergoing KPE <30 days old and worsened significantly with increased age (p < 0.001). Hepatobiliary scintigraphy compared to operative exploration for the diagnostic evaluation of infants with suspected BA introduces significant time delays to KPE but enables avoidance of surgery in some infants. The temporal pattern of worsening cholestatic liver injury from BA with each day of increased age highlights the importance of intervening as early as possible for the best prognosis. Retrospective study, Level of evidence: III. • What is currently known about this topic? o Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a non-invasive technique used to evaluate cholestatic infants. o The technical gold-standard to exclude the diagnosis of Biliary Atresia is operative exploration. • What new information is contained in this article? o Hepatobiliary scintigraphy compared to operative exploration for the diagnostic evaluation of cholestatic infants introduces significant time delays to biliary drainage surgery for infants with Biliary Atresia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-sized reinforcements improved the mechanical characteristics efficiently by promoting more implicit particle hardening mechanisms compared to micron-sized reinforcements. Nano-sized particles lessen the critical particle solidification velocity for swamp and thus offers better dispersal. In the present investigation, the friction stir processing (FSP) is utilized to produce AZ31/Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites at various tool rotation speeds (i.e., 900, 1200, and 1500 rpm) with an optimized 1.5% volume alumina (Al 2 O 3) reinforcement ratio. The mechanical and corrosion behavior of AZ31/Al 2 O 3 -developed nanocomposites was investigated and compared with that of the AZ31 base alloy. The AZ31 alloy experienced a comprehensive dynamic recrystallization during FSP, causing substantial grain refinement. Grain-size strengthening is the primary factor contributed to the enhancement in the strength of the fabricated nanocomposite. Tensile strength and yield strength values were lower than those for the base metal matrix, although an upward trend in both values has been observed with an increase in tool rotation speed. An 19.72% increase in hardness along with superior corrosion resistance was achieved compared to the base alloy at a tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm. The corrosion currents (Jcorr) of all samples dropped with increase in the rotational speed, in contrast to the corrosion potentials (Ecorr), which increased. The values of Jcorr of AZ31/Al 2 O 3 were 42.3%, 56.8%, and 65.5% lower than those of AZ31 alloy at the chosen rotating speeds of 900, 1200, and 1500 rpm, respectively. The corrosion behavior of friction stir processed nanocomposites have been addressed in this manuscript which has not been given sufficient attention in the existing literature. Further, this work offers an effective choice for the quality assurance of the FSP process of AZ31/Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites. The obtained results are relevant to the development of lightweight automobile and aerospace structures and components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is one of the most rapidly spreading arboviral infections in the world. Ultrasound is well established in abdomino-thoracic evaluation of patients with dengue infection. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ultrasound in predicting occurrence of severe infection in dengue patients and in predicting deterioration in patients with nonsevere dengue. The serologically proven dengue patients who reported to hospital during the study period were divided into three categories based on the dengue infection severity score. Ultrasound findings of abdomen and chest in these patients were noted in the initial, as well as follow-up scans and inferences drawn. 61% belonged to the category of Dengue Fever, 35% were in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever category, and 4% had Dengue Shock Syndrome. Positive ultrasound findings were seen to be significantly higher in patients with severe dengue. Logistic regression analysis revealed the presence of pericholecystic fluid to be significantly associated with the severe disease, while the presence of gall bladder wall edema, ascites, and any ultrasound finding were significantly associated with the disease progression. The odds of a patient with severe dengue having gall bladder wall edema, ascites, or any ultrasound finding were 2.74, 2.04, and 2.619 times, respectively. Our study indicates that positive findings on ultrasound are significantly higher in severe dengue and also that ultrasound can be reliably used to identify the patients with nonsevere dengue who are likely to progress to severe dengue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tuberculosis of the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a neonate is a rare entity. Undiagnosed/mismanaged tuberculosis can disseminate and be life-threatening to the patient. The purpose is to present a case of tubercular osteomyelitis of TMJ in a neonate with eleven years of follow-up. A one-and-a-half-month-old male neonate presented with a firm swelling in front of the left ear for the past 20 days. Ultrasound presented an avascular, hypoechoic lesion of 34*25*25mm. Irregular margins of underlying bone could suggest erosion. Aspiration revealed pus. ZN staining of pus revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After draining the pus, the patient underwent antitubercular therapy. He revisited at ten years of age with a complaint of asymmetry. Although the patient got cured of his tuberculosis, investigations rose to a diagnosis of condylar hypoplasia with ipsilateral coronoid enlargement. A distraction of the mandible improved facial symmetry. Although pus revealed the presence of Acid-fast bacilli, it is not evident until there is a significant bacterial load. Escalation of tests with higher sensitivity is needed to diagnose tubercular osteomyelitis of TMJ. Patients must be made aware of possible sequelae of tubercular osteomyelitis of TMJ and need appropriate management. Oblique osteotomy at the angle and distraction improves both horizontal and vertical components of the mandible and thus improves symmetry. To the best of the author's knowledge, the following is the first case of primary tuberculosis of TMJ in a neonate and with such an extended follow-up. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular disorders affect over 2.2 billion people globally, with glaucoma being a leading cause of blindness in India. Early detection of glaucoma is crucial as it gradually damages the optic nerve due to increased fluid pressure, leading to vision impairment. This study introduces an innovative approach for glaucoma detection and diagnosis, utilizing two-dimensional Fourier-Bessel series expansion-based empirical wavelet transforms (2D-FBSE-EWT) combined with a memristive crossbar array (MCA) model. The proposed method leverages deep learning and an ensemble EfficientNetb0 based technique to classify fundus images as either normal or glaucomatous. EfficientNetb0 outperforms compared to other convolutional neural networks (CNNs) such as ResNet50, AlexNet, and GoogleNet, making it the optimal choice for glaucoma classification. Initially, the dataset was processed using the integrated MCA with 2D-FBSE-EWT model, and the reconstructed images were used for further classification. The assessment parameters of the reconstructed images demonstrated high quality, with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 26.2346 dB and structural similarity index (SSIM) of 95.38 %. The proposed method achieved an impressive accuracy of 94.15 % using EfficientNetb0. Additionally, it enhanced accuracy and sensitivity by 32.14 % and 40.93 %, respectively, compared to the unprocessed dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the influence of dark matter halos on gravitational lensing produced by electrically charged, spherically symmetric black holes in the strong-field regime. This study delves into the strong gravitational lensing effects within the context of two significant dark matter models: the Universal Rotation Curve Model and the cold dark matter model. Initially, we derive the coefficients for the strong deflection limit and numerically analyze the substantial variations of the deflection angle. Additionally, we present graphical representations of these results. We find that the strong deflection angle, denoted as α D , increases with the rising charge parameter magnitude Q in presence of a dark matter halo. Furthermore, we examine the various astrophysical consequences of the compact objects M 8 7 ∗ and S g r A ∗ , as charged black holes, and compare results with those for other astrophysical black holes such as standard Reissner–Nordström (RN) and Schwarzschild black holes, via strong gravitational lensing observations. From our study, the observations point out that it may be possible to quantitatively differentiate and characterize charged black holes with dark matter halos from astrophysical black holes, such as the standard Reissner–Nordström and Schwarzschild black holes. Finally, We constrain the charge parameter Q with the observational data by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration for the supermassive black holes M 8 7 ∗ and S g r A ∗ . We constrain the charge parameter Q of the charged black holes with universal rotation curve dark matter halo as 0 ≤ | Q | ≤ 0. 366 M for M 8 7 ∗ , 0 ≤ | Q | ≤ 0. 586 M for S g r A ∗ . The charged black hole with cold dark matter halo can be constrained with 0 ≤ | Q | ≤ 0. 364 M for M 8 7 ∗ , and 0 ≤ | Q | ≤ 0. 584 M for S g r A ∗ . It suggests that such charged black holes with dark matter halo satisfy the Event Horizon Telescope constraints. These results suggest, in principle, that it could be possible to identify charged black holes with dark matter halo in the future fine observational campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate an anisotropic compact star's physical properties and stability in F (Q) gravity. The study focuses on the significance of F (Q) gravity on the structure and stability of compact star, considering non-perfect fluid. Buchdahl ansatz along with transformation used to solve the Einstein field equations. We investigate the physical parameters of the 4U1820-30 compact star using a static spherical metric in the interior region and a Schwarzschild (anti) de-sitter metric in the exterior region. We investigate the behaviour of energy density(ρ), radial pressure(p r), tangential pressure(p t), anisotropy(Δ), metric potentials, energy state parameter and energy requirements in the interior of the proposed stellar object. The equilibrium state of this star is analysed using the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff(TOV) equation and their stability is determined using the Necessary and physical existence requirements , causality condition, Harrison-Zeldovich-Novikov condition, the adiabatic index(Γ) method and Herrera cracking method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the astrophysical properties of an exact black hole solution obtained in Weyl geometric gravity theory from the simplest conformally invariant action, constructed from the square of the Weyl scalar and the strength of the Weyl vector only. The action is linearized in the Weyl scalar by introducing an auxiliary scalar field. In static spherical symmetry, this theory admits an exact black hole solution, which generalizes the standard Schwarzschild solution through the presence of two new terms in the metric, having a linear and a quadratic dependence on the radial coordinate. To test the astrophysical validity properties of the solution, we perform a detailed analysis of its lensing properties in the strong field regimes. In particular, we consider the shadow of the Weyl geometric black hole, and we obtain a first set of constraints on the solution parameters by using the observational data from the shadows of the M87* and Sgr A* supermassive black holes. As a second possibility of observationally testing the Weyl geometric black hole and constraining its free parameters, we consider the strong lensing in this geometry. We investigate in detail the basic strong lensing observables, including the angular position of the images, the angular separation, the relative magnification, the radii of the Einstein ring, and the relativistic time delay. For all these quantities, a comparison with the predictions of the standard Schwarzschild black hole solution is performed by using realistic astrophysical data. The obtained results may lead to the possibility of testing Weyl geometry, Weyl geometric gravity, and their effects at galactic and extragalactic levels by using the observational properties of the black hole solutions of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyometra is a rare condition characterized by pus accumulation in the uterine cavity primarily affecting postmenopausal women, with only a few cases reported in the pediatric population. A 7-year-old female with developmental delay was brought to the hospital in shock and having clinical signs of peritonitis. Her medical history included abdominal pain and pyuria for one week prior to presentation. The only other positive physical finding was that the hymen was imperforate. An erect abdominal X-ray revealed air under the diaphragm and an ultrasound (US) of the abdomen showed moderate ascites. She was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy. We found approximately 700 mL of purulent material. The examination of all abdominal organs revealed a perforation at the fundus of the uterus and extensive adhesions. We repaired the uterine wall and left a trans-abdominal drain in the uterine cavity. We also left a drain in the pelvis. We then closed the abdomen and did a hymenoplasty during which we drained 200 additional milliliters of purulent fluid. Cultures were positive for Acinetobacter species. She remained on tobramycin for 10 days. The drains were removed on the 2nd and 5th postoperative days. She was discharged home after an uneventful recovery and has been healthy on all postoperative visits. Female children with imperforate hymen are at risk for pyometra and uterine perforation. A perineal exam should be included in the work up of premenarchal females who present with peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Multi species Probiotics (MSP) of calf gut origin was encapsulated either with chitosan (ECMSP) or without chitosan (EMSP). Further, the probiotic was encapsulated and lyophilized (ELMSP) using three types of cryoprotectant solutions sucrose (ELMSP(S)), skim milk (ELMSP(SM)) and sucrose + skim milk combination (ELMSP (SSM)). The encapsulation yield was good and ranged from 75 % to 80 % for MSP products. These MSP products were stored at refrigeration temperature (4 °C), deep freeze and room temperature for 12 weeks. The shelf life (mean CFU) of encapsulated microcapsules was significantly better (P < 0.001) at the refrigeration temperature (9.44 Log 10 CFU/g) than deep freeze (7.42 Log 10 CFU/g) and room temperature (6.67 Log 10 CFU/g). At the end of the 12 weeks storage period, EMSP maintained 25.1 %, 49.6 % and 32.6 % viable counts at room temperature, refrigeration and deep freeze condition respectively. For the lyophilized-encapsulated MSP, the mean probiotic counts of ELMSP(S) and ELMSP (SSM) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher (9.62 Log 10 CFU/g) than those of ELMSP(SM) ((9.36 Log 10 CFU/g) at room temperature. At refrigeration temperature, the mean probiotic counts for ELMSP (SSM. (10.1 Log 10 CFU/g)) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than ELMSP(S, (9.97 Log 10 CFU/g) and ELMSP(SM, (9.86 Log 10 CFU/g). Further, a 12 weeks storage study for ELMSP (SSM) showed that the microcapsules stored at refrigeration temperature (4°C) showed only 6.4 % drop in viability which was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that of room temperature showing 15.3 % drop and deep freeze storage with 17.1 % drop in viability. It was appreciable that even at room temperature; there was only one log drop in the viability of MSP showing that it can be comfortably stored at room temperature for longer periods at field level. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines a recently hypothesized black hole. We study the Joule–Thomson coefficient, the inversion temperature and also the isenthalpic curves in the T i − P i plane. The Joule–Thomson coefficient, the inversion curves and the isenthalpic curves are discussed in AdS black holes surrounded by Chaplygin dark fluid. In T − P plane, the inversion temperature curves and isenthalpic curves are obtained with different parameters. Next, we explore the radial time-like geodesics that leads us to explore the tidal force effects for a radially in-falling particle in such black hole spacetime. We also numerically solve the geodesic deviation equation for two nearby radial geodesics for a freely falling particle. Our analysis shows that contrary to the Schwarzschild spacetime, the tidal forces do not become zero at spatial infinity due to the lack of asymptotic flatness because of the presence of a non-zero cosmological constant. The geodesic separation profile shows an oscillating trend and depends on the dynamic spacetime parameters q , B and Λ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the orbital and oscillatory motion of test particles in the vicinity of a non-commutative black hole submerged in perfect fluid dark matter and derive analytical solutions for the specific angular momentum and radial profiles of energy. Using the effective potential approach, we discuss the stability of circular orbits. Furthermore, we calculate the innermost stable circular orbits. The effective force acting on particles has also been discussed. We find the expressions for frequencies of radial and latitudinal harmonic oscillations as a function of the black hole mass and the model's parameters. The key features of quasi-periodic oscillations of test particles near the stable circular orbits in an equatorial plane of the black hole are discussed. Furthermore, Periastron precession has been discussed. We demonstrate that the parameters of the model have a strong influence on particle motion around black holes. By using the observational data of four different X-ray binary systems GRO J1655-40, XTE J1550-564, XTE J1859+226, and GRS 1915+105, within the scope of Monte Carlo Markov Chain, we constrain the involved parameters α and β. It is necessary to mention that our presented investigations through graphical behavior are viable with required physical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with the impacts of non-conserved gravitational theory on the physical behavior of three anisotropic compact stars. For this purpose, the metric of static spherically symmetric comprising the anisotropic matter composition is taken into account. To examine the various aspects of some particular compact star models, the Durgapal–Lake metric functions are considered. The unknown parameters involved in Durgapal–Lake metric functions are computed via matching constraints with observed data of masses and radii of three particular stellar objects. The obtained results are noted to be as accurate as possible in terms of physical viability. All the physical crucial parameters and characteristics are displayed graphically and these visuals depict the evaluated solutions that are consistent for three distinct stellar models. It is observed that the parameters occurring in the set of solutions have some valuable insights for these solutions. It is determined that the stars under consideration manifest stable structures corresponding to Durgapal–Lake metric potentials in this framework while they exhibit instability in the case of conservative theory, i.e., general relativity. Further, it is exhibited that for the theory factor equals to zero, the results of general relativity can also be observed graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate the physical behavior and stability of compact stars in F (Q) gravity. We employ the Buchdahl metric to examine the dynamics of a relativistic, newly charged, isotropic fluid model. The interplay between gravity and electromagnetism is included in the analysis of the system by taking into account the charged state of the fluid, providing insights into how charged fluids behave in gravitational theories. The exterior solution under Schwarzschild–de Sitter (dS) spacetime is linked to the interior solution at the boundary to identify the constants. It is important to note that the Buchdahl ansatz provides a mathematically viable solution for a given transformation in the context of electric charge when pressure and density are maximum in the center and monotonically fall towards the boundary. We have taken into account the compact star Her X-1 with M = (0. 85 ± 0. 15) M ⊙ ; Radius = 13. 2 6 − 1. 08 + 1. 08 km for graphical analysis. In the context of F (Q) , the physical acceptability of the model has been examined by looking at the required physical attributes, such as energy conditions, causality, hydrostatic equilibrium, pressure–density ratio, etc. that are satisfied throughout the stellar configuration. It is concluded that the present approach allows a suitable modeling of astrophysical compact objects in F (Q) gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the traversable wormhole solutions under the framework of F (R , T) gravity with R 2 formalism such that F (R , T) = ξ R 2 + R + ζ T , where R and T represents Ricci scalar and trace of energy–momentum tensor, ζ and ξ are arbitrary constants. We consider specific form of shape functions ℧ S (r) = e 1 − r r 0 cosh (r r 0 ) and ℧ S (r) = 1 r + log r r 0 to construct traversable wormhole solutions and analyze their physical properties. Our investigation delves into the exotic matter characteristics of these wormholes, examining their matter content relative to energy conditions through comprehensive analytical and graphical analysis. Stability analysis of these configurations is conducted using the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation. Additionally, we calculate the volume integral quantifier to determine the total amount of exotic matter required and analyze the active gravitational mass and complexity factor. Our findings indicate that, under specific conditions, the chosen shape functions facilitate stable and traversable wormhole solutions within the F (R , T) gravity framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the communities at highest risk due from climate change in Bangladesh are the agricultural and fishing communities of the river island chars, which have poor access to clean, affordable and reliable energy. In this work, we undertake a workshop with char communities to understand annual variance in energy usage resulting from diverse livelihoods and, in doing so, explore hybrid renewable energy systems to meet such demands, exploring options in floating solar and wind energy based on HOMER model. PVsyst is utilized to model the detailed floating and land-based PV system, separately. The two most notable differences between floating and land-based PV are the aging rate and albedo, which produce a 5.97 % and 5.15 % difference in energy generation, respectively. Thermal loss factor, mismatch loss, aging loss, floating capital cost, and soiling loss were modelled to explore the performance of floating photovoltaics leading to a 27 % reduction in levelized cost of electricity. • Comprehensive review of energy access, both for domestic and livelihoods, on river islands. • Livelihood energy demand profile developed through local community workshops. • PV system modelling via PVsyst to compare land PV and Floating PV • 27 % reduction in LCoE is found after adjustment analyses parameters of Floating PV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the elemental composition of sediment cores is essential for understanding environmental changes, including depositional variations, soil formation processes, and human influences. Such investigations offer insights into the biological, geochemical, and industrial impacts on sediment quality and the health of marine ecosystems. This study evaluates the pollution levels and their sources along the coast of Karachi, Pakistan, as well as the effects of pollution on human and ecological health. The core sediment's elemental composition was determined by Neutron Activation Analysis. The mean values in mg/kg of the elements are Al (34800), As (11.15), Ba (371), Br (18.40), Ca (118850), Ce (41.43), Co (10.29), Cr (62.41), Cs (5.27), Eu (0.80), Fe (22855), Hf (2.43), K (11210), La (20.84), Lu (0.26), Mg (21750), Mn (416), Na (8350), Nd (18.92), Rb (66.35), Sb (1.04), Sc (8.31), Se (8.23), Sm (3.88), Sn (17.05), Ta (0.77), Th (7.17), U (3.96), V (71.80), Yb (1.28) and Zn (581). Various pollution indices were used to assess the pollution level of these elements in the sediment core. Statistical tools like Pearson's correlation matrix and Factor analysis were utilized for source apportionment of these elements. Source apportionment showed the sources of heavy metals and rare earth elements are Ship breaking facilities, different types of refuse effluents carried by the Malir river into the sea and the geology of the area. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with exposure to toxic metals were also calculated. The ecological risk factor and sediment quality index showed As and Zn may harm the marine environment. In conclusion, this study found that the sediment of Karachi's coast is polluted with high levels of As, Br, Ca, Cr, Sn, and Zn; with As, Cr and Zn posing a threat to the marine ecology as well as human health. [Display omitted] • NAA was used to quantify elemental composition of sediment from Karachi. • Pollution sources identified: Industrial effluents and ship breaking facilities. • Total lifetime cancer risk for As and Cr exceeds US-EPA standards for children. • Potential harm to marine ecosystem from As, Cr, and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Temporal impact of California wildfires was examined on air pollution and COVID-19. • Tropospheric AAI, CO and NO 2 levels increased by ∼ 150%, 100% and 20%, respectively. • Higher levels of ground PM 2.5 , CO, and NO 2 detected in five major cities in California. • Pattern of wildfire-induced PM 2.5 and CO spikes overlap with COVID-19 cases and mortalities. Globally, wildfires have seen remarkable increase in duration and size and have become a health hazard. In addition to vegetation and habitat destruction, rapid release of smoke, dust and gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere contributes to its short and long-term detrimental effects. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a public health concern worldwide that primarily target lungs and respiratory tract, akin to air pollutants. Studies from our lab and others have demonstrated association between air pollution and COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. However, current knowledge on the impact of wildfire-mediated sudden outburst of air pollutants on COVID-19 is limited. In this study, we examined the association of air pollutants and COVID-19 during wildfires burned during August-October 2020 in California, United States. We observed an increase in the tropospheric pollutants including aerosols (particulate matter [PM]), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) by approximately 150%, 100% and 20%, respectively, in 2020 compared to the 2019. Except ozone (O 3), similar proportion of increment was noticed during the peak wildfire period (August 16 – September 15, 2020) in the ground PM 2.5 , CO, and NO 2 levels at Fresno, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego and San Francisco, cities with largest active wildfire area. We identified three different spikes in the concentrations of PM 2.5 , and CO for the cities examined clearly suggesting wildfire-induced surge in air pollution. Fresno and Sacramento showed increment in the ground PM 2.5 , CO and NO 2 levels, while San Diego recorded highest change rate in NO 2 levels. Interestingly, we observed a similar pattern of higher COVID-19 cases and mortalities in the cities with adverse air pollution caused by wildfires. These findings provide a logical rationale to strategize public health policies for future impact of COVID-19 on humans residing in geographic locations susceptible to sudden increase in local air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software cost estimation is necessary for all software organizations for contract negotiation. Numerous researchers have worked over the last four decades to provide estimation models, which can estimate efforts as accurately as they could, but the continuous change in the development models and use of new programming languages requires the development of new techniques for effort estimation. The size of the project must be estimated to determine the effort involved, which is rely on the programming languages and techniques employed for its development. Use case points, object points, lines of code, and story points are a few of the size matrices that are used for estimation using algorithmic models. There are several estimating techniques for the estimation of algorithmic models for various development approaches, but none of them offers a unified model for effort estimation for procedural and object-oriented projects. This work identifies common parameters for object-oriented and procedural-oriented programming languages. After the identification of common parameters, a combined model is developed for the estimation of effort for object-oriented and procedural-oriented programming language projects. The model's input is the size, which is measured in use case points and lines of source code. Power regression analysis of non-linear regression is applied to design the proposed model is designed using. The identified common parameters are multiplied with the mathematical equation achieved by power regression analysis to estimate the development effort for heterogeneous projects. The proposed work is assessed with the mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE). The error calculated with the proposed model is -0.16. The values of MMRE are further compared with the existing techniques such as linear regression, case-based reasoning, ensemble model, radial basis function neural network, and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and it was perceptible from the result that the proposed model delivers minimum error. The proposed work delivers the highest accuracy for software project estimation with the least amount of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is the most versatile crop among cereals, regarding its adaptability, types, and uses. Annually, approximately 1150 million metric tons of maize are produced globally. The diseases are the main threat to the production of maize plants which also disturbs the quality and quantity of the produce. Leaves can be utilized to recognize these diseases easily. Hence, to overcome this issue, an efficient solution for diagnosing maize plant diseases has been proposed in this work. A customized convolutional neural network (CNN) based Maize Plant Disease Identification model is presented along with various combinations of preprocessing techniques, namely Contrast Limiting Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) on each RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) channel, log transformation, and RGB to HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Variance) conversion of images. After preprocessing, these trained models are compared to the CNN and Support Vector-Machine (SV-M) models, trained without any preprocessing techniques. To estimate the effectiveness of the proposed work, the experiments were performed over PlantVillage Maize Crop Dataset. In this proposed work, a maximum accuracy of 96.76% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric neurovascular pathology directly involves or is in close proximity to the central nervous system (CNS). These vascular pathologies can occur in isolation or in association with broader syndromes. While some vascular pathologies are unique to the pediatric population, the full spectrum of adult neurovascular lesions can also affect children however, may present differently both clinically and on diagnostic imaging. Non-invasive (Ultrasound, CT, MRI) imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of vascular lesions involving the CNS. The modality can be chosen based on the age of the child, urgency of diagnosis, and local availability. Each modality has sensitivities and specificities which vary based on the location and imaging findings of a specific neurovascular pathology. In addition to non-invasive options, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) may be used as both a diagnostic and therapeutic imaging method for pediatric vascular lesions of the central nervous system. The diagnosis and management of pediatric cerebrovascular disease requires the close collaboration between pediatricians and pediatric specialists including neuroradiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists, neurointerventionalists, and anesthesiologists among others. A detailed understanding of imaging findings, natural history, and treatment options is essential to guide and monitor imaging and treatment. The goal of this review is to provide the reader with an overview on pediatric neurovascular pathologies, provide examples of pathognomonic imaging findings, and present a brief review of endovascular treatment options, if applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]