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Background Cigarette smoking has been associated with increased risk of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). The effect of smoking status on risk and timing of disease progression in patients with MS in Queensland, Australia has not been established. Methods A clinical cohort of 646 cases (531 females, 115 males) were followed from first clinic attendance to onset of clinically determined progressive disease. Progression risk was analysed with gender, age, age of onset, exposure to disease modifying therapy, and smoking status as covariates in a Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results There were significantly higher risks of secondary progressive disease in males (Hazard Ratio, HR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.3–2.7) and in ever smokers (HR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.0). Progressive disease occurred approximately 4 years earlier in ever smokers. Smoking did not affect age of onset of primary progressive disease. Conclusions Cigarette smoking was associated with earlier onset of progressive disease in this large clinical cohort. For patients with relapsing-remitting disease, smoking cessation should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Retrospective study of treatment outcomes in AQP4 Ab positive NMOSD. • Rituximab is associated with reduced ARR compared to no treatment, beta-interferon and standard immunosuppressive therapy. • Compared to other therapies rituximab reduces risk in time to first relapse survival analyses. • Rituximab and immunosuppressive therapy are associated with a lower final EDSS score. • Rituximab should be considered as first-line therapy in AQP4 Ab positive NMOSD. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several therapies have been recommended for NMOSD and more recently clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for three monoclonal antibody therapies. We present a retrospective observational study of treatment response in NMOSD. This was a retrospective, unblinded, observational study of treatment efficacy for rituximab and traditional immunosuppressive therapy in patients with AQP4 antibody positive NMOSD. Treatment efficacy was assessed using annualised relapse rates (ARR), time to first relapse and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. Complete relapse and treatment data were available for 43/68 (63%) of AQP4 antibody positive NMOSD cases covering 74 episodes of treatment. In a time to first relapse analysis rituximab showed a risk ratio of 0.23 (95% CI 0.08 – 0.65) when compared with no treatment and there was a non-significant reduction in ARR of 35% compared to pre-treatment. β-interferon (p = 0.0002) and cyclophosphamide (p = 0.0034) were associated with an increased ARR compared to pre-treatment. Rituximab (median 4.0 [range 0.0 – 7.0]; p = 0.042) and traditional immunosuppressive therapy (median 4.0 [range 0.0 – 8.0]; p = 0.016) were associated with a lower final EDSS compared to β-interferon (median 6.0 [range 4.0 – 7.5]). These data provide additional support for the use of rituximab in preference to traditional immunosuppressive agents and MS disease modifying therapies as first line treatment of NMOSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]