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Except for a few preventative Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, there is currently no cure for HPV infection. There are a number of cutting-edge strategies and potent medications or herbal formulations that can be applied topically for early clearance of HPV infection before HPV DNA gets integrated into host cell genome. This is facilitated due to cervical cancer having distinct and well-recognized long precancerous stages. This review aims to outline every possible medication and formulation, both natural and synthetic, that can be applied topically as intravaginal application to help remove HPV infection at an early precancerous stage. Several anti-HPV/HPV clearance compounds and formulations for high-grade lesions are undergoing clinical trials. However, the majority of compounds are still in the early stages of development and require additional research to become viable HPV clearance candidates. Synthetic drugs may be more promising because they may have a more targeted effect; however, they may also have significant adverse effects. On the other hand, natural medications are safer to use. They are less specific, but have minimal to no adverse effects. This article may serve as a valuable resource of information for managing and preventing precancerous carcinogenic HPV infections. Research could be directed toward developing candidate drugs to make evidence-based decisions about advancing them to clinical trials and, eventually, to the market for potential use in the prevention and control of cervical cancer, which is almost always preventable or even curable if detected early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the clinical outcome for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients with pre-existing renal failure in the United States.Methods: We analyzed the data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2008-2012) for all ICH patients with or without pre-existing renal failure. Patients were identified using the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Baseline characteristics, in-hospital complications, and exposure to invasive procedures were compared between groups. Discharge outcomes (mortality, minimal disability, and moderate-to-severe disability) were compared between the two groups, before and after adjusting for the presence of other medical comorbidities, in-hospital complications, and exposure to invasive procedures.Results: Of the 328,728 patients with ICH, 36,067 (11.8%) had pre-existing renal failure as a comorbidity. There were higher rates for in-hospital complications like myocardial infarction (3.5% versus 1.9%, P ≤ .0001), sepsis (5.4% versus 3.0%, P ≤ .0001), pneumonia (7.1% versus 5.3%, P ≤ .0001), deep venous thrombosis (1.6% versus 1.2%, P = .0041), urinary tract infections (16.9% versus 15.1%, P = .0101), and gastrointestinal bleeding (0.4% versus 0.2%, P ≤ .0154), longer hospital stay (9.4 ± 14.4 versus 7.7 ± 11.4; P < .0001), and higher mean hospital charges ($86497.9 ± 131708.1 versus $69583.4 ± 110629.1; P < .0001) in patients with pre-existing renal failure . The in-hospital mortality was also higher among patients with pre-existing renal failure as comorbidity in both univariate (26.4% versus 25.3 %, P = .0010) and multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.124 [1.042-1.213], P = .0025). There was no statistically significant difference for in terms of moderate to severe disability between 2 groups (OR = 1.030 [0.962-1.104], P value: .3953 in multivariate analysis when analysis was limited to alive patients.Conclusions: Patients with ICH, who present with pre-existing renal failure, have higher rates of in-hospital mortality but not for disability, the difference remained significant after adjusting for the presence of other medical comorbidities, in-hospital complications or exposure to invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innervation pattern of triceps is complex and not fully comprehended. Anomalous innervations of triceps have been described by various authors. We have attempted to delineate the nerve supply of the triceps and documented the anomalous innervations of its different heads. The brachial plexus and its major branches (in the region of the axilla and arm) and triceps were dissected in 36 embalmed cadaver upper limbs. Long head received one branch from radial nerve in 31 (86%) specimens. Four (11%) specimens received two branches including one that had dual innervation from the radial and axillary nerves, and one (3%) specimen had exclusive innervation from a branch of the axillary nerve. Medial head received two branches arising from the radial nerve in 34 (94%) specimens. One (3%) specimen received three branches from the radial nerve whereas one (3%) had dual supply from the radial and ulnar nerves. Lateral head received multiple branches exclusively from the radial nerve, ranging from 2 to 5, in all (100%) specimens. Knowledge of the variations in innervation of the triceps would not only help the surgeon to avoid inadvertent injury to any of the nerve branches but also offers new options for nerve and free functional muscle transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that asbestos fibers induced genotoxicity is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient endogenous antioxidant protection. Asbestos exposure can result in ROS generation in two different ways: (a) by catalyzation of Fe2+, which is present in asbestos fibers, and (b) via oxidative bursts during phagocytosis of the fibers. On the other hand, it has been discussed that the physical presence of the fibres may mechanically influence the normal segregation of chromosomes during mitosis resulting in the induction of micronuclei in late ana/telophase, and aneuploidy. Glutathione and the glutathione redox system protect cells from the oxidative damage after exposure to xenobiotics. Glutathione depletion occurs during oxidative stress conditions and it is observed that supplementation of a precursor of glutathione and other sulphur containing compounds results in reduced toxicity. In the present study, diallyl sulfide (DAS), a lipid soluble allyl sulphur compound present in fresh extracts of garlic was evaluated for its protective effects. The micronucleus (MN) assay was performed in human mesothelial cells (HMC) exposed to 1 μg/cm2 of crocidolite and chrysotile. Simultaneously, the cells were treated with 5 and 10 μM DAS, incubated for 48 and 66 h. Asbestos fibers induced significant genetic damage in HMC. The assay revealed a significant reduction in MN induction after treatment of cells with 5 μM but not with 10 μM DAS in mesothelial cells. The study revealed that at appropriate concentrations DAS protects mesothlelial cells against asbestos induced genotoxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Graphical abstract Abstract The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins have been attributed to be the key regulators in programmed cell death and apoptosis with a prominent role in human cancer. Understanding the fundamental principles of cell survival and death have been the main cornerstone in cancer drug discovery for identification of novel anticancer agents. In this context the Bcl-2 family of anti-and pro-apoptotic proteins provide an excellent opportunity for development of anticancer agents, as blocking the Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL functionally promotes apoptosis in tumor cells and also sensitize them to chemo- and radiotherapies. The present study reports the identification of novel Aplysin analogs as BCL-2 inhibitors from a sequential virtual screening approach using drug-like, ADMET, docking, pharmacophore filters and molecular dynamics simulation. We identified promising Aplysin analogs that have a potential to be Bcl-2 inhibitors just like the standard drug Obatoclax. One of the compound analog 11 was identified to be a promising inhibitor of Bcl-2 in the docking, pharmacophore and simulation based models.The molecular modeling information provided here can be vital in designing of the novel Bcl-2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lignin peroxidases-producing Serratia liquefaciens was used for bioremediation of pulp and paper (P&P) mill effluent. The treatment led to reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, lignin and phenolic content by 84%, 72%, 61% and 95%, respectively. The effluent detoxification was studied by genotoxicity assays using Allium cepa L. (onion) root tip cells. Genotoxicity studies included measuring mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in root tip cells following treatment with 25, 50, 75 and 100% (v/v) of effluent. The root tip cells grown in untreated effluent showed a significant decrease in MI from 69% (control) to 32%, 27%, 22% and 11% at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluent concentration, respectively. This indicated that the untreated effluent was highly cytotoxic in nature. Further, root tip cells, when treated with different concentrations of effluent showed various CA and NA including c-mitosis, stickiness, chromosome loss, chromosome break, anaphase bridge, multipolar anaphase, vagrant chromosomes, micronucleated and binucleated cells. The MI observed in root tip cells grown in bacterial treated effluents at similar concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100% v/v) showed an increase of 33%, 36%, 42% and 66%. CA showed a substantial decrease and in some instances, complete absence of CA was also observed. The findings suggest that S. liquefaciens culture could be a potential bacterial culture for bioremediation of P&P mill effluent, as it is effective in substantial lowering of pollutants load as well as reduces the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]