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The emergence of the so-called “European Paradox” shows that increasing Governmental R&D Investment is far from being a ‘panacea’ for stagnant growth. Surprisingly, Governmental R&D Employment does not contribute to ‘mass-market’ employment, despite its important role in reducing Youth-Unemployment. Despite the negative side-effect of Governmental R&D Employment on economic growth, University R&D Employment appears to have a quite important role in reducing Unemployment, especially Youth-Unemployment, while it also does not have a downside in terms of economic growth. Technological Capacity enhancement is the most effective instrument for reducing Youth-Unemployment and is a policy with a quite robust effect regarding sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional vision has become a key concept for the study of expertise. This paper celebrates the sophistication of Charles Goodwin's (1994) formulation of the concept by specifying a form of professional vision, rather than relying on its coinage to do the work of analysis. Video of a public astronomy education session in a Portuguese observatory shows how the astronomer instructs a young boy to recognize sunspots against the background of the Sun. The astronomer is unable to see what the visitor sees; yet he can explain the visitor's observation, which he does through a question and answer sequence. We call this practice of making astronomical sense of observations "seeing by proxy". Seeing by proxy specifies professional vision as a cultural method of instruction. It particularizes professional vision as a praxeological not a conceptual matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]