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Graphical abstract Highlights • Newly developed fabrication strategies of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets are introduced. • g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets show superior photocatalytic properties to bulk g-C 3 N 4. • Performance optimization of 0D nanomaterials/g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets is deeply discussed. • Binary systems based on 0D nanomaterials/g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets are elaborated. • Enhanced light absorption and improved charge carriers separation are realized. Abstract Over the past years, two dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNs) have attained increasing interest in the study of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) due to their superior physical-optical properties as photocatalyst. More and more researchers attempt to design photocatalytic systems based on CNNs to realize the control of photocatalyst morphology for enhancing performance. Hence their combination with zero dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, which frequently serve as guest materials, has witnessed great progress. Therefore this review introduces the latest fabrication strategies of CNNs based on conventional strategies and firstly summarizes their photocatalytic properties systematically. More important, typical advanced examples combining CNNs with 0D nanomaterials like carbon nanodots, noble metal atoms and semiconductor nanoparticles are presented for their characteristic 0D/2D nanostructures, which have never been reported in any previous reviews up to now. Their preparation, photocatalytic mechanisms and performance influence factors are deeply discussed. In addition, three kinds of multicomponent complex systems, which take advantages of 0D nanomaterials/CNNs ingeniously, are elaborated on their charge-transfer pathways in our review. Finally, the current challenges and development ideas of 0D nanomaterials/CNNs systems in photocatalytic applications are proposed. This review enriches the knowledge in the applications of CNNs and paves road to the combination of 0D materials with CNNs and even other 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work investigated changes in the chemical composition, structure and porosity of hollow spherical allophane under alkaline conditions, which are significant not only for understanding its fate in natural environment but also for its functional applications. Hollow spherical allophane with a silicon/aluminium (Si/Al) molar ratio of 0.77 was hydrothermally synthesised followed by treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions with different concentrations (indicated by pH values). The allophane and its alkali-treated products were then characterized using a combination of techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and nitrogen physisorption analysis. Allophane showed a weak structural stability in alkaline conditions. At pH ≤ 11.0, the framework of allophane particles was almost intact; its polymerised silicates showed only slight dissolution. At a higher pH (> 11.0), desilication and dealumination enhanced, resulting in the destruction of the imogolite local structure (ImoLS) along the edges of defect pores and the formation of amorphous materials. Most of the defect pores increased in size, becoming accessible to nitrogen and the textural parameters of the micropores reached their maximum values at a pH of 12.5. However, the damage to some secondary pores and the collapse of some hollow spherules reduced total pore volume (V total). At a pH of 13.0, most of the hollow spherules were observed to have collapsed, resulting in remarkable decrease in the textural parameters. However, some unbroken and/or mildly broken allophane particles might remain, deduced from the relatively high BET specific surface area (SSA) and V total and the considerable proportion of micropores for Allo 13.0. These results reveal the dissolution behaviour of allophane in alkaline conditions and the mechanism underlying this behaviour, providing essential insights into the mineral's potential applications. Highlights • Allophane showed a weak structural stability under alkaline conditions. • At pH ≤ 11.0, the framework of the hollow spherule kept almost intact. • At pH > 11.0, dissolution of the ImoLS enlarged the defect pores. • At pH =12.5, most of defect pores became N 2 accessible. • At pH = 13.0, most of hollow spherules collapsed, reducing porosity remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work proposes an environmentally low cost route for nano copper oxide functionalization of cotton in order to impart antibacterial and photocatalytic properties for the first time. This method only includes utilization of metal precursor with no additional chemicals such as reducing agent, pH adjusting, solvent and others as well as no use of physical power or high temperature and pressure conditions. Images of FESEM and mapping, EDX analysis, X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectrum and FTIR analysis were proved the existence of copper oxide nanoparticles on the cotton surface. The prepared samples demonstrated excellent antibacterial performance (100%) against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria that was adjusted to be low-toxic for human dermal fibroblast. The remarkable photocatalytic properties toward discoloration of methylene blue solution under sunlight irradiation were also originated for the prepared samples. In addition, the prepared samples illustrated a variety of color from light to dark brown due to surface plasmon vibrations of copper oxide nanoparticles. They also pointed out an improvement in tensile strength and crease recovery angle properties. All in all, the introduced approach can be performed as an environmentally friendly and low cost route in order to nano copper oxide functionalization of cellulosic based materials designed for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • Introducing environmentally friendly and low cost approach for nano copper oxide functionalization of cotton fabric. • Copper oxide functionalization of cotton substrate without using hazardous chemicals or external physical power. • Excellent antibacterial performances with no negative influence on human dermal fibroblasts. • Very good photocatalytic performances toward degradation the solution of methylene blue dye under sunlight irradiation. • Creating a variety of color from light to dark brown using copper oxide nanoparticles on cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In parallel with the progressing technological improvements witnessed in cement industry, nuclear industry also faces the need to address the prevailing issue of handling radioactive waste. Waste management is among the major environmental concerns all around the world, which need optimization in order to preserve our planet. The objective of the present study is getting rid of the hazardous waste cement kiln dust in an advanced fashion; in parallel, this material is upgraded by blending it with proper additives to produce a modified paste suitable for stabilization of radioactive waste in the future. This study presents an in-depth investigation covering incorporation of different additive materials individually or as mix of two constituents with cement kiln dust as a composite material. Mechanical properties like compressive strength and porosity of the hardened cement kiln dust and modified composites were assessed. Moreover, the physical appearance of the produced blocks including Portland cement or some by-products such as slag and silica fume, as well as nano-materials (nano-sized alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide) was evaluated. We demonstrate that adding merely 0.1% of nanomaterials to 20% slag increases the mechanical integrity of the solidified cement kiln dust samples fourfold (more than 13 MPa). Based on the experimental results, a new composite of cement kiln dust and nano-silica is a proficient material with significant ecological and economical advantages for constructions applications, and should be suitable for safe stabilization of radioactive waste in forthcoming studies. Graphical abstract Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract A new 2D crystal, P 2 S 3 , is found based on extensive evolutionary algorithm driven structural search. Furthermore, P 2 S 3 is confirmed to be stable by the computed phonon spectrum and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. This 2D crystalline phase of P 2 S 3 corresponds to the global minimum in the Born-Oppenheimer surface of the phosphorus sulfide monolayers with 2:3 stoichiometry. It is a wide band gap (4.55 eV) semiconductor with PsbndS σ bonds. The electronic properties of P 2 S 3 structure can be fine-tuned by stacking into multilayer P 2 S 3 structures, forming P 2 S 3 nanoribbons or P 2 S 3 nanotubes, expanding its potential applications in the emerging field of 2D electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Castable nanostructured alloys (CNAs) are being developed as a new generation of reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels to overcome certain limitations of the current RAFM steels, such as their narrow operating temperature range and associated low strength at high temperatures. Six CNAs were developed and examined, exhibiting noticeably increased yield strength, tensile strength and creep resistance as compared to the current RAFM steels, which are comparable to ODS-Eurofer (0.3% Y 2 O 3) at 650 °C. The enhanced strength of CNAs is also associated with a beneficial increase in Charpy impact upper-shelf energies, up to ∼2.5 times that of the current RAFM steels, with comparable ductile-brittle transition temperatures. A broad analysis of microstructure, alloy chemistry and grain size analyses clearly support the mechanisms that explain the mechanical property improvements of these CNAs, providing essential insight for further development of advanced RAFM steels to meet the challenges of future fusion reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract After its introduction just over twenty years ago, single-drop microextraction (SDME) became a widely applied solvent-based microextraction procedure as a practical sample preparation tool in support of chemical and biological, food, pharmaceutical, clinical and forensic analysis. In general, SDME is inexpensive, easy to operate, nearly solvent-free, and can be conducted using very basic apparatus. It can be used to realize high analyte enrichment in a relatively short time, and be easily combined with various instrumental techniques (e.g., GC-MS, HPLC-UV) for analysis. Recently, continuing strong interest in SDME has spawned new developments such as its implementation in microfluidic chip technologies, and operational processes (e.g., new devices, automation), engagement with materials chemistry (e.g., nanomaterials), and, of course, an expanding range of applications. In this review, we present a short historical overview of SDME, and then focus on its most recent (ca. 2017-2018) developments and advances. Future trends are also discussed and predicted. Highlights • A historical account of single-drop microextraction is given. • The most recent SDME developments are reviewed. • Future trends and directions are discussed. • Discussions are mainly centred on devices, materials, processes and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have assumed a prominent role in biomedical field during the past years. Particularly, the gold-core silica shell nanoparticles present unique physical and chemical properties that make nanodevices appealing for theragnostic applications. The gold core characteristic X-ray attenuation, surface enhanced raman scattering and tunable absorption in the near-infrared region supports the applicability of these systems in X-ray, photoacoustic and thermal imaging as well as in photothermal and photodynamic based therapies. Additionally, the inclusion of the silica shell stabilizes the gold core, protecting it from premature degradation and aggregation, and also provides additional cargo capacity for therapeutic molecules. Further, both silica and gold are described as biocompatible, inert and nontoxic materials. In this review, an overview of the gold core-silica shell nanoparticles applications in nanomedicine is provided, highlighting the different particle shapes and their application in bioimaging and therapy. Further, the basics of the gold core-silica shell nanoparticles synthesis procedures, general properties, and biosafety are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering using soft materials has become a very promising approach for repairing damaged cartilage and bone tissue. In this study, novel in situ forming composite hydrogels were synthesized based on chitosan and gelatin biopolymers associated with bioactive glass nanoparticles. The zeta potential at 37 °C ranged from +3.1 ± 1.4 mV to +6.9 ± 3.2 mV and showed the cationic nature of these hydrogels, which are capable of interacting with negatively charged molecules from native extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, the zeta potential analysis and FTIR spectra confirmed that network formation of the hydrogels occurs predominantly by molecular interactions. Rheological results revealed that the elastic modulus (G') increased from 5.4 Pa for pure chitosan hydrogels to 12.4 Pa for hydrogel composites with higher contents of gelatin and bioactive glass. Syringeability and injectability tests showed that all formulations can be smoothly expelled from a syringe and needle with the use of moderate force with a maximum value of 4.0 N. These hydrogel nanocomposites were cytocompatible based on the live cell viability responses of human osteosarcoma cell line (SAOS). These results suggest that these nanocomposites are a promising temporary injectable matrix for bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The continuing increase of cancer morbidity and death rate requires efficient therapeutic strategies. The traditional chemotherapy usually fails to treat cancer or prolong survival rate due to its toxicity to normal cells, side effects and lack of targeting capacity. In recent years, nanomaterials have shown great potentials to treat various cancers efficiently. Graphene-based nanomaterials, especially graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have arisen as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties including the extremely large surface area, modifiable active groups, great biocompatibility and strong photothermal effect, they can act either as tunable carriers or active agents for advanced chemotherapeutics delivery and cancer therapy. Therefore, combing the photothermal therapy, targeted drug delivery and chemotherapy would have great potentials for efficient cancer therapy. Herein, the comprehensive understandings of the physicochemical properties and various anti-cancer applications of GO and rGO as drug delivery systems or photothermal agents are described. Also, the concerns in using GO and rGO, such as the nano-protein interaction, and possible solutions are discussed. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Graphene-based nanomaterials have great potentials in drug delivery. • GO/rGO is readily available by many means. • The photothermal effect of GO/rGO can be used for heat treatment of cancer. • GO/rGO can be chemically modified for advanced drug delivery and therapy. • Corona formation and biodegradation are two challenges for the use of GO/rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexoelectricity, which represents the spontaneous electric polarization induced by the strain gradient, is a universal electromechanical coupling effect regardless of symmetry in all dielectric material. In solid dielectric material, the contribution from flexoelectricity can be due to four related phenomena: static and dynamic bulk flexoelectricity, surface flexoelectricity and surface piezoelectricity. While the surface flexoelectric effect can be negligible, the magnitude of the remaining three phenomena are comparable. Presently, the role of the static bulk flexoelectric and surface piezoelectric effects in the energy harvesters has been intensively studied, the contribution from dynamic flexoelectric effect remains unclear. In this work, based on the conventional beam theory, equations of motion considering dynamic flexoelectric effect are investigated. Consequently, the free vibration of the simply supported beam is studied in order to examine the influence of the dynamic flexoelectricity on natural frequency. From the numerical studies, it is found that dynamic flexoelectric effect is more influential on thick beam model and higher vibration modes. In addition, the results show that the relation between the static and dynamic flexoelectric coefficients can also alter the free vibration response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrobenzene (NB) is one of the most challenging pollutants for groundwater remediation due to its great harm and recalcitrance. Emulsified nanoscale zero-valent iron (EZVI) is considered as a promising agent for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater for its high reactivity, good durability and low cost. In this paper, 2D tank experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of enhanced remediation of NB-contaminated groundwater with EZVI. 9 L of EZVI solution was injected into aquifer to establish in-situ reactive zone (IRZ) before 40 d of NB contamination. Results indicate that injection of EZVI leads to 90% reduction of total NB, which is mainly converted to aniline (AN). NB concentration decreases along the flow path in the tank. Fe 2+ is generated from Fe 0 oxidation. Significant acetate and bicarbonate are released due to emulsified oil decomposition during the whole operation time. Groundwater pH maintains in neutral value (6.6–8.2) owing to the balance between organic acids and OH − released after iron oxidation. Drastic decrease of ORP and DO indicates the transformation from oxidizing to reducing condition, leading to the reduction of oxidative species (e.g. sulfate, nitrate) in subsurface. Calculation of reducing equivalents suggests that microbial breakdown of emulsified oil provides more electrons than Fe 0 oxidation does to the system. Both biotic and abiotic processes are involved in the enhanced degradation of NB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly sensitive and selective detection of various biomolecules is critical for biological research and diagnostics. Herein, we have fabricated an in situ hierarchically self-assembled hybrid electrode based on graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) functionalized with silver nanorods (AgNRs) followed by electrochemical polymerization of 4-amino-1-1ʹ-azobenzene-3,4ʹ-disulfonic acid dye (acid yellow 9, poly(AY)) for in vitro electroanalysis of biomolecules in biological samples. The UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD and FE-SEM were used to characterize the AgNRs and its incorporation into the graphene nano-interfaces. The GNP/AgNR/poly(AY) nanocomposite (NC) hybrid interface was introduced to modify the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to study in vitro electroanalysis of important biomolecules such as dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry. The GNP/AgNR/poly(AY) NC coated electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards DA and AA in physiological condition (pH∼7) and separated their oxidation peaks at different potentials with reasonably good peak separation. As-prepared sensor showed linear response for the electro-catalytic oxidation of DA and AA from 1 to 200 μM with a detection limit of 0.42 μM and 0.88 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of pH, scan rate and interferences on the detection of DA using human serum and urine samples are reported. Thus, the GNP/AgNR/poly(AY) hybrid film modified electrode may be utilized for the development of biomolecule transducers of various disease biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites of carbon nanostructures (CNSs) and biocompatible polymers are promising materials for a series of advanced technological applications, ranging from biomedicine and bioelectronics to smart packaging and soft robotics. In this work, we present three types of organic-functionalized CNSs, namely p -methoxyphenyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns and reduced graphene oxide, used as nanofillers for the preparation of homogeneous and well-dispersed composites of poly( l -lactic acid), a biocompatible and biodegradable FDA-approved polymer. A thorough characterization of the composites is given in terms of calorimetric response, electrical and mechanical properties. Significant differences are observed among the different types of CNS nanofillers, underlying the key role played by the nanoscale shape and distribution of the components in driving the macroscopic behavior of the composite material. Surface properties are probed through advanced atomic force microscopy techniques, on both flat substrates (films) and confined systems (nanofibers). All these composites proved to be biocompatible and to support as scaffolds the proliferation of human neuronal precursor cell line SH-SY5Y, opening the route to a future comparative analysis on their ability to boost neuronal differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have been explored as a new class of chemical read-outs for assaying of a variety of chemical and biological species because of their unique physico-chemical and size dependent properties. Metal nanoparticles-based optical technologies are based on either new class of organic molecular assembly or with aggregation-induced optical changes features, which can also improve the sensitivity of drug assays in pharmaceutical analysis. This review describes the advantages of surface chemistry of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver, copper, gold, and platinum) for tuning of their colorimetric sensing applications in various drugs assays in pharmaceutical and biological samples. It provides insights of various plasmonic metal nanoparticles-based sensing strategies for the selective, sensitive and simultaneous colorimetric assay of drugs in pharmaceutical samples. Finally, we listed some research challenges to accelerate the development of plasmonic metal nanoparticles-based colorimetric sensors that are directly applicable for assaying drugs in pharmaceutical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is and a colorless, corrosive, flammable, and toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell. Although its detection can be conducted by conventional methods (like gas chromatography), highly effective and sensitive detection of H 2 S has been realized with the usage of various nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanostructures, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots). Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as employed for such applications either in their pristine or modified forms, have been recognized as the effective media for sensing of H 2 S due to synergistic effects in addition to their well-known merits (e.g., the large specific surface). This review has been organized to describe the potential applicability of MOF-based sensing against H 2 S through comparative evaluation of their capability against other materials or tools. We also discuss the present obstacles and outline the future scope of research on MOF-based sensing tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozyme, a term defined for nanomaterial with enzyme-like properties, has attracted significant research attention owing to its striking merits. Recently, a surge of nanozymes have been demonstrated to catalyze some typical enzymatic reactions mimicking oxidase, peroxidase and catalase. Especially, nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity have grown into a big family due to their broad range of applications in the field of biosensing and immunoassay. Since inorganic nanoparticles possess the advantages of high stability and easy surface modification, nanozymes have been emerging alternatives to natural enzymes to some extent. In this Review, we briefly summarize several typical nanozymes and then focus our attention on their enormous applications with respect to analytical chemistry. Representative examples would be discussed in detail from the literatures of last 10 years. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions about nanozymes are speculated at the end of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of heavy metals in the natural waters poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Therefore, development of detection methods for monitoring of these heavy metals is crucial. The nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors have been extensively employed for heavy metal ions detection. The fabricated electrodes offer several advantages and improved performance due to the design of electrode surface at the nanoscale that render increased catalytic activity and conductivity, active large surface area and fast electrode kinetics. Moreover, integration of electrochemical devices in automatic fluidic structures has also been used for a wide range of heavy metals monitoring. This review will provide a detailed account of recent progress in the development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals in real water samples from 2013 onwards. The design of these sensors is based on the deployment of nanoparticles-modified electrodes, microelectrode and nanoelectrode arrays, and microfluidic electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum carbide and Ni 0 nanoparticles (NPs) embedding into N-doped carbon materials (Mo x Ni y @N-C) were prepared by one-step thermolysis of Ni, Mo, N, C precursors, and then loaded on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film to obtain the catalytic membranes (Mo x Ni y @N-C/PVDF). The membranes effectively catalyzed the reduction of toxic Cr VI to benign Cr III by employing formic acid (FA) as the reducing agent. The effects of parameters, such as initial concentrations of Cr VI (5–25 mg/L) and FA (0.117–0.702 M), solution pHs (2.12–5.43) and temperatures (15–55 °C), as well as HCOONa concentrations (0–0.20 M) on Cr VI reduction were analyzed in view of scalable industrial applications. Owing to the synergistic effects amongst Ni 0 , Mo x C, doped nitrogen, and oxygen groups as catalytic active sites, and carbon shell protection of metal NPs from leaching out, Mo x Ni y @N-C/PVDF catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity and recyclable capability for Cr VI reduction. The membrane’s unique porous structure and large chemically active surface area not only minimize the NPs agglomeration, but also allow the facile transport of catalytic reactants to the active surface without suffering from high mass-transfer resistance. This study demonstrates Mo x Ni y @N-C/PVDF catalytic membranes with the morphological and structural features provide a green, economic, and fast method for the treatment of Cr VI containing waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co 3 O 4 , a type of transition metal oxide, is known as a promising anode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries (LIBs), attracting wide research attention because of its high theoretical specific capacity, high tapped density as well as stable chemical properties. In this review, we first discuss the synthesis of pure Co 3 O 4 with different morphologies, such as 1D nanostructures (nanorods and nanowires), 2D nanostructures (nanosheets), 3D nanostructures (nanocubes, nanoboxes, polyhedral and fusiform nanostructures), and multistage nanostructures (flower-like nanostructures). Then, we focus on the application of pure Co 3 O 4 and its composites, such as Co 3 O 4 /C, Co 3 O 4 /graphene, and Co 3 O 4 /metal oxide, in LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide self-assembled nanostructures have attracted attention recently owing to their promising applications in diversified avenues. To validate the importance of sidechains in supramolecular architectural stabilization, herein this report describes the self-assembly propensities involving weak interactions in a series of model tripeptides Boc-Xaa - Aib-Yaa-OMe I–IV , (where Xaa = 4-F-Phe/NMeSer/Ile & Yaa = Tyr in peptide I–III respectively and Xaa = 4-F-Phe & Yaa = Ile in peptide IV) differing in terminal side chains. The solid state structural analysis reveals that tripeptide ( I ) displays supramolecular preference for double helical architecture. However, when slight modification has been introduced in the N-terminal side chains disfavour the double helical organisation (Peptide II and III ). Indeed the peptides display sheet like ensemble within the framework. Besides replacement of C-terminal Tyr by Ile in peptide I even do not promote the architecture, emphasizing the dominant role of balance of side chains in stabilizing double helical organisation. The CD measurements, concentration dependant studies, NMR titrations and ROESY spectra are well in agreement with the solid state conformational investigation. Moreover the morphological experiments utilizing FE-SEM, support the heterogeneity present in the peptides. Thus this work may not only hold future promise in understanding the structure and function of neurodegenerative diseases but also assist in rational design of protein modification in biologically active peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles on the specific heat capacity of a low-melting-point eutectic quaternary nitrate salt, 1.0 wt% SiO 2 nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm was doped into the mixed salt Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O-KNO 3 -NaNO 3 -LiNO 3 . A mechanical dispersion mixer was developed to prepare molten salt nanofluids. The effects of the mixing time (15, 45, 90, 120, and 150 min) and stirring rate (600, 750, and 1000 rpm) on the specific heat capacity of the nanofluids were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter. The results showed that the specific heat capacity of the nanofluids varied with the mixing time and stirring rate. It increased by ~ 17.0% at a mixing time of 15 min and stirring rate of 750 rpm. Microstructural characterization of the molten salt nanocomposites was performed using scanning electron microscopy, which showed that special nanostructures, which resemble chain-like nanostructures, were formed on the surface of the solid nanofluids. The special nanostructures with a large specific surface area and high surface energy could increase the specific heat capacity of the molten salt nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, interest in ferrite magnetic nanomaterials has considerably grown, mainly due to their highly promising medical and biological applications. Spinel ferrite powder samples, with high heat generation abilities in AC magnetic fields, were studied for their application to the hyperthermia treatment of cancer tumors. These properties of ferrites strongly depend on their chemical composition, ion distribution between crystallographic positions, magnetic structure and method of preparation. In this study, crystal and magnetic structures of several magnetic spinels were investigated by neutron diffraction. The explanation of the mechanism triggering the heat generation ability in the magnetic materials, and the electronic and magnetic states of ferrite-spinel type structures, were theoretically defined by a first-principles method. Ferrites with the composition of Cu x Mg 1- x Fe 2 O 4 have been investigated as a heat generating magnetic nanomaterial. Atomic fraction of copper in ferrite was varied between 0 and 100% (that is, x between 0 and 1.0 with 0.2 steps), with the copper dope limit corresponding to appear a tetragonal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fracture behavior was investigated of a bulk nanostructured 316L austenitic stainless steel with embedded nanotwin bundles incorporated by dynamic plastic deformation. The nanotwin bundles were demonstrated to be critical to strengthen and toughen the as-deformed samples with mixed microstructures of nano-grains and nano-twins. With increment in strength, the fracture toughness decreases due to the generation of increasingly more nano-grains. Additional controlled thermal annealing that makes the nano-grains recover or recrystallize leads to reduced strengths but more remarkably improved fracture toughness. The enhanced strength−fracture toughness synergy can be attributed to the nanotwin bundles that constrict the damage development in the matrix of either nano-grains or recrystallized grains, and that resist crack propagation via acting as ductile crack bridging ligaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li 2 FeSiO 4 is an important alternative cathode material for the next generation Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (330 mA h/g). However, its development has faced great challenges arising from its structural complexity and its poor ionic conductivity. In the present study, the energetics of surface structures and nano particles of the Pmn2 1 polymorph of Li 2 FeSiO 4 are studied by means of first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The present study demonstrates that, by tailoring the particle size of the Li 2 FeSiO 4 , one can increase the diffusion coefficient above 10 −8  cm 2 /s, which is comparable to the the typical one reported for the current generation state-of-the-art material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO defect luminescence is a fascinating but still highly controversial issue. Herein, the role of interstitial oxygen played on the photoluminescence (PL) property of ZnO nanostructures is investigated through oxygen plasma exposure and low temperature O 2 annealing. In contrast to previous reports, no interstitial oxygen related deep level emission was observed in PL spectra from room temperature (RT) to 7 K after oxygen-rich treatments, except apparent suppression of the exciton emission due to the upward band bending effect. This work illustrates that the isolated interstitial oxygen seems not to cause the widely reported yellow/orange emission regardless of the ZnO growth method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D woven glass fibers sandwich panels have become the focus of interest due to their inherent light weight and, thus, their remarkable stiffness. However, a question is that whether their hollow galleries could be filled with still light materials which even at the same time contribute to their mechanical performance. This work examines the effect of porous polymer nanocomposites filling galleries of such panels on mechanical response of newly formed hybrid composites. To achieve this, the nanocomposites of natural nano-structured zeolite/polyurethane foams were fabricated and injected within 3D woven glass fibers sandwich panels. Mechanical characterization techniques including the flatwise compression, edgewise compression, three-point bending and drop weight impact were carried out to understand the effect of addition of the reinforced foam on the mechanical response of the specimens. It is shown that the polyurethane foam reinforced with natural nano-structured zeolite particles significantly improves the flexural strength, ultimate load and energy absorption of the filled composite sandwich panels. It is also demonstrated that the damage and local wrinkling failure compared with other typical sandwich panels do not occur due to the presence of the glass fiber yarns vertically located between panel sheets. These type of composites provide high specific strength results from high-performance and low-density structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green approach for the one-pot four-component sonochemical synthesis of 5-methyl-7-aryl-4,7-dihydrotetrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic esters from the reaction of 2-cyano-guanidine, sodium azide, various aromatic aldehydes and methyl or ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of a catalytic amount of Fe 2 O 3 @SiO 2 -(CH 2 ) 3 NHC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 PPh 2 as a new hybrid organic–inorganic core–shell nanomagnetic catalyst is described. This is the first design, preparation, characterization and application of the present nanomaterial and also the first ultrasound irradiated synthesis of the biologically and pharmaceutically important heterocyclic compounds in water as a green solvent. This novel sonocatalysis/nanocatalysis protocol offers several advantages such as high yields, short reaction times, environmentally-friendly reaction media, easily isolation of the products, simple preparation, full characterization and recoverability of the nanocatalyst by an external magnet and reusing several times without significant loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor made recognition materials that can mimic biological receptors. If used as recognition units for chemosensors fabrication, they outperform natural receptors with their durability, chemical stability, and low production costs. Novel techniques of MIP deposition as thin films, surface development, and introduction of additional properties are very much demanded in terms of selective and sensitive chemosensors fabrication. Therefore, in recent years a particular attention has been paid to syntheses of nanostructured MIP films and MIP nanoparticles. The present brief review surveys novel achievements in the field of MIP nanostructures and their application for determination of protein analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low heating efficiency of graphite crucible limits the application in electromagnetic induction heating system because of the diamagnetism of graphite. In the present work, Co 3 O 4 nanostructures were successfully prepared by means of a hydrothermal method, and introduced them into graphite and kaolin as raw material of crucible to improve their electromagnetic heating efficiency. The morphology of Co 3 O 4 was adjusted by introducing silk fibroin. The microstructures and morphology of the silk-fibroin-Co 3 O 4 composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and Raman. The magnetic and mechanical properties of these compounds were also evaluated. Adding silk fibroin can optimize the morphology of Co 3 O 4 and increase its magnetism. The addition of Co 3 O 4 calcined at 350 °C (with silk fibroin) to graphite increases its magnetism without sacrificing its compressive strength. Co 3 O 4 /graphite/kaolin (5:3:2) compounds show desired magnetic and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reduction of cobalt (II) formate on graphene/glassy carbon electrode (G/GCE) surface in HCl (5 wt%) is used to prepare Pd-Co electrocatalyst. The Pd-Co nanostructures decorated on the graphene nanosheets were prepared in two steps: (1) electrochemical reduction of cobalt (II) formate and (2) the galvanic replacement reaction between Co and Pd 2+ . This approach has a number of advantages including being environmentally friendly, simple, low-price, and very fast. The morphology and bulk compositions of the samples were investigated via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical techniques, including Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry (CA) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were used to analyze the electrochemical activity of the samples. The peak current density for oxidation of formic acid on Pd-Co/G electrocatalyst was very high (151.32 mA cm −2 ). The Pd-Co/G increased the current density 7.1 times more than Pd/C. Besides, the onset oxidation potential and peak potential for Pd-Co/G electrocatalyst illustrated a negative shift in comparison to Pd/C. Chronoamperometry experiment showed that the stability of the Pd-Co/G catalyst was remarkably promoted. The Pd-Co/G electrocatalyst represents extraordinary electrocatalytic activity and durability toward formic acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice defects can have contradicting effects on the hydrogen storage behavior of titanium-vanadium-chromium alloys: they may facilitate the surface activation, or they may deteriorate the hydriding/dehydriding reversibility. In this study, two types of microstructure containing different structural defects were investigated to gain further insights on the impact of lattice defects on the hydrogen storage performance of beta Ti-V-Cr alloys: (i) a gradient-structure with high density of surface defects processed by ultrasonic surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), and (ii) a uniform structure containing highly-strained nanograins processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT). Because of the effect of surface lattice defects on initial activation, both the SMAT- and HPT-processed materials readily absorbed hydrogen at room temperature. However, while the SMAT-processed samples showed good hydrogen storage reversibility, the HPT-processed materials exhibited poor reversibility because of the effect of bulk defects on hindering the hydrogen transport to/from the hydride. The results clearly demonstrate that the engineering of structural defects on the surface is an effective approach to achieve both easy activation and good reversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the processing how to obtain nanoscale bainite for improving mechanical properties of a low-carbon-medium-manganese steel with nominal chemical composition of Fe–0.07C–7.9Mn–0.14Si–0.05Al–0.002S–0.003P (wt%), using warm rolling, intercritical annealing and bainite transformation. The results indicated that, after bainitic hold at 330 °C for 2 h, the steel had a yield stress ( σ y ) of 770 MPa and tensile stress ( σ TS ) of 1130 MPa, with a high elongation-to-failure ( ɛ f ) of 0.62 at strain rate of 1 × 10 −3 s −1 . The product of σ TS and ɛ f was high at 70 GPa %, which is twice that the value (30 GPa %) required for third generation advanced high-strength steels. Furthermore, it is remarkably higher than the reported value of 46 GPa% for steel with identical chemical composition. Microstructural observations indicated that the steel consisted of nanoscale lamellae with characteristics of radial arrangement of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite (RA) of average thickness of ~120 nm. The volume fraction of RA was as high as 32% with carbon concentration of 1.75 wt%. The bainitic isothermal temperature and time not only affected the bainite morphology but also the volume fraction, distribution, microstructure and carbon concentration of RA, which are responsible for superior combination of high strength and good ductility of the steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) is developed as a new severe plastic deformation technique for processing of the relatively longer ultrafine grained samples. Increasing the length of the processed sample, decreasing the processing load astonishingly, and increasing the hydrostatic stresses are the main advantages of HCEE. In this process, pressurized hydraulic fluid surrounded workplace played the primary role in reducing the friction load and in reducing consequently total load. The HCEE process was applied to commercial pure aluminum 1050 samples at room temperature, and then microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were examined. Microstructure analysis using back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed that a significant grain refinement is achieved after the HCEE process. The average size of grains and subgrains decreased to ~700 nm after two passes of the HCEE process from the initial value of 50 µm in the unprocessed sample. Yield and ultimate strength were increased from 40 MPa and 52MPa to 125 and 137 MPa after two passes of HCEE process. Also, microhardness was increased from 36 HV to 45 HV after the first pass. The process seems to be very promising for industrial application of SPD processing which suffer from the main challenge of limited sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying a solution to directly transform waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) to useful alloys will save energy, conserve our valuable resources, and contribute to preservation of our environment. In this study a solid state mechanical alloying was used to directly convert waste PCBs to a homogenous nanostructured alloy (Cu79-Zn13-Fe3-Sn3-Ni1). Electron microscopy analysis showed 10 h milling time after a short period of cryomilling was enough to obtain a homogenous alloy and SAED ring pattern confirmed the nano-structure, although just a portion of particles size of the power was in nano-scale (< 100 nm). Lattice parameter, strain and grain size were calculated using XRD analysis. The grain size was 40 nm with a strain of 0.73%. High resolution XPS analysis confirmed minor surface oxidation of produced alloy. The UV–Vis analysis showed a broad peak between 350 and 650 nm indicating the chemical homogeneity of the surface. Also the calculation of input energy confirmed the formation of a nano-structured material during mechanical alloying. Finally, a promising application was investigated as nanofluid after dispersion of the synthesised powder in DI water followed by characterization of pH and conductivity variation. The conductivity of the sample was about 10 times higher than DI water. These results, for the first time, introduce a concept for directly transform waste PCBs to metallic alloys without using any heat or solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) heterostructures were fabricated using a simple two-step wet chemical technique and post-annealing treatment. ZnO nanoparticles with different sizes (20–200 nm) and shapes were randomly distributed on mono- and/or multi-layered RGO sheets. The microstructures of the ZnO/RGO composites examined using transmission electron microscopy indicated that the heterostructures are polycrystalline in nature, implying the possibilities of diverse defects present in the samples. The photoluminescence spectra examinations revealed the enhancement of defect-level emission peaks observed at a relatively long wavelength ranges (i.e., 779 nm, 666 nm, and 574 nm) as compared with the band to band transition observed at relatively short wavelengths (i.e., 378 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure of TiCl 3 to the plasma electric discharge burned in moisten air lead to the formation of TiO 2 nanopowder for short exposure time (<30 min). However, as expected for longer exposure time, the N-doped TiO 2 was formed. The synthesized powder for three exposure times was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and nitrogen physisorption. The nitrogen loading was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and the redshift response of doped photocatalyst was evaluated through the discoloration of aqueous Remazol Brilliant Blue-R dye under daylight. As a result, the textural analysis revealed the mesoporous materials with a specific surface area of 157 m 2  g −1 . The chemical states of nitrogen have been assigned to N–Ti–O and O–N–O in the TiO 2 lattice. The photo-degradation rates of RBB-R dye were 62; 76 and 81%, respectively, for the sample exposed during 20, 30 and 60 min. The observed enhanced photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the increasing amount of Nitrogen loaded that shift the photocatalytic response in the visible region of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the need for more efficient technologies for carbon capture applications, a novel type of nanocellulose based hybrid membrane has been successfully prepared by blending the commercial Polyvinylamine solution Lupamin® 9095 (BASF) with Nano Fibrillated Cellulose (NFC) to improve its mechanical and separation capabilities. Self-standing films with different nanocellulose loading (from 30 to 70 wt%) have been prepared and characterized at 35 °C through water vapor sorption experiments and humid gas permeation tests. As expected, membrane permeability consistently increased with increasing water vapor and a higher presence of Lupamin in the film resulted in an increment of both gas permeability and selectivity. In particular blends with a NFC content of 70 wt% Lupamin reached an ideal selectivity of 135 for the separation of CO 2 /CH 4 and 218 for CO 2 /N 2 , at 60 RH%, while the maximum permeability in the order of 187 Barrer was instead reached at 80% RH. Water vapor solubility was also measured and modeled through Park Model to correlate the gas separation properties with the effective content of water present in the membrane matrix. As expected, a higher content of the hydrophilic polymer resulted in a larger water uptake, which at medium to high humidity appeared to trigger a water clustering phenomenon in the matrix. This fact was accompanied by a substantial relaxation of the polymer network, causing a marked reduction of selectivity, which dropped, at the highest RH investigated, to values in the order of 30 and 80 towards CH 4 and N 2 respectively. Despite this loss in performance, most materials tested still showed very interesting properties, well above Robeson's 2008 Upper Bound, making them an interesting alternative for traditional gas separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel white-emitting ZnO@Eu 2 O 3 core/shell nanomaterials was synthesized by a green chemical method. The temperature and pressure dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) transition associated with the fundamental bandgap of ZnO@Eu 2 O 3 core/shell nanomaterials have been studied. The activation energy of ZnO@Eu 2 O 3 is 0.27 eV, which is higher than the commercial Y 2 O 3 : Eu 3+ . The near-bandedge emission is found to shift toward higher energy with applied pressure at a rate of 32.7 MeV/GPa with a small second-order term of −0.28 MeV/GPa 2 . The samples are very stable with white emission under 8 GPa, which are useful for white LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present world facing major problems of rapid growth of population and global economy due to this demand for energy consumption has been considerably increased. Supercapacitor devices are emerging as one of the promising energy devices for the future energy technology. In this regards, the transition metal oxides are suitable electrode materials for pseudocapacitors due to different oxidation states and different ions. In this review article, we focused on the pure nickel oxide based materials synthesizing by various synthetic methods. Nowadays nickel oxide is emerging electrode material for energy storage application due to its thermal stability, high chemical stability, high theoretical specific capacity, low price, naturally abundant and environment friendliness. There are three important factors on which performance of supercapacitor mainly depends on namely electrochemical properties of the electrode material, electrolyte and voltage range. In this review paper, storage mechanism of supercapacitors with their types, characteristics of the electrode material, different synthesis methods of nickel oxide electrode material and different electrolyte materials have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we systematically investigate the loading capacity of raspberry–like nano/microspheres with highly cross–linked structure for the peptide, immunostimulating hexapeptide from human (IHH), by integrating both experimental and simulation efforts. The experimental results indicate that the loading capacities of raspberry–like nano/microspheres with different functionalized chains vary drastically. To provide theoretical insights into the observed phenomenon, the typical raspberry–like nano/microspheres were simplified as effective functionalized groups, thereby the interactions between them and IHH were accurately calculated by ab initio method. The ab initio results agree well with the experimental observations, and the underlying binding mechanism is analyzed in great details. It is shown that hydrogen bonding plays an important role and the binding affinity strongly depends on the functionalized motifs. Therefore, this work provides insightful guidance to controlling the drug loading by design of the functionalized surface of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO 2 (M) nanomaterials with narrow hysteresis width of 3.4 °C has been prepared by dehydration of a novel phase of crystallized VO 2 (M)·0.25H 2 O. The structure and composition have been investigated, and the dehydration process has been analyzed combining the thermal analysis of TGA and DSC. It provides a new way to obtain efficient VO 2 (M) that will be beneficial for high sensitive electrical/optical devices or other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High accuracy modeling of nanostructure is a crucial issue in nano electromechanical systems. This study investigates the effect of nanomaterial uncertainties on vibration and buckling behaviors of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams in thermal environment. The size-dependent governing differential equation is derived based on the nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory with the thermal effect and the analytical formulations of the natural frequencies are deduced. To avoid the shortcoming of probabilistic method in the case of inadequate data, a non-probabilistic uncertainty modeling for the FG nanobeams is developed by quantifying nanomaterial uncertainties as interval parameters. Meanwhile, a hull iterative algorithm (HIA) for solving this model is presented to evaluate the bounds of the natural frequencies. After validation of HIA by comparing with Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity based interval analysis method, the detailed parametric study is performed to understand the combined influences of nanomaterial uncertainties and size-dependent parameter, power-law index as well as temperature change on the natural frequencies. Additionally, the lower bound of the critical buckling temperature is discussed under different size-dependent parameters and power-law indices. The bounds of the natural frequencies and the critical buckling temperature obtained here are helpful for the safety and optimal design of nano electromechanical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we propose an XPS-based quantitative method for depth profile analysis of chemical and phase composition of multi-component and multi-layer samples. The method includes: (1) new method for background subtraction accounting for depth non-uniformity of electron energy losses; (2) new method for photoelectron line decomposition into elementary peaks, which accounts for physical nature of the decomposition parameters; (3) joint solving of both background subtraction and photoelectron line decomposition problems; (4) criterion for assessing of line decomposition accuracy; (5) simple formula for layer thickness extraction for multi-element and multi-layer sample. We apply the developed method for analysis of multilayer niobium oxide and sub-oxide films before and in course of ion milling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study heteroepitaxial thin films grown on patterned substrates using a two-dimensional ball and spring model. Island size and its uniformity as a function of patterned substrate parameters and growth conditions are investigated in an early stage of growth using fast kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. In contrast to the flat substrate, patterned substrates provide preferred sites for island formation at the beginning of growth and promote island size uniformity. A patterned substrate parameter enables us to modify island size in a considerable range. Island size uniformity is further enhanced by stress suppression at the island edges when lattice mismatch is increased. Island size, however, decreases as the growth temperature is increased due to the constraint of periodicity of patterned substrates imposed. An upper bound of a patterned substrate parameter before island size becomes less uniform seems to closely connect to island period and island edge spacing of the flat substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide-based films and nanostructures have emerged as important materials for a wide range of applications such as photovoltaics, optoelectronics, gas sensing and electronics. To develop an appropriate understanding of the properties of these oxides, it is necessary to address the material preparation methods and defect probing issues. This work reports on the synthesis processes of TiO 2 based transparent conductive films, their stoichiometry control and defect identifying, in relation with their electrical and optical properties. Un-doped and TiO 2 :Nb films were deposited by RF co-sputtering from TiO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 targets in Ar plasma. The chemical species present in the plasmas used in deposition process were investigated by optical emission spectroscopy, which was later on correlated with the defects structure of the films. Analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shed more light on the nature of the vacancies and on the effect of the latter on the optical and electrical properties of the films. In terms of results, we measured electrical resistivity in the range 10 − 2 –10 − 3 Ω cm for the intrinsically and extrinsically doped films (films doped with oxygen vacancies and Nb + 5 respectively) while the lowest resistivity was obtained for intrinsically-extrinsically co-doped TiO 2 films (7.4 × 10 − 4 Ω cm). The films transparency was also actively determined by the defects in the lattice and highly transparent films (65–85% in the visible range) were obtained by controlling the density of defects. The approach adopted in this work for the generation of oxygen vacancies could be useful for other oxide-based films, where the oxygen vacancies-dependent properties are crucial, for room temperature ferromagnetism and photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular self-assembly of biodegradable amphiphilic polymers allows rational design of biocompatible nanomaterials for drug delivery. Use of substituted polysaccharides for such applications offers the ease of design and synthesis, and provides higher biofunctionality and biocompatibility to nanomaterials. The present work focuses on the synthesis, characterization and potential biomedical applications of self-assembled polysaccharide-based materials. We demonstrated that the synthesized amphiphilic inulin self-assembled in aqueous medium into nanostructures with average size in the range of 146–486 nm and encapsulated hydrophobic therapeutic molecule, ornidazole. Hydrophophic dehydropeptide was conjugated with inulin via a biocompatible ester linkage. Dehydrophenylalanine, an unusual amino acid, was incorporated in the peptide to make it stable at a broader range of pH as well as against proteases. The resulting core-shell type of nanostructures could encapsulate ornidazole in the hydrophobic core and released it in a controlled fashion. By taking the advantage of inulin, which gets degraded in the colon by colonic bacteria, the effect of enzyme, inulinase, present in the microflora of the large intestine, on inulin-peptide degradation followed by drug release has been studied. Altogether, small peptide conjugated to inulin offers novel scaffold for the future design of nanostructures with potential applications in the field of targeted drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces with micro/nano hybrid hierarchical structures were synthesized on the stainless steel mesh by a facile single-step chemical bath deposition (CBD) method without using further low surface energy materials. The Taguchi L 16 experimental design was applied to evaluate the effects of reaction time, type and concentration of the additive, type of the chelating agent, and the molar ratio of the chelating agent to the initial zinc (II) ions. The prepared sample at the optimal conditions exhibited a sustainable and time-independent superhydrophobic behavior with the water contact angle (WCA) of 162.8° ± 2.5° and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) of 1.8° ± 0.5°. The XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR analyses were used to characterize the prepared samples. Surface characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated accumulation of micro/nano branched ZnO needles on the substrate with the average diameters of ∼85 nm. After 20 abrasion cycles the optimum sample indicated an excellent mechanical robustness via exposure to the pressure of 4.7 kPa. A suitable chemical resistance to the acidic and basic droplets with the pH range of 4 and 9 was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By a simple and cost effective chemical precipitation-hydrothermal method, novel hierarchical structured Sm 2 O 3 modified CuO nanoflowers are prepared and investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The physical properties of prepared materials are characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and FTIR techniques. Furthermore, electrochemical performances of prepared materials are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectrum in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. The resulting Sm 2 O 3 modified CuO based electrodes exhibit obviously enhanced capacitive properties owing to the unique nanostructures and strong synergistic effects. It is worth noting that the optimized SC-3 based electrode exhibits the best electrochemical performances in all prepared electrodes, including higher specific capacitance (383.4 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 ) and good rate capability (393.2 F g −1 and 246.3 F g −1 at 0.3 A g −1 and 3.0 A g −1 , respectively), as well as excellent cycling stability (84.6% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g −1 ). The present results show that Sm 2 O 3 is used as a promising modifier to change the morphology and improve electrochemical performances of CuO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a wide gap semiconductor suitable for many applications. In this work, TiO 2 nanostructured thin films are deposited by a plasma assisted supersonic deposition technique on silicon and on conductive glass substrates. Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) is used to monitor plasma conditions and precursor dissociation reactions. The influence of deposition parameters on TiO 2 structure, uniformity, grain size, and optical properties are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Experimental results show how employed technique allows obtaining uniform films, with a tunable deposition range. Grains size could be chosen varying precursor flux during the deposition process. Films nanostructure and porosity result to be affected by grains size. Substrate roughness results to affect film morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]