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Abstract: Objective: To explore the everyday dilemmas of parents living with a child with nocturnal enuresis and to describe their support needs in relation to healthcare professionals. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted in 2011 in Uppsala County, Sweden. Parents of 13 children with enuresis, 10 mothers and three fathers, participated in qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews, which were analysed using systematic text condensation. Results: The analysis of the material resulted in six themes: enuresis is socially stigmatising and handicapping; all practices and home remedies are tested; it creates frustration in the family; protecting the child from gossip or teasing; support from healthcare providers would have helped; it's something we just have to live with. Two patterns of coping were identified: the Unworried wet-bed-fixers and the Anxious night-launderers. Conclusion: Having a child with enuresis can be stressful for parents, although they tried hard not to blame their child. Because parents can feel reluctant to bring up enuresis themselves, they want child health nurses to routinely raise the issue of bedwetting at the yearly check-up. Parents' information needs included causes of and available treatment options for enuresis as well as access to aids and other support for affected families. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary Introduction Enuretic children wet their beds either because of nocturnal polyuria or nocturnal detrusor overactivity. Polyuric children often respond to desmopressin, whereas children with nocturnal detrusor overactivity are often therapy resistant and may have low daytime voided volumes. It is logical to assume that the enuretic event in children with nocturnal polyuria occurs with a full bladder, i.e. with the enuretic voided volume (EVV) close to the child's expected bladder capacity (EBC) for his/her age. However, the EVV has only rarely been studied, and little is known about how it relates to case history, polyuria, or daytime bladder function. The aim of this study was to look at EVV and relate it to voiding chart data and treatment response. Methods Anamnestic data and voiding charts, including measurement of nocturnal urine production and EVV, in enuretic children with or without concomitant daytime incontinence attending a tertiary center were retrospectively reviewed. The EVV was analyzed and compared to anamnestic data, voiding chart data, and response to therapy in accordance with the guidelines of the International Children's Continence Society. Results Data were available for 220 children (age 5–24, median 9), 40 of whom were girls. The prevalence of previous or present daytime incontinence was 42.4%, and 50.5% sometimes experienced urgency. The average EVV was 54.9 ± 32.8% of EBC. EVV correlated highly significantly to nocturnal urine production (p < 0.001). Still, EVV ≥ EBC was observed in only 16 children. EVV was slightly larger in girls (p = 0.013) and in children with urgency (p = 0.034), but there were no significant EVV differences between children responding or not responding to antidiuretic, anticholinergic, or antidepressant therapy. Relevant data are summarized in the Table below. Discussion Case history and daytime voiding chart data give very little information about nocturnal bladder function. The EVV is strongly influenced by nocturnal urine production but only rarely reaches up to a level close to or exceeding the EBC. The enuretic event only very rarely represents the emptying of a full bladder. Thus, a component of nocturnal detrusor overactivity can be assumed to be present in almost all enuretic children, even in children with nocturnal polyuria. The value of the EVV is limited in predicting response to therapy. Table Enuresis voided volume (% of EBC) according to dichotomized variables Table Variable n/n EVV (means ± 1 SD) p-value Girl/boy 34/158 67.6 ± 38.5/52.2 ± 30.9 0.013 Daytime incontinence (y/n) 79/112 56.1 ± 38.0/53.9 ± 28.7 0.667 Urgency (y/n) 89/89 60.0 ± 34.3/50.1 ± 27.1 0.034 Nocturnal polyuria (y/n) 43/144 90.2 ± 37.6/45.6 ± 22.5 <0.001 Desmopressin response (y/n) 15/154 51.3 ± 23.3/56.5 ± 34.3 0.566 Anticholinergic response (y/n) 42/76 52.0 ± 36.7/56.9 ± 34.3 0.471 Antidepressant response (y/n) 36/14 54.4 ± 30.4/74.6 ± 54.6 0.102 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Infectious gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases among children and has a considerable impact on health and socio-economy. Day care centres are highrisk environments for infections. The aim of this study was to investigate if asymptomatic preschool children constitute a reservoir for potential enteropathogens. Study design: In total, 438 individual diapers were collected from day care centres in Uppsala, Sweden, during spring and autumn, and molecular techniques were used to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of multiple enteropathogens. Methods: Faecal samples were analysed with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel; Luminex Corporation, Toronto, Canada) targeting 21 different pathogens. Samples with a median fluorescence intensity above threshold were re-analysed with a second PCR assay. Results: Sixteen of the 438 samples were positive for enteropathogens, 1.6% for enteric adenovirus, 0.7% for Campylobacter spp., and 0.7% for norovirus. Conclusions: Preschool children in Uppsala constitute a limited reservoir for potential enteropathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]