Lee, Hyunwoo, Fischer, Tobias P., Muirhead, James D., Ebinger, Cynthia J., Kattenhorn, Simon A., Sharp, Zachary D., Kianji, Gladys, Takahata, Naoto, and Sano, Yuji
Geochemical investigations of volatiles in hydrothermal systems are used to understand heat sources and subsurface processes occurring at volcanic-tectonic settings. This study reports new results of gas chemistry and isotopes (O, H, N, C, and He) of thermal spring samples (T = 36.8–83.5 °C; pH = 8.5–10.3) from the Magadi and Natron basin (MNB) in the East African Rift (EAR). Although a number of thermal springs are shown to ascend along normal faults and feed into major lakes (Magadi, Little Magadi, and Natron), volatile sources and fluxes of these fluids are poorly constrained. CO 2 is the most abundant phase (up to 996.325 mmol/mol), and the N 2 -He-Ar abundances show a mixture of dissolved gases from deep (mantle-derived) and shallow (air/air saturated water) sources. The H 2 -Ar-CH 4 -CO 2 geothermometers indicate that equilibrium temperatures range from ~ 100 to ~ 150 °C. δ 18 O (− 4.4 to − 0.2‰) and δD (− 28.9 to − 3.9‰) values of the MNB thermal waters still lie slightly to the right of the local meteoric water lines, reflecting minor evaporation. Each mixing relationship of N 2 (δ 15 N = − 1.5 to 0.4‰; N 2 / 3 He = 3.92 × 10 6 –1.33 × 10 9 , except for an anomalous biogenic sample (δ 15 N = 5.9‰)) and CO 2 (δ 13 C = − 5.7 to 1.6‰; CO 2 / 3 He = 7.24 × 10 8 –1.81 × 10 11 ) suggests that the predominant mantle component of the MNB volatiles is Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM). However, N 2 is mostly atmospheric, and minor CO 2 is contributed by the limestone end-member. 3 He/ 4 He ratios (0.64–4.00 Ra) also indicate a contribution of SCLM (R/Ra = 6.1 ± 0.9), with radiogenic 4 He derived from a crustal source (R/Ra = 0.02). The MNB 4 He flux rates (3.64 × 10 11 to 3.34 × 10 14 atoms/m 2 s) are significantly greater than the reported mean of global continental flux values (4.18 × 10 10 atoms/m 2 s), implying that magma intrusions could supply mantle 4 He, and related heating and fracturing release crustal 4 He from the Tanzanian craton and Mozambique belt. Total flux values (mol/yr) of 3 He, N 2 , and CO 2 are 8.18, 4.07 × 10 7 , and 5.31 × 10 9 , which are 1.28%, 2.04%, and 0.24% of global fluxes, respectively. Our results suggest that the primary source of magmatic volatiles in the MNB is SCLM, with additional crustal contributions, which is different from the KRV volatiles that have more asthenospheric mantle components. Volatiles from SCLM in magmas stall in the crust to heat and fracture country rock, with accompanying crustal volatile release. These volatile signatures reveal that MORB-type mantle replaces a relatively small volume of SCLM during incipient rifting (< 10 Ma) in the EAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]