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[Display omitted] • Simple and Eco-friendly biosynthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers@ L- lysine @ Silicon dioxide using Russian Artemisia extract investigated and optimized. • Cellulose Nanofibers@ l -lysine @SiO 2 NPs @ RAE nanocomposites (CNF@Lys@SiO 2 @RAENC) were characterized by different techniques. • CNF@Lys@SiO 2 @RAENC was demonstrated for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. • The advantages of this method include simple, rapid biosynthesis, and maximum inhibition zone at a low concentration. In the present study, a simple and rapid method for biosynthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers@ L- lysine @ Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) using Russian Artemisia extract (RAE) was applied. Antibacterial activity of Cellulose Nanofibers@ l -lysine @SiO 2 NPs @ RAE nanocomposite (CNF@Lys@SiO 2 @RAENC) and RAE was evaluated against Staphylococcus Aureus , Proteus Mirabilis , and Escherichia Coli. The maximum inhibition zone of Cellulose Nanofibers@ l -lysine @ Silicon dioxide @ RAE nanocomposites was obtained for Staphylococcus Aureus (21.2 ± 0.1 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanocomposites against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus were determined. MIC and MBC for both bacteria were 15.6 μgmL−1 and 62.5 μgmL−1, respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of Cellulose Nanofibers@ Silicon dioxide @ RAE nanocomposites with l -lysine as a drug delivery system on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was determined using MTT assay and its result showed that the nanocomposite has more cytotoxic effect than RAE against MCF-7 cell line. The advantages of this method include simple, rapid biosynthesis, and maximum inhibition zone at a low concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the biosynthesis of CNF@Lys@SiO 2 @RAENC as well as its cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]