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Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance in bone remodelling. The aim of this study was to compare the marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants placed in the posterior maxilla between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic female patients. This was a prospective cohort study. Female patients needing a dental implant restoration in the posterior maxilla were included. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed and the T-score recorded. MBL was measured at 12 months after loading. The patients were assigned to one of two groups: group 1, osteoporotic (T-score ≥2.5); group 2, non-osteoporotic (T-score <2.5). In this study, osteoporosis was the primary predictor variable and MBL was the outcome variable. The mean MBL was compared between the two groups using an independent t -test. Pearson's correlation test was applied to identify any correlation between the T-score and MBL. Ninety female patients were studied, 44 in group 1 and 46 in group 2. The mean MBL was 1.20 ± 0.29 mm in group 1 and 0.87 ± 0.15 in group 2; this difference in mean MBL was statistically significant (P = 0.001). There was a correlation between T-score and MBL (P = 0.001). Despite the correlation between T-score and MBL, this study did not provide enough evidence to prove any causal relationship between MBL and osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stressful situations may result in serum chromium (Cr) depletion with increased urinary excretion of the mineral and increased Cr requirements. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Cr supplementation on growth performance, feeding behavior, blood metabolites and hormones, indicators of oxidative stress and glucose-insulin kinetics of summer-exposed weaned dairy calves. In total, 48 Holstein female calves (63 days of age; 77.0±1.45 kg of BW) were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: (1) a control group with no supplemental Cr (Cr−), and (2) a supplemental Cr group (Cr+) to supply 0.05 mg Cr as Cr-methionine/kg of BW0.75. Chromium was provided in the starter feed and adjusted weekly based on BW over the experimental period. All calves were on experiment for 4 weeks after weaning. The average maximum temperature–humidity index was 76.1 units during the study period, indicating a mild degree of environmental heat load. Results indicated that in summer-exposed dairy calves, increased dietary Cr provision tended to decrease fecal score, tended to change rumination pattern, increased antioxidant capacity by increasing serum concentration of catalase, but had no effects on growth performance, metabolic status or peripheral glucose and insulin metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Chromium-methionine (Cr) increased feed intake and weight gain in dairy calves. • Respiration rate but not rectal temperature decreased by supplementing Cr. • Cr decreased days with pneumonia and days of medication during the post-weaning. • Antioxidant status and insulin sensitivity were not affected by supplementing Cr. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chromium (Cr) supplementation on the health status, blood attributes, and insulin sensitivity in dairy calves reared under hot summer conditions. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were assigned randomly to a control group (Cr-) and a group (Cr+) receiving 0.05 mg Cr-methionine per kg BW0.75. The starter feed contained 0.95 mg Cr/kg dry matter. Dietary level of Cr was within the ranges (0.08 to 1 mg Cr/kg body mass daily or more) reported to affect metabolism). Supplemental Cr was included in colostrum and milk before weaning (d 1 to 63), and in the starter feed from d 64 to 91. Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased but respiration rate was lower in Cr + calves. Cr supplementation decreased the number of days with pneumonia and medication days during the post-weaning period; however, Cr did not affect diarrhea frequency or the number of days with diarrhea. Supplementing Cr increased blood serum concentration of total proteins. Furthermore, blood serum concentration of globulins tended to increase in Cr + calves during the pre-weaning and overall periods. Cr supplementation increased catalase activity during the post-weaning period. Glucose disappearance rate tended to increase in Cr + calves. Overall, supplementary feeding of Cr may benefit growth performance and health status without a major effect on blood metabolites, antioxidant status, and insulin sensitivity in dairy calves under high ambient temperature summer conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of Cr supplementation on growth performance, feeding behavior, health status, and blood metabolites of summer-exposed dairy calves during the pre- and postweaning periods. A total of 24 newborn Holstein female calves (1 d of age; 42.1 ± 0.89 kg of body weight) were assigned randomly to a control group (no Cr supplement; Cr-) or a Cr group (Cr+) receiving 0.05 mg of Cr/kg of body weight0.75. During the study period, the average maximum temperature- humidity index was 81.3 units, indicating a high environmental heat load. Chromium was provided in colostrum and milk during the preweaning period, and in the starter feed during the postweaning period. Calves had free access to fresh water and starter feed throughout the experiment and were weaned on d 63. Starter feed intake and total dry matter intake were greater in Cr+ calves. Despite decreased meal frequency in Cr+ calves, during the preweaning period the starter feed intake increased due to increases in meal duration and meal size and a tendency for greater meal interval. Increased postweaning starter intake in Cr+ calves was attributed to a tendency for an increase in meal duration. Chromium-supplemented calves had greater overall weight gain, but their feed efficiency and rectal temperature were not affected by Cr treatment. Chromium supplementation tended to increase the heart girth during the preweaning and overall periods and increased the hip width during the postweaning and overall periods. Respiration rates were lower in Cr+ calves than Cr- calves during the preweaning and overall periods. During the preweaning period, the time spent in eating and ruminating per 12-h period was not affected by Cr treatment. During the postweaning period, the rumination time (min per 12-h period) was unaffected but total eating time (min per 12-h period) increased in Cr+ calves. Times spent resting, drinking, standing, lying, and in nonnutritive oral behaviors were not affected by treatments during the pre- and postweaning periods. Chromium supplementation had no effects on serum concentrations of cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine measured at weaning or the end of the trial. The Cr+ calves tended to have higher serum concentrations of glucose and a higher ratio of insulin to glucose measured at the end of the trial. In conclusion, Cr supplementation of both liquid and solid feeds improved growth performance in summer-exposed calves as a result of reduced respiration rate and increased feed intake; however, no beneficial effects were found on feed efficiency and insulin metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous colostrum pasteurization and probiotic (PRO) use in colostrum of Holstein calves on growth performance, health, and blood metabolites in the pre- and post-weaning period. In this experiment, 60 Holstein female calves (mean birth weight 37.2 ± 2.11 kg) were used in a factorial arrangement of 2 × 2 with 15 calves per treatment. The experimental treatments were: 1. raw colostrum (RC) without probiotic supplementation (RCN), 2. raw colostrum with probiotic supplementation (RCPRO), 3. heat-treated colostrum (HC) without probiotic supplementation (HCN), and 4. heat-treated colostrum with probiotic supplementation (HCPRO). Calves were weaned at d 61 and remained until d 75 of age. The dry matter intake, rectal temperature, and fecal score were recorded daily, and body weight (BW) and skeletal growth were measured at d 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 75 of age. Blood samples were taken at d 0, 1, 35, and 70 to check some blood metabolites. The heat treatment of colostrum decreased the total plate count (TPC), coliform count (TCC), and E. Coli count (TEC) levels. Calves fed RCN tended to have the greatest immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, and it did not differ among other treatments. Colostrum heat-treatment did not influence d 1 blood metabolites, whereas PRO decreased the total protein and globulin concentration on d 1 blood samples. Colostrum heat-treatment × probiotic supplementation interactions were observed for starter feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and BW, with calves fed RCN having the lowest values. Starter feed intake, total dry matter (DM) intake, ADG, feed efficiency, and BW were not affected by colostrum treatment. Colostrum heat-treatment × probiotic supplementation interactions were observed for post-weaning, and overall fecal score with RCPRO calves had a lower fecal score than RCN calves. Calves fed HC had higher overall rectal temperature than calves fed RC. Regardless of PRO, DM, crude protein (CP), and organic matter (OM) digestibilities tended to be greater in HC-fed calves than in RC-fed calves. The PRO increased DM and tended to increase OM digestibility compared to those who did not receive PRO. Moreover, the RCN-fed calves had lower overall withers height and hearth girth than calves in other treatments. The results of the present study indicated that the heat treatment of colostrum reduced the TPC, TEC, and TCC and increased the nutrient digestibility of dairy calves. Moreover, the PRO supplementation did not interfere with IgG absorption from colostrum, and it did not impair passive immunity transfer. Also, the addition of PRO to RC can improve the health and performance of calves but has no effect on the performance of calves consuming HC probably due to reduced levels of pathogens. • Heat treatment decreased total plate count, Escherichia coli count, and total coliforms count of colostrum. • Colostrum heat treatment did not affect serum IgG, and health in calves receiving appropriate colostrum ingestion. • Probiotics supplementation did not interfere with IgG absorption from colostrum. • Addition of probiotics to raw colostrum can improve the health and performance of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]