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Chronostratigraphy is the subfield of geology that studies the relative age of rock strata and that aims at producing a hierarchical classification of (global) divisions of the historical time-rock record. The 'golden spike' or 'GSSP' approach is the cornerstone of contemporary chronostratigraphic methodology. It is also perplexing. Chronostratigraphers define each global time-rock boundary extremely locally, often by driving a gold-colored pin into an exposed rock section at a particular level. Moreover, they usually avoid rock sections that show any meaningful sign of paleontological disruption or geological discontinuity: the less obvious the boundary, the better. It has been argued that we can make sense of this practice of marking boundaries by comparing the status and function of golden spikes to that of other concrete, particular reference standards from other sciences: holotypes from biological taxonomy and measurement prototypes from the metrology of weight and measures. Alisa Bokulich (2020b) has argued that these 'scientific types' are in an important sense one of a kind: they have a common status and function. I will argue that this picture of high-level conceptual unity is mistaken and fails to consider the diversity of aims and purposes of standardization and classification across the sciences. I develop an alternative, disunified account of scientific types that shows how differences in ontological attitudes and epistemic aims inform scientists' choices between different kinds of scientific types. This perspective on scientific types helps to make sense of an intriguing mid-twentieth-century debate among chronostratigraphers about the very nature of their enterprise. Should chronostratigraphers conventionally make boundaries by designating golden spikes, or should they attempt to mark pre-existing 'natural' boundaries with the help of a different kind of scientific type? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Annesorhiza tilneyae Magee & Maswoliedza is formally described. • validate the name Annesorhiza asparagoides B.-E. van Wyk. • 23 species of Annesorhiza now recognised. • Identification key to all species within the genus provided. Annesorhiza Cham. & Schltdl. (Apiaceae) comprises ca. 23 species endemic to South Africa. The genus is centred in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, with only four species occurring in the summer rainfall regions. In the two decades since Annesorhiza was last revised, the number of recognised species has almost doubled, with 8 species subsequently described and another two transferred to the genus. The high number of new species in the genus can be attributed to the hysteranthous habit, with plants leafless at the time of flowering and fruiting, and that these species are rare, highly localised endemics. Species of Annesorhiza are often overlooked as they flower largely during the dry summer months, and multiple visits are required in order to recover a complete collection for accurate identification. Here we describe another new species from the Bokkeveld Mountains, Annesorhiza tilneyae Magee & Maswoliedza. We also validate the name Annesorhiza asparagoides B.-E. van Wyk with reference to the previously and effectively published descriptions and diagnoses. With several Annesorhiza species described since the last revision, we also provide an updated identification key to all species within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eleven new species are described. • New infraspecific combination created for I. pinnata. • All species illustrated in detailed photographic plates. • Conservation assessment and IUCN red list status is recommended for every species. Indigofera sect. Brachypodae DC. is a large group of approximately 40 species within the Cape Clade, mostly restricted to the Core Cape Region (CCR), with only two species extending eastwards to Grahamstown. This section has been subdivided into four subsections based primarily on morphological characters. Subsect. Brachypodae is the most diverse of the four subsections and is characterised by having sclerophyllous leaves, with a distinctly sunken midvein and (usually) revolute leaf margins. This group occurs almost exclusively within Fynbos, with a few species growing in coastal Strandveld vegetation. Revised here, nineteen species are recognized in this subsection, eleven of which are new to science. Additionally, a new infraspecific combination is created for I. pinnata following nomenclatural and identification confusion. All species are formally described here, with photographic plates of each and illustrations of corollas and calyces provided. Many of the new species were either unrecognised at the time of the last revision in Flora Capensis 2, or have only been discovered recently. Distribution maps and information regarding habitat preference, phenology, and ecology and recommended IUCN red list status of each species are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article published last year in this journal (Ferreira et al., 2023) advocated the use of the name Crassostrea gasar (Dillwyn, 1817) for an amphi-Atlantic mangrove oyster. We challenge this terminology, which is not supported by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and defend the status quo accepting the name Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a historical review of the discovery and characterisation of Plasmodium ovale , and the recent discovery that their population consists of two genetically distinct types. Current evidence indicates that Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are two separate species; thus, the use of trinomial names is leading to confusion in the field. We rename these as Plasmodium ovalecurtisi and Plasmodium ovalewallikeri. Plasmodium ovale was the last of the exclusively human malaria parasites to be described, in 1922, and has remained the least well studied. Beginning in 1995, two divergent forms of the parasite, later termed 'classic' and 'variant', were described. By 2010, it was realised that these forms are two closely related, but genetically distinct and non-recombining species; they were given the names Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri. Since then, substantial additional data have confirmed that the two parasites are indeed separate species, but the trinomial nomenclature has often led to confusion about their status, with many authors describing them as subspecies. We hereby formally name them Plasmodium ovalecurtisi and Plasmodium ovalewallikeri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal limitations of the terms NAFLD and NASH are the reliance on exclusionary confounder terms and the use of potentially stigmatising language. This study set out to determine if content experts and patient advocates were in favour of a change in nomenclature and/or definition. A modified Delphi process was led by three large pan-national liver associations. The consensus was defined a priori as a supermajority (67%) vote. An independent committee of experts external to the nomenclature process made the final recommendation on the acronym and its diagnostic criteria. A total of 236 panellists from 56 countries participated in 4 online surveys and 2 hybrid meetings. Response rates across the 4 survey rounds were 87%, 83%, 83%, and 78%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt that the current nomenclature was sufficiently flawed to consider a name change. The terms "nonalcoholic" and "fatty" were felt to be stigmatising by 61% and 66% of respondents, respectively. Steatotic liver disease was chosen as an overarching term to encompass the various aetiologies of steatosis. The term steatohepatitis was felt to be an important pathophysiological concept that should be retained. The name chosen to replace NAFLD was metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). There was consensus to change the definition to include the presence of at least 1 of 5 cardiometabolic risk factors. Those with no metabolic parameters and no known cause were deemed to have cryptogenic steatotic liver disease. A new category, outside pure metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, termed metabolic and alcohol related/associated liver disease (MetALD), was selected to describe those with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, who consume greater amounts of alcohol per week (140–350 g/wk and 210–420 g/wk for females and males, respectively). The new nomenclature and diagnostic criteria are widely supported and non-stigmatising, and can improve awareness and patient identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there are more than 25 licensed antipsychotic medications. Antipsychotics are commonly described as either typical or atypical, but this dichotomous classification does not reflect the diversity of their pharmacological and clinical profiles. There is a need for a data-driven antipsychotic classification scheme suitable for clinicians and researchers that maps onto both pharmacological and clinical effects. Receptor affinity provides one starting point for such a scheme. We analyzed affinities of 27 antipsychotics for 42 receptors from 3325 in vitro receptor binding studies. We used a clustering algorithm to group antipsychotics based on receptor affinity. Using a machine learning model, we examined the ability of this grouping to predict antipsychotic-induced clinical effects quantified according to an umbrella review of clinical trial and treatment guideline data. Clustering resulted in 4 groups of antipsychotics. The predominant receptor affinity and clinical effect "fingerprints" of these 4 groups were defined as follows: group 1, muscarinic (M 2 –M 5) receptor antagonism (cholinergic and metabolic side effects); group 2, dopamine (D 2) partial agonism and adrenergic antagonism (overall low side-effect burden); group 3, serotonergic and dopaminergic antagonism (overall moderate side-effect burden); and group 4, dopaminergic antagonism (extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinemia). Groups 1 and 4 were more efficacious than groups 2 and 3. The classification was shown to predict out-of-sample clinical effects of individual drugs. A receptor affinity–based grouping not only reflects compound pharmacology but also detects meaningful clinical differences. This approach has the potential to benefit both patients and researchers by guiding treatment and informing drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the success of antiangiogenic therapy in controlling exudation in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), the involvement of the outer retina in fibrosis results in gradual vision loss over time. The development of drugs that prevent or ameliorate fibrosis in nAMD requires that it is accurately detected and quantified with reliable endpoints and identification of robust biomarkers. Achievement of such an aim is currently challenging due to the lack of a consensus definition of fibrosis in nAMD. As a first step towards the establishment of a clear definition of fibrosis, we provide an extensive overview of the imaging modalities and criteria used to characterize fibrosis in nAMD. We observed variety in the selection of individual and combinations of imaging modalities, and criteria for detection. We also observed heterogeneity in classification systems and severity scales for fibrosis. The most commonly used imaging modalities were color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A multimodal approach was frequently utilized. Our review suggests that OCT offers a more detailed, objective and sensitive characterization than color fundus photography/fluorescein angiography. Thus, we recommend it as a primary modality for fibrosis evaluation. This review provides a basis for future discussions to reach a consensus definition using standardized terms based on a detailed characterization of fibrosis, its presence and evolution, and taking into consideration impact on visual function. Achieving this goal is of paramount importance for the development of antifibrotic therapies. • There is no consensus on the clinical definition of fibrosis in nAMD. • The criteria for the presence of fibrosis are not harmonized, especially on OCT. • OCT may enable detection of thin fibrosis and allow a robust quantification. • The latter is currently challenging due to lack of a fibrosis severity scale. • Future work should focus on an OCT-based definition and biomarkers of fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly growing field of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) basic and translational research requires standardization of terminology and functional characterization. The International Standards Organization's (ISO) Technical Committee (TC) on Biotechnology, working with extensive input from the International Society for Cells and Gene Therapy (ISCT), has recently published ISO standardization documents that are focused on biobanking of MSCs from two tissue sources, Wharton's Jelly, MSC(WJ) and Bone Marrow, MSC(M)), for research and development purposes and development. This manuscript explains the path towards the consensus on the following two documents: the Technical Standard ISO/TS 22859 for MSC(WJ) and the full ISO Standard 24651 for MSC(M) biobanking. The ISO standardization documents are aligned with ISCT's MSC committee position and recommendations on nomenclature because there was active input and incorporation of ISCT MSC committee recommendations in the development of these standards. The ISO standardization documents contain both requirements and recommendations for functional characterization of MSC(WJ) and MSC(M) using a matrix of assays. Importantly, the ISO standardization documents have a carefully defined scope and are meant for research use of culture expanded MSC(WJ) and MSC(M). The ISO standardization documents can be updated in a revision process and will be systematically reviewed after 3–5 years as scientific insights grow. They represent international consensus on MSC identity, definition, and characterization; are rigorous in detailing multivariate characterization of MSCs and represent an evolving-but-important first step in standardization of MSC biobanking and characterization for research use and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a risk factor for invasive breast cancer (IBC). The prognosis of DCIS is considerably better than for IBC, yet women do not distinguish between the threat. We aimed to compare the psychosocial consequences of screen-detected DCIS and IBC, and to examine this comparison over time. We surveyed a Danish mammography-screening cohort from 2004 to 2018. We assessed outcomes at six-time points: baseline, 1, 6, 18, 36 months, and 14 years after the screening. We measured psychosocial consequences with the Consequences Of Screening – Breast Cancer (COS-BC): a condition-specific questionnaire that is psychometrically validated and encompasses 14 psychosocial dimensions. We used weighted linear models with generalized estimating equations to compare responses between groups. We used a 1% level of significance. 170 out of 1309 women were diagnosed with breast cancer (13.0%). 23 were diagnosed with DCIS (13.5%) and 147 with IBC (86.5%). From baseline to six months after diagnosis, there were no significant differences between women with DCIS and IBC. However, mean scores indicated that IBC generally was more affected than DCIS. After six months, we observed that women with DCIS and IBC might be affected differently in the long term; mean scores and mean differences showed that IBC were more affected on some scales, while DCIS were on others. Overall, the DCIS and IBC experienced similar levels of psychosocial consequences. Women might benefit from renaming DCIS to exclude cancer nomenclature. • Many women are not aware of the conceptual and prognostic distinctions between DCIS and IBC. • In the first six months, there were no psychosocial differences between DCIS and IBC. • Over time, there was a non-significant trend of worse psychosocial outcomes in women with IBC. • Renaming DCIS to exclude cancer nomenclature may lower the psychosocial consequences of DCIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ruschia pillansii and R. velutina (Aizoaceae) are found to be distinct species and are transferred to Eberlanzia. • A key to all species of Eberlanzia is given. • We propose a Redlist status of Endangered (EN) for Eberlanzia schneideriana and Vulnerable (VU) for E. pillansii and E. velutina. • We validate Scopelogena L.Bolus for which we recognize two species. Eberlanzia is a small genus of eight species, which are found from south-western Namibia to Namaqualand. Eberlanzia schneideriana is characterized by its distinctly velvety leaves and several names were subsumed under it. We show that two of these, Ruschia velutina and R. pillansii , are distinct from E. schneideriana. Of these, R. velutina has the smallest flowers (petals not exceeding 3 mm long; 4–7 mm long in R. pillansii and E. schneideriana). Ruschia pillansii has a low spreading habit, whereas R. velutina and E. schneideriana are erect shrubs. The leaves are characteristically globose, with a distinct apical mucro in R. pillansii , whereas they are trigonous with at least the upper surface flattened in the other two species. The leaves of R. pillansii and E. schneideriana are typically whitish grey under dry conditions, whereas the leaves remain dirty green throughout the year in E. velutina. As a consequence of these differences, we now transfer R. pillansii and R. velutina to Eberlanzia. All three species are threatened by mining and severe overgrazing in the Richtersveld National Park. In a nomenclatural note, we validate the generic name Scopelogena L.Bolus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Nomenclature has always been a source of debate in the scientific literature. In the context of pharmaceutical regulation, varying interpretations of technical language can emerge due to philosophical or linguistic differences between two expert groups, which may undo efforts to harmonise regulatory approval mechanisms for new medicines. This letter describes three examples of divergence within pharmacopeial texts produced in the US, EU and Japan and suggests how these have emerged. Ultimately, I advocate for a consensus and an all agreed upon terminology that would be helpful for the global pharmaceutical industry, as opposed to many agreements between individual manufacturers and regulators of medicines, which may reintroduce variation in regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Academy of Cytology has joined with the International Agency for Research on Cancer to bring together a group of experts in lung cytopathology to develop a WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology (WHO System). This System aims to improve and standardize the reporting of cytopathology, facilitate communication between cytopathologists and clinicians, and improve patient care. The WHO System describes 5 categories for reporting lung cytopathology: 'Insufficient/Inadequate/Nondiagnostic', 'Benign', 'Atypical', 'Suspicious for malignancy', and 'Malignant', each one with a clear descriptive term, a definition, a risk of malignancy, and a suggested management algorithm. The key diagnostic cytopathologic features of each of the lesions within each category have been established by consensus through an Expert Editorial Board, who are also the authors of this review and selected for each reporting system and chosen based on their expertise in the field and/or diversity of geographical representation. Many other co-authors from around the world also contributed. The assignment of writing and editing responsibilities used the same model as that used for the WHO Classification of Tumours (https://whobluebooks.iarc.fr/about/faq/). The WHO System provides the best practice application of ancillary testing, including immunocytochemistry and molecular pathology, and guides in sampling and processing techniques to optimize the handling and preparation of specimens. The WHO System was created by the authors to be applicable globally and is based on cytomorphology with possibilities for additional diagnostic management of the patient. The authors are aware that local medical and pathology resources would differ, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The WHO Tumour Classification for Thoracic Tumors, Fifth Edition, is directly accessible through the online WHO System. • The International Academy of Cytology has joined with the International Agency for Research on Cancer to bring together a group of experts in lung cytopathology to develop a WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology (WHO System). This System aims to improve and standardize the reporting of cytopathology, facilitate communication between cytopathologists and clinicians, and improve patient care. • The WHO System describes 5 categories for reporting lung cytopathology: 'Insufficient/Inadequate/Nondiagnostic', 'Benign', 'Atypical', 'Suspicious for malignancy', and 'Malignant', each one with a clear descriptive term, a definition, a risk of malignancy and a suggested management. • The WHO System provides the best practice application of ancillary testing, including immunocytochemistry and molecular pathology, and guides in sampling and processing techniques to optimize the handling and preparation of specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transseptal puncture is an increasingly common procedure undertaken to gain access to the left side of the heart during structural heart disease interventions. Precision guidance during this procedure is paramount to ensure success and patient safety. As such, multimodality imaging, such as echocardiography, fluoroscopy, and fusion imaging, is routinely used to guide safe transseptal puncture. Despite the use of multimodal imaging, there is currently no uniform nomenclature of cardiac anatomy between the various imaging modes and proceduralists, and echocardiographers tend to use imaging modality-specific terminology when communicating among the various imaging modes. This variability in nomenclature among imaging modes stems from differing anatomic descriptions of cardiac anatomy. Given the required level of precision in performing transseptal puncture, a clearer understanding of the basis of cardiac anatomic nomenclature is required by both echocardiographers as well as proceduralists; enhanced understanding can help facilitate communication across specialties and possibly improve communication and safety. In this review, the authors highlight the variation in cardiac anatomy nomenclature among various imaging modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three species of Echiostachys are recognised. • Full nomenclature and typification are provided. • The lectotype of Echium spicatum is illustrated. • All species are fully described and illustrated. The small genus Echiostachys Levyns (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae) is revised. It was segregated from Lobostemon Lehm. on the basis of the herbaceous habit, radical foliage, spiciform inflorescence, slightly accrescent calyx, and lack of staminal scales. Three species are recognised. An identification key, descriptions, full nomenclature, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This position paper opens a discussion forum of this Journal dedicated to a scientific debate on Vitamin E nomenclature. With this article we provide the scientific and medical communities with what we consider relevant information in favor of revising the nomenclature of vitamin E. To our knowledge, only RRR -α-tocopherol has been medically used to protect against a deficiency disease in humans, and therefore, it would be appropriate to restrict the term vitamin to this molecule. The direct demonstration of a vitamin function to other tocochromanols (including other tocopherols, tocotrienols and eventually tocomonoenols), has not yet been scientifically shown. In fact, the medical prescription of a molecule against the deficiency disease only because it has been included in the "Vitamin E family", but not tested as vitamin E, could lead to ineffective therapy and potentially dangerous consequences for patients. The idea of this revision launched during the recent 3rd Satellite Symposium on Vitamin E of the 2022 SFRR-Europe meeting, offers a open platform of discussion for the scientists involved in vitamin E research and scientific societies interested to this subject. [Display omitted] • This position paper opens a scientific debate on the change the nomenclature of Vitamin E. • FACTS: only RRR -α-tocopherol has been shown to protect against a deficiency disease in humans. • REVISION PROPOSAL: the attributes of vitamin have to be uniquely restricted to RRR -α-tocopherol. • Other vitamin analogues should be described only by their chemical names. • If a disease is identified that is prevented by these analogues, these can be given the name of vitamin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomy for s p 2 carbon allotropes in two dimensions (2D) is proposed where single-layer structures are assigned a unique symbol associated with the geometry of each allotrope. The naming scheme is demonstrated for structures described in the literature and is further illustrated for a number of other topology-allowed s p 2 carbon systems. The symbol is easy to use and gives a direct access to geometrical features such as the number of polygons and their arrangement. It facilitates the classification of structures reported in the literature, where many such structures are found to have been assigned a name based on each author's somewhat arbitrary choice. This naming scheme will help rationalize future studies on this class of systems. A comparative study of the energetics of the structures is also performed, using a consistent set of numerical parameters. The naming scheme can be expanded to carbon systems with mixed hybridizations and to other non-carbon 2D systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three species of Gloriosa are recognised. • Gloriosa sect. Gloriola Chiov. is lectotypified. • One species of Sandersonia is recognised. • All species are fully described and illustrated. • Updated conservation assessments are provided. The genera Gloriosa L. and Sandersonia Hook. (Colchicaceae: Colchiceae) are revised for southern Africa, with full nomenclature, descriptions, distribution data and updated conservation assessments. All species are illustrated in colour. Both genera have a similar habit, with mostly cirrhose foliage and yellow (rarely greenish) to orange flowers nodding on slender extra-axillary pedicels, with a well-developed style longer than the branches. Despite their similar morphology, existing phylogenetic analyses indicate that they are not immediately related. Three species of Gloriosa are recognised from the region, distinguished by the shape and size of their flowers, and the orientation and relative length of the style. Gloriosa superba L., which is widespread through Africa and southeast Asia, is recognised by its relatively large flowers with recurved or reflexed tepals that are narrowed and ± clawed at the base, and a sharply flexed style. Capsule dehiscence is septicidal. Typical plants have a bicoloured red and yellow perianth but populations from the north-eastern parts of the subcontinent and also elsewhere in tropical Africa are predominantly plain yellow. The overlooked G. sect. Gloriola Chiov. is lectotypified against G. aurea Chiov., currently treated as a synonym of G. superba. A full nomenclator and synonymy of all names included in G. superba is provided for the first time, including the nomenclatural status of the names and their types. The two remaining species in the region share similar cup-shaped flowers with suberect, lanceolate tepals and erect style. The locally endemic G. rigidifolia (Bredell) J.C.Manning & Vinn. from the Waterberg in Limpopo, South Africa, has been confused with G. modesta (Hook.) J.C.Manning & Vinn. from eastern South Africa, Eswatini and Mozambique but it differs consistently from that species in its erect, mostly more floriferous habit and in its slightly smaller, greenish (vs mostly yellow or orange) flowers with slightly longer perianth tube and much longer style, and evidently also in its septicidal (vs loculicidal) capsule dehiscence. The two taxa constitute a species pair that differs from florally similar species from tropical Africa by the mostly whorled foliage and unusual nectaries with an auricle-like distal lobe on the lateral ridges. The monotypic genus Sandersonia is distinguished by its 3(5)-veined leaves, urceolate or lantern-shaped flowers with small, pouched or shortly spurred nectary, and verrucose seeds. The single species S. aurantiaca Hook. is endemic to temperate grasslands in South Africa and adjacent Eswatini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seven species recognized. • One new species described (Cotula tuberculata Jakoet & Magee). • Cotula melaleuca Bolus is here reduced into synonymy with C. barbata DC. • C. leptalea DC. and C. tenella E Mey ex DC. are here reduced into synonymy with C. laxa DC. • Detailed morphological descriptions, typification, illustrations of diagnostic characters and distribution maps indicating the known geographical ranges of these species are included. A taxonomic revision of the Cotula barbata group is presented. At the onset of the study nine species were recognised within this group, which is defined by a combination of an annual life history, usually homogamous discoid capitula, mostly basal leaves that are not sheathing at the base, and naked peduncles that are not inflated apically. These species are restricted to the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. The species are variable in cypselae morphology, which is shown herein to be taxonomically informative. Through extensive investigation, we here recognize seven species, one of which is described as new. Cotula melaleuca Bolus is reduced into synonymy with C. barbata DC. , C. leptalea DC. and C. tenella E Mey ex DC. are reduced into synonymy with C. laxa DC., and C. tuberculata Jakoet & Magee is described as new. An identification key is provided for the seven species, with detailed morphological descriptions, typification, illustrations of diagnostic characters and distribution maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable taxon names for Bacteria and Archaea are essential for capturing and documenting prokaryotic diversity. They are also crucial for scientific communication, effective accumulation of biological data related to the taxon names and for developing a comprehensive understanding of prokaryotic evolution. However, after more than a hundred years, taxonomists have succeeded in valid publication of only around 30 000 species names, based mostly on pure cultures under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP), out of the millions estimated to reside in the biosphere. The vast majority of prokaryotic species have not been cultured and are becoming increasingly known to us via culture-independent sequence-based approaches. Until recently, such taxa could only be addressed nomenclaturally via provisional names such as Candidatus or alphanumeric identifiers. Here, we present options and considerations to facilitate validation of names for these taxa using the recently established Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data (SeqCode). Community engagement and participation of relevant taxon specialists are critical and encouraged for the success of endeavours to formally name the uncultured majority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of existing solar ventilation envelope systems adopt a single structure including a glass cover a massive wall, which possesses the drawbacks of low thermal efficiency and poor stability. In recent decades, auxiliary power generation devices, led by photovoltaic (PV), have made epochal achievements in integrated building applications, while the superior thermal regulation capability of thermal storage materials, represented by phrase change materials (PCM), has further helped to improve the thermal environment of buildings, and the above two technologies have demonstrated great energy conservation potential. In order to explore the application and synergistic effect of the above two energy-conservation technologies in passive ventilation envelopes, a novel functional ventilation building envelope (FVBE) integrated with PV panel and PCM is proposed in this paper. A comprehensive exploration of the influence of various key parameters on the thermal performance of the FVBE-PV/PCM system. The electrical and thermal performance of the system is explored based on different seasonal climates. Specifically, effects of thickness as well as the melting temperature of PCM and the air channel width has been provided in this study. Taking the inner wall surface temperature (T inner_wall), equivalent indoor load (Q load) and electrical efficiency (η e) as evaluation indexes, the thermal efficiency, electrical performance and the coupling mechanism was assessed. Specifically, the coupling mechanism between the thermal performance and electrical performance of the FVBE-PV/PCM system was analyzed from the perspective of combined heat and power, revealing the functional characteristics of the system. Meanwhile, the article conducted a comparative study on the thermal and electrical performance of a typical building integrated PV (BIPV), FVBE-PV system FVBE-PV/PCM system. In particular, energy and exergy analysis is carried out to characterize the energy utilization of the FVBE-PV/PCM system in different structural systems. The research found that increasing the thickness of both the PCM and air channel leads to lower indoor temperature and heat flux, with different optimal phase transition temperatures for summer and winter. Although the FVBE-PV system exhibited a maximum 3.12 % reduction in power generation efficiency compared to the BIPV system due to increased PV temperature caused by air layer insulation, incorporating PCM can reduce exergy losses by an average of 31.731 % to mitigate this drawback and improve energy efficiency. Additionally, the analysis revealed varying coupling correlations between thermal performance and power generation based on two key parameters. This study could contribute to the functional improvement of the building envelope and simultaneous indoor thermal regulation. • A FVBE system is proposed for power generation and indoor thermal regulation. • The numerical model of FVBE-PV/PCM is developed. • The influence of several parameters are analyzed. • Energy and exergy analysis on different systems are clarified. • Coupling relationship between electrical and thermal performance are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explain here that the authors of the article cited in the title have misrepresented the species of As(III) and As(V) in solutions and, in particular, have neglected their speciation as a function of pH. Their discussion of (ad)sorption mechanisms is therefore unsatisfactory, especially since organic matter (flower waste) and the presence of iron oxyhydroxides should be taken into account. Furthermore, the modeling of (ad)sorption kinetics and isotherms was based on linearized equations, whereas the corresponding nonlinear equations should have been used. Therefore, we believe that the authors of the original article should make corrections and additions to it. This Letter to the Editor is motivated by a concern to avoid the dissemination of approximate or even incorrect concepts in the scientific literature, which could mislead novice researchers. [Display omitted] • As shares some similarities with N and P (belonging to Group 15 elements). • NaAsO 2 and NaH 2 AsO 4 are covalent compounds (not ionic compounds). • Oxidation state of elements: writing As(III) and As(V) rather than As3+ and As5+. • PFO model: r 2 = 0.992, but q e,experiment (4.98 mg/g) is very different from q e,PFO (71.4 mg/g), which results from applying linear method. • IUPAC recommends symbol (⇌) for chemical equilibria. Symbol (↔) is used for resonance structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we propose a nomenclature scheme for graphene pores based on the arrangement of 2-fold coordinated atoms in the pore boundary. An expansion of that scheme is also proposed, to include pores with functionalized and/or reconstructed edges. The proposed nomenclature provides a unique, unambiguous, uniform and consistent way to name and identify graphene pores. Moreover, using graph theory we systematically study the geometrical features of graphene pores and we present an algorithm for their generation, identification and enumeration. The present nomenclature scheme could be also used for naming graphene flakes and edges and can be expanded to include similar systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The O. coronopifolia L. group species are revised. • Six species are recognised. • Members of the group are characterised as twiggy shrublets with stiff, woody stems, leaves often on short-shoots (brachyblasts) and/or in axillary tufts, and moderately large, radiate flowering capitula, mostly borne on solitary peduncles on short-shoots. • All species are illustrated. • Three names are reduced to synonymy. A taxonomic revision of the Othonna coronopifolia group (Asteraceae: Senecioneae: Othonninae) is presented. Species in this group are twiggy shrublets with stiff, woody stems, leaves often on short-shoots (brachyblasts) and/or in axillary tufts, and moderately large, radiate flowering capitula, mostly borne on solitary peduncles on short-shoots. This account includes descriptions, complete nomenclature and typification, illustrations and geographical distribution of the species. We recognise six species: Othonna coronopifolia L., O. leptodactyla Harv., O. pavonia E. Mey. ex DC., O. pteronioides Harv., O. ramulosa DC. and O. spinescens DC. Three names are reduced to synonymy: O. trinervia DC. under O. pavonia , and O. bergeri Spreng. and O. mucronata Harv. under O. coronopifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A single variable species, Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims, is here recognised with a continuous pattern of morphological variation throughout its range. • The occurrence of hairy pocket-domatia in Burchellia is variable. • A lectotype is here designated for Lonicera bubalina L.f.. Burchellia R.Br. (Rubiaceae: Ixoroideae) is endemic to southern Africa. The type species, B. bubalina (L.f.) Sims, is based on Lonicera bubalina L.f., for which we designate a lectotype. We provide an account of the genus with comprehensive nomenclature and synonymy, including a taxonomic history of all names, and morphological descriptions for the genus and species, as well as distribution and ecological notes. The occurrence of hairy pocket-domatia in the species is variable. Examination of material from throughout the range of the species reveals a continuous pattern of variation in leaf size, shape and density of the vestiture, as well as in the size and colour of the corolla. We accordingly recognise a single variable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal carotid artery (ICA) course has been discussed extensively. Several classification systems have attempted to delineate an accurate and helpful trajectory for microsurgical and endoscopic guidance, thus allowing a better neurosurgical performance while avoiding intraoperative complications. Also, the practicality of the classification systems has been emphasized for scholarly communication among disciplines. Nevertheless, the nomenclature of the ICA remains heterogeneous and confusing for health care professionals, trainees, and students. We present an illustrative review of 8 notable ICA classification systems using lateral and anterior views as a rapid tool for neuroanatomic consultation. The appraisal of the vessel anatomy from different perspectives while recognizing their usefulness and limitations might provide a comprehensive understanding of the ICA, optimize the intraoperative performance, and facilitate communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of a complex survey of freshwater heterotrophic euglenoids in the Czech Republic, including both literature data and own field surveys of 469 sites visited in the course of three years. The checklist includes 189 taxa in 28 genera: Anisonema (10), Astasia (26), Atraktomonas (1), Calycimonas (2), Chasmostoma (1), Dinematomonas (3), Distigma (8), Dylakosoma (1), Entosiphon (4), Euglena (1), Gyropaigne (1), Heteronema (19), Jenningsia (11), Khawkinea (1), Lepocinclis (1), Menoidium (7), Neometanema (3), Notosolenus (18), Petalomonas (40), Phacus (1), Ploeotia (2), Pseudoperanema (7), Rhabdomonas (5), Scytomonas (1), Sphenomonas (5), Teloprocta (1) Tropidocyphus (1), Urceolus (4), and 4 species of uncertain identity. In addition, a general description of habitat types in which the taxa were found and a review of the current taxonomy and nomenclature of included taxa are provided. Several taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties are proposed, based on the review of morphological features, mostly applying to the genera Notosolenus and Jenningsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les monuments funéraires et les constructions cultuelles du Sahara central sont nombreux et variés. Ils ont fait l'objet de plusieurs études et tentatives de classifications. Ces dernières ont toutes montrées leurs limites, mais ont tout de même participées à mieux comprendre et cerner ces architectures. Ce travail sera basé sur une analyse critique des différentes classifications confrontées à nos propres expériences de terrain. L'objectif est de réaliser une classification et d'élaborer une nomenclature adéquate et simplifiée pour mieux appréhender les problématiques soulevées par l'étude de ces architectures et leurs relations avec les autres éléments archéologiques avec lesquels elles interagissent. The funerary monuments and cult constructions of the central Sahara are numerous and varied. They have been the subject of several studies and attempts at classification. The latter allowed us to better understand and identify these architectures. In this work, we try to use a critical analysis of the different classifications associated with our field experiences in order to carry out a classification and elaborate an adequate and more simplified nomenclature to better address the issues raised by the study of such structures and their relationship to the other archaeological features with which they interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Big-data mining approaches require a homogeneous nomenclature of crystals in glass-ceramics. • Criteria building up a consistent nomenclature based on the crystallographic structure are listed. • Nomenclature exemplified by quartz, keatite and indialite solid solutions. The need for a homogeneous nomenclature has become particularly acute due to the increasing digitization and open accessibility of research data provided by peer-reviewed scientific publishers and other online repositories and databases, and the resulting big-data mining approaches. Therefore, basic guidelines for a general nomenclature system based on the crystallographic structure are presented to enable scientists, engineers and technologists to name the crystalline phases detected in glass-ceramics as uniformly and unambiguously as possible and exemplified by quartz, keatite and indialite solid solutions. The adoption of a standardized nomenclature is essential to ensure effective use of the vast scientific knowledge available today in accordance with the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the International System of Units (SI), as well as several publications guiding researchers on correct use of terminology, there continues to be widespread misuse of mechanical terms such as 'work' in sport and exercise science. A growing concern is the misuse of the term 'load'. Terms such as 'training load' and 'PlayerLoad' are popular in sport and exercise science vernacular. However, a 'load' is a mechanical variable which, when used appropriately, describes a force and therefore should be accompanied with the SI-derived unit of the newton (N). It is tempting to accept popular terms and nomenclature as scientific. However, scientists are obliged to abide by the SI and must pay close attention to scientific constructs. This communication presents a critical reflection on the use of the term 'load' in sport and exercise science. We present ways in which the use of this term breaches principles of science and provide practical solutions for ongoing use in research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Vaejovis (C L Koch 1836) belonging to the mexicanus group from Aguascalientes, Mexico, are described and compared to other species closely related to them geographically and morphologically. The species are compared based on the nomenclature and homology proposed by González-Santillán and Prendini (2013). An extension of the homology, functionality, and nomenclature of the hemispermatophore proposed by Monod et al. (2017) is applied to vaejovid scorpions for the first time. We provide meristic evidence to support species delimitation and an identification key to the mexicanus species group (Soleglad, 1973) from Aguascalientes. We provide new records that broaden the distribution area, supplement its diagnosis, and expand the description, including details on the hemispermatophore and the telotarsi of Vaejovis tenamaztlei Contreras-Félix et al., 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a consensus statement of recommended terminology to use for describing different aspects of hysteroscopic procedures that can be uniformly used in clinical practice and research.Design: Open forum discussion followed by online video meetings.Setting: International community of hysteroscopy experts PATIENTS: Not applicable.Interventions: Series of online video meetings to complete a previously established agenda until a final agreement for standardized nomenclature was obtained.Measurement and Main Results: The adoption and implementation of a common terminology to standardize reporting of hysteroscopic procedures was proposed to cover five domains: pain management, healthcare setting, model of care, type of hysteroscopic procedure and the hysteroscopic approach to the uterine cavity. A final agreement was obtained after 3 online video meetings.Conclusion: Hysteroscopy is the gold standard technique for the evaluation and management of uterine disorders. A clear definition and understanding of the terminology used to describe hysteroscopic procedures is lacking. The production of this international consensus statement for terminology to describe hysteroscopic procedures, covering pain management, setting, model of care, type of procedure and hysteroscopic approach, has the potential to enable more effective communication for both clinical and research purposes with the ultimate aim of improving patient care and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Grade Group 1 (GG 1) prostate cancer remains a significant health care problem despite of its improved risk assessment and uptake in conservative management. Removing the cancer label from these non-lethal cancers has been proposed as an expedient way to reduce potential physical, psychological and financial harm to patients. Such a nomenclatural change necessitates a multidisciplinary team effort by clinicians and pathologists. Genitourinary Pathology Society recently conducted a survey of its members, gauging their awareness of this controversy and their position on whether GG 1 prostate cancer should be reclassified. Most respondents (196, 81.7%) opposed removing the cancer label from GG 1 cancer, 33 (13.8%) supported a change in nomenclature, while 11 (4.6%) responded that they were uncertain. Of those who supported the reclassification, 17 (51.5%) supported the change for radical prostatectomy only, 4 (12.1%) for biopsy only, and 12 (36.4%) for both biopsy and radical prostatectomy. This survey results highlight the gap between pathologists and clinicians in whether GG 1 prostate cancer should be labeled as "non-cancer," and calls for continued debates and conversations between pathologists and clinicians, and further studies on the biology, diagnostic reproducibility, and ideal management of GG 1 prostate cancer in order to make a more evidence-based decision for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first objective of this review is to explore the factors that have led to and maintain the division between delirium and acute encephalopathy. The second is to explore the value of harmonizing them through the model of delirium disorder. This narrative review outlines major distinctions between delirium and acute encephalopathy. It also compares them with the model of delirium disorder, which seeks not only to integrate them but also to offer a broader palette of treatment targets. Delirium implies an underlying acute encephalopathy, whereas acute encephalopathy presents as a spectrum from subsyndromal delirium to coma. Key factors that differentiate these two models include tradition, nuances of the models themselves, linguistic connotations, evoked responses from clinicians, implications of preventability and responsibility, cultural perceptions of non-pharmacological vs pharmacological interventions and economic incentives. A validated set of pathophysiological subtypes may ultimately help link the delirium-spectrum phenotype with various acute encephalopathies. Developing a coherent clinical and scientific approach to this set of conditions demands that we first develop a coherent understanding of the conditions themselves and how they relate to one another. Such an approach must embrace the tension between a convergent phenotype and its diverse biological underpinnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eight species of Freylinia are recognised. • An infrageneric taxonomy is proposed. • Freylinia brevistyla is described as a new species. • Updated conservation assessments are provided. The taxonomy of Freylinia Pangella ex Colla (Scrophulariaceae) is revised and eight species are recognised. Each species is fully described, with complete nomenclature, typification, ecological notes, and an updated conservation assessment. The subtropical F. tropica S.Moore is segregated as the new sect. Tropicae J.C.Manning, defined by axillary inforescences and flowers with a glandular corolla tube. The remaining species from temperate South Africa share terminal inflorescences and eglandular corollas. Within this group two sections are recognised. Sect. Freylinia comprises the type of the genus F. lanceolata (L.f.) G.Don, and is readily segregated on the basis of its sessile foliage and small capsules, whereas the remaining, strictly shrubby species share petiolate foliage and larger capsules and are recognised as sect. Macrocarpae J.C.Manning. The latter section includes several highly local endemics, most of them of conservation concern, and among which we propose several taxonomic changes. The most significant of these are the inclusion of F. vlokii Van Jaarsv. in F. undulata (L.f.) Benth., and a reappraisal of the identity F. longiflora Benth., which is recognised here as an earlier name for F. helmei Van Jaarsv. The new species F. brevistyla J.C.Manning & N.A.Helme is accordingly described for the populations that were previously misidentified as F. longiflora , and which are readily distinguished from all other species by their short style and unique, obtuse hairs in the corolla throat. This taxon was thought to be restricted to the Hottentots Holland Mtns near Elgin but a recent collection from the northern foothills of the Klein River Mtns represents a significant range extension. Finally, examination of the type of F. undulata var. macrophylla Hiern. shows it to be misplaced in the genus and we identify it as a synonym of Selago myrtifolia Rchb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This International Consensus Classification and Nomenclature for the congenital bicuspid aortic valve condition recognizes 3 types of bicuspid valves: 1. The fused type (right-left cusp fusion, right-non-coronary cusp fusion and left-non-coronary cusp fusion phenotypes); 2. The 2-sinus type (latero-lateral and antero-posterior phenotypes); and 3. The partial-fusion (forme fruste) type. The presence of raphe and the symmetry of the fused type phenotypes are critical aspects to describe. The International Consensus also recognizes 3 types of bicuspid valve-associated aortopathy: 1. The ascending phenotype; 2. The root phenotype; and 3. Extended phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This International evidence-based nomenclature and classification consensus on the congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy recognizes 3 types of bicuspid aortic valve: 1. Fused type, with 3 phenotypes: right-left cusp fusion, right-non cusp fusion and left-non cusp fusion; 2. 2-sinus type with 2 phenotypes: Latero-lateral and antero-posterior; and 3. Partial-fusion or forme fruste. This consensus recognizes 3 bicuspid-aortopathy types: 1. Ascending phenotype; root phenotype; and 3. extended phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both truncus arteriosus communis (TAC) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), there is a rare phenotype that includes a single branch pulmonary artery (PA) arising from a solitary great artery and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) supplying the contralateral lung. We describe the intracardiac and great vessel anatomy of infants with this phenotype, consider rationale for classifying patients as TOF vs TAC, and describe surgical outcomes. Our institution's surgical database was reviewed for patients with a single branch PA from a solitary arterial trunk and contralateral MAPCAs from 2007 to 2019. Demographic, imaging, and surgical data were collected and described. All 11 patients underwent complete repair with a median right ventricular to aortic pressure ratio of 0.36 (range 0.26-0.50). At 0.1-9.1 years after repair (median 0.8 years) there was approximately balanced left-right lung perfusion (median 52% to the right lung, range 34-74%). The MAPCA lungs exemplified the full spectrum of PA and MAPCA anatomy, from absent intrapericardial PAs with all single supply MAPCAs to a normally arborizing PA with all dual supply MAPCAs and present pulmonary valve leaflet tissue. All patients had a systemic semilunar valve with 3 thin and similarly sized leaflets and fibrous continuity with the tricuspid valve, and all had coronary origins and outflow tract morphology more consistent with TOF. It is appropriate to classify all patients with a single anomalous PA from a solitary arterial trunk and MAPCAs to the contralateral lung as TOF rather than TAC Type A3. All variants were amenable to surgical repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a standardized HLA nomenclature has been critical in our understanding of the HLA system and in facilitating the clinical applications of HLA. The Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System, established in 1968, has overseen the development and usage of nomenclature based on serologic specificities, cellular responses, and DNA sequences. Their decisions have been guided by community consensus reached through 17 international workshops beginning in 1964 and continuing today. Two websites provide a curated database of the sequences of over 26,000 HLA alleles and a reference site for the current nomenclature. This review covers the major steps in the development of the HLA nomenclature as well as the efforts of other groups to extend its usefulness for research and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lichen, to which the name Lecidea lichenicola is found to have been misapplied, was first described from England and is an extreme specialist of chalk pebbles. It has long been known that it is not closely related to Lecidea in the strict sense, but its true evolutionary relationships have been unknown. Here we use metagenome-assembled genome data to place this fungus in a six-locus phylogeny of Ascomycota , and find strong support for its placement in the class Lichinomycetes. Multiple gene trees using existing data from Lichinomycetes support its further placement within the family Lichinaceae. Based on a revision of types and original descriptions, we conclude that the earliest name for this species is Lecidea obsoleta (syn. Thrombium cretaceum). We neotypify that name by a modern collection and accommodate it in the new genus Watsoniomyces. Type and other original material of L. lichenicola (syn. Discocera lichenicola) was re-examined and found not to be on chalk and to represent a different lichen, Trapelia glebulosa. Watsoniomyces is the first described member of Lichinomycetes with an endolithic thallus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a widely accepted definition of human intelligence has been challenging, a situation mirrored by the diverse definitions of artificial intelligence in computer science. By critically examining published definitions, highlighting both consistencies and inconsistencies, this paper proposes a refined nomenclature that harmonizes conceptualizations across the two disciplines. Abstract and operational definitions for human and artificial intelligence are proposed that emphasize maximal capacity for completing novel goals successfully through respective perceptual-cognitive and computational processes. Additionally, support for considering intelligence, both human and artificial, as consistent with a multidimensional model of capabilities is provided. The implications of current practices in artificial intelligence training and testing are also described, as they can be expected to lead to artificial achievement or expertise rather than artificial intelligence. Paralleling psychometrics, 'AI metrics' is suggested as a needed computer science discipline that acknowledges the importance of test reliability and validity, as well as standardized measurement procedures in artificial system evaluations. Drawing parallels with human general intelligence, artificial general intelligence (AGI) is described as a reflection of the shared variance in artificial system performances. We conclude that current evidence more greatly supports the observation of artificial achievement and expertise over artificial intelligence. However, interdisciplinary collaborations, based on common understandings of the nature of intelligence, as well as sound measurement practices, could facilitate scientific innovations that help bridge the gap between artificial and human-like intelligence. • Proposes unified definitions for human and artificial intelligence. • Distinguishes between artificial achievement/expertise and artificial intelligence. • Advocates for AI metrics to ensure good quality AI system evaluations. • Describes artificial general intelligence (AGI) mirroring human general intelligence. • Evidence currently favours presence of artificial achievement over intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control strategy is a crucial technology for solving the mismatch between supply and demand in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Model predictive control (MPC) has high accuracy but high system complexity and cost, thus limiting its application. This study proposes a busbar-voltage-based control strategy and applies it to a farmhouse equipped with a PV system in Northern China. The core of the busbar-voltage-based control strategy is that the converter in the system automatically adjusts the operating conditions to ensure that the busbar voltage is stabilized within a specific range. Field test results revealed that the busbar voltage-based control strategy improved the energy flexibility of the farmhouse PV system. We developed a predictive model for the control system and analyzed its performance during different seasons. The simulation results confirmed that the farmhouse PV system's energy flexibility, self-satisfaction rate, and self-consumption rate under the proposed control strategy were similar to those under the conventional MPC approach. This study provides a novel control approach that enables MPC-level performance without the need for communication systems and controllers, which reduces costs and helps promote PV systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]