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The current characterization of flood exposure is largely based on residential location of populations; however, location of residence only partially captures the extent to which populations are exposed to flood hazards. An important, yet under-recognized aspect of flood exposure is associated with human mobility patterns and population visitation to places located in flood prone areas. In this study, we analyzed large-scale, high-resolution location-intelligence data collected from anonymous mobile phone users to characterize human mobility patterns and the resulting flood exposure in coastal counties of the United States. We developed the metric of mobility-based exposure based on dwell time in places located in the 100-year floodplain. The results of examining the extent of mobility-based flood exposure across demographic groups reveal significant disparities across race, income, and education level groups. The results show that Black and Asian, economically disadvantaged, and undereducated populations in US coastal cities are disproportionally exposed to flood due to their daily mobility activities, indicating a pattern contrary to that of residential flood exposure. The results suggest that mobility behaviors play an important role in extending flood exposure reach disproportionally among different socio-demographic groups. The results highlight that urban flood risk assessments should not only focus on the level of flood exposure to residences, but also should consider mobility-based exposure to better learn the disparities in flood exposure among social groups. Mobility-based flood exposure provides a new perspective regarding the extent to which floods could disrupt people's life activities and enable a better characterization of disparity in populations' exposure to flood hazards beyond their place of residence. The findings of this study have important implications for urban planners, flood managers, and city officials in terms of accounting for mobility-based flood exposure in flood risk management plans and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recognition of the influence of socio-spatial networks on disaster recovery, limited data-driven evidence exists regarding the nature of this relationship. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated the duration of the human mobility recovery process and its relationship with hazard-exposure heterophily (as a measure for the resourcefulness of social ties) and various other socio-demographic characteristics. We applied the concept of hazard-exposure heterophily to the possibility of resource sharing, through social-spatial networks, between communities with different hazard exposures. We used human movement patterns to measure recovery duration. To understand the disparities during recovery, we examined the correlations between recovery duration and the social demographic characteristics of race and income caused by Hurricane Harvey which made landfall in Harris County, Texas, on August 25, 2017. We discerned high/low hazard-exposure heterophily through the use of a threshold-classification method, and we got four clusters according to the flood-inundation percentage and social connectedness values. Then we applied correlation analysis to analyze the relations between hazard-exposure heterophily/income and recovery weeks among different income groups. The results revealed that hazard-exposure heterophily considerably accelerates human mobility recovery in low-income areas, as the hazard-exposure heterophily allows for the increased exchange of knowledge and resources between members of diverse groups, ultimately accelerating the recovery process. The results of this study could benefit local agents to better allocate recovery resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A quantitative approach to examine policy preference conflicts among diverse stakeholders across multiple plans. • Hazard mitigation plan incorporated the most overall stakeholder policy preferences among the four examined plans. • The regional transportation plan incorporated the fewest overall stakeholder policy preferences. • The hazard mitigation plan and the regional conservation plan had the highest level of policy consistency. • The hazard mitigation plan and regional transportation plan had the lowest level of policy consistency. The objective of this paper was to create and test a methodological framework for examining the extent to which various plans captured diverse stakeholder policy preferences related to resilience planning and management of interdependent urban systems. Policy preferences represent what were important for stakeholders and determine the priorities of stakeholders in resilience planning of urban systems. Stakeholders in different urban sectors may have conflicts of policy preferences in the resilience planning process. A comprehensive understanding of the extent to which plans incorporated and reflected policy preferences of different stakeholders would greatly improve the quality of resilience planning. Hence, we proposed a plan evaluation framework to examine the extent to which various plans captured diverse stakeholder policy preferences in resilience planning of interdependent infrastructure systems. We showed the application of the proposed framework in the evaluation of four plans affecting flood resilience planning in the Houston area. The proposed tool could help identify conflicted stakeholder policy preferences in planning and enable evaluation of policy consistency in networks of plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban flooding disrupts traffic networks, affecting mobility and disrupting residents' access. Flooding events are predicted to increase due to climate change; therefore, understanding traffic network's flood-caused disruption is critical to improving emergency planning and city resilience. This study reveals the anatomy of perturbed traffic networks by leveraging high-resolution traffic network data from a major flood event and advanced high-order network analysis. We evaluate travel times between every pairwise junction in the city and assess higher-order network geometry changes in the network to determine flood impacts. The findings show network-wide persistent increased travel times could last for weeks after the flood water has receded, even after modest flood failure. A modest flooding of 1.3% road segments caused 8% temporal expansion of the entire traffic network. The results also show that distant trips would experience a greater percentage increase in travel time. Also, the extent of the increase in travel time does not decay with distance from inundated areas, suggesting that the spatial reach of flood impacts extends beyond flooded areas. The findings of this study provide an important novel understanding of floods' impacts on the functioning of traffic networks in terms of travel time and traffic network geometry. • High-order network analysis and reveals anatomy of perturbed traffic networks. • Network-wide persistent travel time increase can last for weeks. • Modest flooding causes significant temporal expansion of network. • Distant trips experience greater percentage increase in travel time. • Flood impacts extend beyond inundated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The preparation of Au/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite through a one-pot method. • The fabrication of an Au/RGO modified carbon paste elecrode. • Electrochemical determination of agnuside by differential pulse voltammetry technique. • A novel and sensitive technique with good merit figures for agnuside determination in real samples. Agnuside despite its good properties for the body, can be harmful to the kidneys in extra concentrations. So, its measurement is important. For the first time, we developed a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for the investigation of agnuside electrochemical behavior by designing a gold/reduced graphene oxide/carbon paste electrode (Au/RGO/CPE). The Au/RGO nanocomposite was synthesized through a one-pot in situ reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and HAuCl 4 in the presence of sodium citrate and the obtained product was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The anodic oxidation of agnuside has been carried out at a modified carbon paste electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0) using sensitive differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Several parameters such as the type and pH of supporting electrolyte and scan rates were optimized. This study reported a good linearity in the range of 0.050–250.0 nM and a low detection limit of 0.016 nM. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 10.0 nM and 100.0 nM of agnuside were obtained 3.3% and 1.2%, respectively. The sensor was successfully applied to determine agnuside in Vitex agnus castus fruit and urine sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present study, for the first time, we develop a sensitive voltammetric technique for the determination of pemetrexed using Pd/carbon nanofibers/methyl (trioctyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([M3OA]+[NTF2]−) ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode in which Nafion was utilized as binder (CPE/Pd/CNF/[M3OA]+[NTF2]−/Nafion). Composite nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning method and characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and FT-IR and the synthesized ionic liquid was also investigated by FT-IR and UV–Vis. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) measurements were performed to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of pemetrexed using the proposed electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.0. Several parameters such as pH amount, scan rate and the type of supporting electrolyte were studied for pemetrexed oxidation. In addition, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability were also evaluated. Under optimized conditions, a linear concentration was detected in the range of 1.00–35.0 nM with a detection limit of 0.33 nM by SWV. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the quantification of pemetrexed in cancerous human plasma, pharmaceutical and health urine samples. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Fabrication of Pd/carbon nanofibers by electrospinning method • Modification of carbon paste electrode by Pd/CNF/[M3OA]+[NTF2]−. • Electrochemical pemetrexed determination using SWV technique • The developed sensor being successfully applied for the determination of pemetrexed in real samples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of crowdsourced data has been finding practical use for enhancing situational awareness during disasters. While recent studies have shown promising results regarding the potential of crowdsourced data (such as user-generated flood reports) for flash flood mapping and situational awareness, little attention has been paid to data imbalance issues that could introduce biases in data and assessment. To address this gap, in this study, we examine biases present in crowdsourced reports to identify data imbalance with a goal of improving disaster situational awareness. Three biases are examined: sample bias, spatial bias, and demographic bias. To examine these biases, we analyzed reported flooding from 3-1-1 reports (which is a citizen hotline allowing the community to report problems such as flooding) and Waze reports (which is a GPS navigation app that allows drivers to report flooded roads) with respect to FEMA damage data collected in the aftermaths of Tropical Storm Imelda in Harris County, Texas, in 2019 and Hurricane Ida in New York City in 2021. First, sample bias is assessed by expanding the flood-related categories in 3-1-1 reports. Integrating other flooding related topics into the Global Moran's I and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) revealed more communities that were impacted by floods. To examine spatial bias, we perform the LISA and BI-LISA tests on the data sets—FEMA damage, 3-1-1 reports, and Waze reports—at the census tract level and census block group level. By looking at two geographical aggregations, we found that the larger spatial aggregations, census tracts, show less data imbalance in the results. Through a regression analysis, we found that 3-1-1 reports and Waze reports have data imbalance limitations in areas where minority populations and single parent households reside. The findings of this study advance understanding of data imbalance and biases in crowdsourced datasets that are growingly used for disaster situational awareness. Through addressing data imbalance issues, researchers and practitioners can proactively mitigate biases in crowdsourced data and prevent biased and inequitable decisions and actions. • By expanding the flood-related categories in 3-1-1 reports, the research identified more communities that were impacted by flooding, thus mitigating sample bias. • Spatial analysis techniques are preformed on 3-1-1 reports and Waze reports at the census tract and census block group level to identify which geographical aggregation causes a reduction of spatial data to mitigate spatial bias. • Regression models are preformed on 3-1-1 and Waze reports and found that social demographic traits such as minority status are not represented on crowdsourced platforms. • The application of the proposed analytical framework is demonstrated in two study areas: Harris County during Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019 and New York during Hurricane Ida in 2021. • The proposed framework provides insights on the types of biases that exists within crowdsourced data and how to identify biases. • The proposed method can help cities and flood plain managers identify biases within crowdsourced data to create an equitable flood recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major problems of the semiconductor nanomaterials in the photocatalytic applications for degradation of organic contaminants are fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and low visible light harvesting. Therefore, we tried to resolve these drawbacks by coupling LaFeO 3 nanoparticles with Bi 2 WO 6 nanoflakes and constructing of binary Z-scheme heterojunction through the facile solvothermal synthesis approach. The photocatalytic activity of the LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 heterojunction was studied through degradation of tetracycline (TC) upon visible light irradiation. The effects of experimental parameters, including LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 dosage, initial concentration of TC, visible light irradiation time, and solution pH on the photocatalyst performance of binary nanocomposite were analyzed by response surface methodology. The results of analysis of variance confirmed that these parameters have a significant effect on the TC degradation efficiency. The value of the first-order kinetic rate constant for removal of TC using LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 was calculated 0.1291 min−1, which was 20 and 10 times higher than pure LaFeO 3 and Bi 2 WO 6 , respectively. Besides, LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 was shown the excellent photocatalytic stability after 4 cycles. Furthermore, the photocatalytic pathway for photodegradation of TC by binary LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 nanocomposite was proposed according to the trapping experiments of active species and the results were signify that the h+ and . OH are the predominant reactive species for the photodegradation of TC. Overall, we believe that current novel research opens a promising route for the preparation of highly efficient LaFeO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 photocatalyst and its usage for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to measure and track the speed and trajectory of a community's post-disaster recovery is essential to inform resource allocation and prioritization. The current survey-based approaches to examining community recovery, however, have significant lags and put the burden of data collection on affected people. Also, the existing literature lacks quantitative measures for important milestones to inform the assessment of recovery trajectory. Recognizing these gaps, this study uses location-based data related to visitation patterns and credit card transactions to specify critical recovery milestones related to population activity recovery. Using data from 2017 Hurricane Harvey in Harris County (Texas), the study specifies four critical post-disaster recovery milestones and calculates quantitative measurements of the length of time between the end of a hazard event and when the spatial areas (census tracts) reached these milestones based on fluctuations in visits to essential and non-essential facilities, and essential and non-essential credit card transactions. Accordingly, an integrated recovery metric is created for an overall measurement of each spatial area's recovery progression. Exploratory statistical analyses were conducted to examine whether variations in community recovery progression in achieving the critical milestones is correlated to its flood status, socioeconomic characteristics, and demographic composition. Finally, the extent of spatial inequality is examined. The results show the presence of moderate spatial inequality in population activity recovery in Hurricane Harvey, based upon which the inequality of recovery is measured. Results of this study can benefit post-disaster recovery resource allocation as well as improve community resilience towards future natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Period of recovery was quantified from observational power outage data. • Findings evidence social and spatial inequalities in power outage events. • Need for future investment in data collection and analysis of power outages. • Importance of integrating equity practices in power restoration management. Due to the effects of climate change and urbanization, the severity and frequency of hazard events is expected to increase. The energy sector in the United States is ever more vulnerable to extreme climatic hazards. Hurricane winds can damage electrical lines, causing hazard-induced power outages. Extreme heat and freezing temperatures can imbalance the supply and demand for energy resulting in managed power outages. Utility companies reportedly prioritize the restoration of power systems based on the number of outages and the size of affected populations. This approach fails to account for unequal impacts of hazard-induced and managed power outages. Research in equitable infrastructure emphasizes that certain populations, such as lower income and racial-ethnic minority households, are disproportionately impacted by disruptions in the power system. Moreover, the connected network qualities of the power system suggests an element of spatial vulnerabilities. However, little empirical evidence exists regarding the presence and extent of energy inequality. A main roadblock is the data collection process, in that outage data is often perishable and not found at granular spatial scales to allow the undertaking of a comprehensive analysis on impacts of power losses. Recognizing this important gap, this study collected and analyzed observational data related to the managed power outages during Winter Storm Uri (2021) and the hazard-induced outages during Hurricane Ida (2021). The research quantified the period of recovery at a granular spatial scale using an equitable-focused analysis to detect social and spatial inequalities through an exploratory lens. In extreme cases of power outage, census tracts of lower income and higher percentage of Hispanic population had longer median durations of recovery during Winter Storm Uri. In the hazard-induced outages of Hurricane Ida, non-coastal zip codes with lower income had a 1.00-day longer median duration of recovery and higher percentage of Black population had a 2.00-day longer median duration of recovery while coastal zip codes with higher percentage of Black population had a 1.00-day longer median of recovery. Non-coastal regions had 63% greater spatial Gini values and 16% greater value in infrastructure inequality when compared to coastal regions. The managed power outages resulted in a 3% to 19% greater value of infrastructure inequality to the hazard-induced power outages. The findings provide evidence of pervasive social and spatial inequality in power outages during climate hazards and highlight the importance of integrating equity into the manner in which utility managers and emergency planners restore power outages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulcan XC-72R carbon supported Pd and Pd–Mo alloys of different Pd:Mo atomic ratios were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method. The bimetallic nanoalloys were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy to determine their crystal structures and elemental compositions. Alloy formation of the nanocatalysts was proven by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line profiles using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The performance of as-prepared nanocatalysts was evaluated for the reactions of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol electrooxidation in alkaline media by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements. It was found that bimetallic Pd–Mo/VC catalysts have higher activity due to different electronic structure as compared to the monometallic palladium. Also, the Pd 3 Mo/VC catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity, high durability and stability which indeed propose it to be as a promising electrocatalyst for future direct alcohol fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to empirically and systematically assess the combination of inherent susceptibility factors, protective actions, and factors of hazard exposure that influence a household's level of hardship experienced due to disruptions in critical infrastructure services during disasters. Classification and regression tree (CART) decision tree models and survey data from three major hurricane events were used to: (1) identify the pathways leading to impact(s) due to service disruptions and explore the differences in pathways across vulnerable population groups; and (2) identify the points of intervention to mitigate well-being impacts in households due to disruptions in water, energy, food, and road transportation services. The results reveal how the associative pathways between these factors change between socioeconomic and demographic groups in the impacted community and for different infrastructure service system types. The findings suggest that not all vulnerable households experienced high hardship outcomes despite prolonged outages. Finally, the hardship pathways suggest recommendations for improving resilience in infrastructure systems in a more equitable manner. The findings can be used by emergency and infrastructure managers and operators to better prioritize resource allocation for hazard mitigation investments and restorations. Accordingly, this study contributes to the theory of human-centric infrastructure resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of access to essential facilities and emergency services during hazard weather events in shaping individuals' risk perceptions. We develop a framework in which residents' views of required actions facing extreme weather are influenced by their level of access to essential facilities to obtain medical and emergency services. The effect of access is complemented by perceptions about the status of local infrastructure conditions as enabling access. Using a sample of Texas residents collected during April 2021, we demonstrate the role of restricted access and views of local infrastructure conditions as important predictors of increased concerns during natural disasters. The results demonstrate the effects of factors such as access and status of local infrastructure on the risk assessments of individuals in vulnerable communities who face increased risks from extreme weather. Accordingly, the findings advance our understanding of the unexplored relationship between access of essential facilities and risk perceptions, and could inform disaster managers and public officials regarding the importance of evaluating access as an element of public risk perceptions facing extreme weather events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to discover the emergent energy performance and determinants of energy waste in buildings. Electricity consumption in the U.S. attributes to 73% of energy waste in buildings and much of this waste is due to improper design, operation, and use of appliances. In particular, the operation or use phase of buildings and the way occupants behave significantly contribute to energy waste. Understanding the determinants of energy waste during the operation phase of buildings is a challenging task due to the complex interactions between the occupants, building units, and appliances. To decode these complex interactions and facilitate a better understanding of the determinants of energy waste, a simulation approach is used in this study. An agent-based simulation model was developed to capture the diverse attributes and dynamic behaviors of building occupants at the interface of human-building-appliance interactions. The application of the proposed model is demonstrated in a case study. Using simulation experiments, the interactions between occupant, building unit and appliance on energy consumption were investigated. The simulation model also was used for estimating determinants of energy waste. In addition, the simulation model includes a visualization interface that facilitates communication of strategies between the buildings users and facility managers. The results will highlight the significant attributes and effective strategies for energy waste reduction at the interface of human-building-appliance interactions. This information has potentially significant implications for building designers, facility managers, and users through a better understanding of emergent energy performance of buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability of infrastructure systems involves multiple interrelated objectives which are dependent on the dynamic behaviors of stakeholders, interdependencies between infrastructure assets, and evolving conditions in the social and environmental systems. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by creating a framework that integrates: (1) different dimensions of sustainability in infrastructure networks, and (2) dynamic changes in the behaviors of stakeholders, asset performance conditions, and the social and environmental conditions. The proposed framework includes an agent based simulation model to capture the dynamic behaviors of decision makers and the evolving performance of infrastructure assets under different socio-environmental conditions. The outcomes of the simulation model include the short- and long-term costs and environmental impacts of infrastructure networks under different scenarios related to the changes in the socio-environmental conditions. The application of the framework is shown in a numerical case study of a road network. The results include: (i) identification of infrastructure management strategies (e.g., maintenance planning and funding allocation) that optimize the tradeoff between annual cost and environmental impacts of the network; and (ii) discovering robust management strategies that lead to highly-likely desired sustainability outcomes across different uncertain scenarios related to the future socio-environmental conditions. The results show the capability of the proposed framework for sustainability assessment of infrastructure systems based on integrated analysis of the dynamic behaviors of decision-makers, infrastructure characteristics, and evolving socio-environmental conditions. Hence, it provides a predictive quantitative tool to inform decision-making and policy formulation toward improving the sustainability of infrastructure networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel carbon paste electrode modified with ZnO nanorods and 3-(4′-amino-3′-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-acrylic acid (3,4′AAZCPE) was fabricated. The electrochemical study of the modified electrode, as well as its efficiency for electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine, is described. It has been found that the oxidation of dopamine at the surface of modified electrode occurs at a potential of about 180 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. The detection limit of 5.6 × 10 −8 M for dopamine was obtained using square wave voltammetry (SWV). In addition, this modified electrode was used for simultaneous determination of dopamine, melatonin, methionine and caffeine. Finally, the modified electrode was used for determination of dopamine, melatonin, methionine and caffeine in human blood serum and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While traditional financing approaches such as federal and state grants funded by taxation are insufficient to address the existing need, innovative financing such as novel public private partnership models, credit enhancement tools, and new bonding instruments has emerged to expand the fiscal space of public agencies for infrastructure development. Formulating innovative financing approaches is one of the challenges faced by policymakers to address the ever growing need for restoring the failing civil infrastructure in the U.S. Public support/opposition is one of the major drivers/disruptors of innovative financing. Assessment of public perceptions is a major component towards gaining public support and developing sustainable infrastructure financing policies. The objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of public perceptions of innovative financing. Data obtained from public survey of 616 individuals from 50 states in the U.S. is analyzed to investigate the effects of: (a) economic factors, (b) infrastructure conditions, and (c) personal characteristics of the public on the knowledge, awareness, perceptions, and attitudes of the public towards innovative financing. The findings reveal that the likelihood of public support of innovative financing is insensitive to economic conditions and is affected by the factors related to infrastructure condition such as the level of need for infrastructure renewal, the ability to protect the public against natural disasters, and the history of using innovative financing for infrastructure renewal. The findings also show that 57% of the sample population in the U.S. were not knowledgeable about different methods for financing infrastructure projects and 77% of the sample population in the U.S. were not aware of the activities of public organizations for finding innovative financing solutions for infrastructure projects. Based on the findings, two main strategies have been proposed for infrastructure agencies to enhance their efforts towards gaining public acceptance of innovative financing: (i) enhance strategies to facilitate learning for the public about innovative financing in infrastructure projects and (ii) improve marketing and citizen involvement strategies to get the public to buy-in to innovative financing methods. The findings can enhance the current efforts of public agencies related to educating the public and citizen involvement strategies by incorporating public preferences in policy development to enhance the likelihood of public support of innovative financing methods. Potential improvements can be made in changing the key messages in educating the public, using more effective strategies for communicating complicated financing concepts, and highlighting the success stories and benefits of innovative financing in other states and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of public perceptions and their role in climate change adaptation for infrastructure has been highlighted in previous studies. However, public perception of water infrastructure at risk of flooding has not been explicitly addressed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate flood risk perception, the factors that influence it, and evaluations of water infrastructure systems. To examine this, data were obtained from a public survey of 755 respondents in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Risk perception is measured as three components: worry, awareness, and preparedness. Structural equation modeling was used to develop and test a model tracing the interrelationships between risk perception, disaster experience, satisfaction with infrastructure services, knowledge of water infrastructure, socioeconomic characteristics, and political views. Results show that flood risk perception elements (awareness, worry, preparedness) significantly influence public evaluation of water infrastructure conditions and mediate the impact of flood experience, service satisfaction, and knowledge. Evaluation of water infrastructure is positively associated with knowledge and service satisfaction but negatively with flood experience. The study also confirms the importance of socio-economic characteristics in shaping public risk perception and evaluation of infrastructure. These findings imply multiple ways that decision-makers may enhance flood risk management plans and adaptation processes of water infrastructure systems in coastal urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]