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The effect of cognitive overload on production deficiency in metacognitive activities was investigated using a dual-task paradigm. Undergraduate students ( N = 54) were assigned to one of two conditions, the dual-task condition and the non-dual-task condition. They completed a text revision task that included two types of problems, word level errors and disorganized construction. The construction improvement was assumed to require metacognitive activities from the readers’ point of view. Participants in the dual-task condition counted the number of auditory presentations of a target word while revising the given text. The results indicated that the performance level of construction improvement was lower in the dual-task condition than in the non-dual-task condition, while there was no difference in word error correction between the two conditions. It is interpreted that metacognitive activities, such as monitoring and control in text revision for comprehensibility from the readers’ perspective, are selectively impaired by cognitive overload. This study experimentally demonstrated that cognitive overload caused a production deficiency in metacognitive activities. Methodological issues are discussed for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: We studied the local knowledge and uses of medicinal plants among the Ivatan people of Batan Island by documenting their traditional practices. Aim of the study: To identify the types of medicinal plants used in self-care by the indigenous people of Batan Island, the Philippines and to investigate the extent to which the plants are used. Conservation of medicinal plants and natural resources is becoming increasingly important; thus, this research aims to collect information from local people concerning the use of medicinal plants on Batan Island. Materials and methods: A total of 116 informants were interviewed, allowing for calculated informant consensus factors (ICF), use value (UV), and fidelity levels (FL) for each medicinal plant species used to cure various ailments. This helped to establish a consensus on which species are effective for particular ailments, as well as the species’ relative importance, and enabled us to understand the extent of the potential utilization of each species. Results: We describe the therapeutic effects of 112 plant species used medicinally against 13 categories of ailments. The highest ICF value (1.00) was cited for diseases of the ear and respiratory system and for use during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period. The maximum FL of 100% was found for Carica papaya, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Musa sapientum, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides, used for the treatment of constipation, cuts and wounds, diarrhea, and dislocations and fractures, respectively. The highest UV was for Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (0.67). All plants with high UV were used for exogenous diseases, certain infectious and parasitic diseases, injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external factors, and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In addition to its use for endogenous disease and lifestyle-related diseases and illnesses, Moringa oleifera is also used for diseases of the circulatory system, with a UV of 0.57 and Cocos nucifera is used for diseases of the genitourinary system, with a UV of 0.56. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that many plant species play an important role in local healing practices and that knowledge of traditional medicine is still utilized and plays a significant role on Batan Island. The documentation of this rich traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge has furnished us with novel information that not only will provide recognition of this undocumented knowledge but also could provide new avenues for pharmacological investigations to improve healthcare for a range of ailments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Brine shrimp lethality assay-guided separation of the MeOH extract of leaves of Physena sessiliflora, which is endemic to Madagascar, afforded eight triterpene glycosides, Physenoside S1–4 and 16-β-[(d-xylopyranosyl)oxy]oxohexadecanyl homologues, Physenoside S5–8. Structural elucidation of these compounds was based on both spectroscopic analyses and chemical properties. Physenoside S7 and S8 have significant cytotoxic activities in the brine shrimp lethality assay. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many studies have identified both cognitive and motivational factors influencing students' use of learning strategies but the roles of family and social factors have been overlooked. This study examines whether parents' beliefs about the effectiveness of learning strategies influence the learning strategies that their children use, with intergenerational longitudinal data. 200 pairs of parents and their adolescent children. Parents and children separately rated how effective they believed 21 different learning strategies to be, with children also rating the frequency of their strategy use. Ratings were repeated approximately 1 year later. We found that the pattern of parents' strategy effectiveness beliefs at the first time point predicted that of their children's use of the strategies one year later, even controlling for children's strategy use pattern at the first time point. This finding demonstrates the importance of considering familial factors when studying students' learning strategy use. • We examined the intergenerational transmission of learning strategies. • Children's chosen learning strategies mirrored their parents' preferences. • Parents influence their children's learning strategy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]