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The fast proliferation of wearable electronics has ushered in a new era of technological convergence with daily living, necessitating sustainable power solutions. Wearable microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use microbe's ability to produce energy, have emerged as an innovative solution to this demand. Recent advances in electrode materials, including as conductive polymers, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, are the focus of this overview on wearable MFCs. Hybrid systems, which combine wearable MFCs with technologies like piezoelectric generators, offer comprehensive energy solutions; miniaturization techniques allow for smooth integration into clothing, accessories, and implants. Despite advancements, difficulties in scaling and electrode stability exist, necessitating focused approaches. This review article focuses on how wearable MFCs are changing the energy landscape and ushering in a new era of inventive electronics by advancing sustainable energy and environmental sensing. [Display omitted] • Integration of wearable MFCs with diverse energy sources. • The advancements in materials and design of wearable MFCs. • Applications of wearable MFCs with efficiency and scalability hurdles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The study examines different anodes, dual-pollutants, in MFCs operation. • Utilization of graphene coated electrodes such as GO-ME; GO- SE and GO-GE in MFCs. • The GO-ME anode delivered maximum 29.1 mW/m2 power density among all electrodes. • Achieved Bisphenol A and Pb2+ removal efficiency was significant (maximum is 98 %) • Exoelectrogens identification and isolation procedure is well studied. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate energy and remove pollutants, making them environmentally friendly. Due to electrode and organic substrate material instability, MFCs have poor electron transport and generation. The viability of utilizing graphene derivative materials from Nipah palm frond (NPF) waste is examined, involving the synthesis of NPF-GO for coating GO-ME (graphene-mild-steel), GO-SE (graphene-stainless-steel), and GO-GE (graphene-graphite) anodes. Electricity generation patterns and performance are closely monitored over an operational period, with GO-ME (29.1 mW/m2) consistently outperforming GO-SE (26.5 mW/m2) and GO-GE (7.6 mW/m2). This work uniquely combines inorganic and organic dual cathodic-anodic pollutant treatment with energy generation, achieving remarkable bisphenol A (BPA) and lead (II) nitrate (Pb2+) removal. Over the 105-day operational period, BPA removal rates reached 98.03 % for the GO-ME anode, 96.95 % for the GO-GE, and 83.73 % for the GO-SE, while Pb2+ removal efficiency was above 98 % in all reactions. The biological characterizations indicates that each of the three electrodes performed well and smoothly and that several exoelectrogens, including Lysinibacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Providencia sp., and Mammaliicoccus sp., were found on each electrode. This study also uses nira sap as the organic substrate for this MFCs operation. This study also enclosed MFCs' operating mechanisms, compared prior results, and made future recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production is an effective way to replace the primary energy to provide renewable sources as well as preserve the environment. Significant efforts have been developed to increase the effectiveness of hydrogen production through many methods. However, the challenge is still on-going, which exhibits insufficient efficiency and weak selectivity toward hydrogen production. Photocatalysis is one of the best methods to produce hydrogen as well as sustained the environment. Here, modification of TiO 2 by metal doping photocatalyst is reviewed. The right conclusions only can be obtained if consistent data is used. So, in this review, the data used are only data generated from a research group, Bunsho Ohtani's research group of Hokkaido University, that used titania photocatalyst in the production of hydrogen. The photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts and their relationship with hydrogen production and the factors that affect hydrogen production are discussed critically using fuzzy graph and fuzzy logic modelling. Modification of TiO 2 photocatalyst and its application for the production of hydrogen are studied. The modification is designated as mono-, bi-, and trimetallic metal doping. Moreover, there is no clarification has been done on the factors that affect the photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production. Thus, the mathematical tool, which is the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is introduced in photocatalysis to provide the future direction of the structure-physical properties-photocatalytic activity relationship of metal-doped TiO 2 photocatalyst. Au/TiO 2 is used as the photocatalyst model towards the production of hydrogen under UV light irradiation in the form of a fuzzy graph. It was found that the low amount of Au metal doping and high surface area are the dominant factors to obtain high-efficiency hydrogen production for Au/TiO 2 photocatalyst. Image 1 • Photocatalytic activity and their relationship with hydrogen production. • The factors that affect hydrogen production analyzed by fuzzy logic modeling. • Au/TiO 2 as the photocatalyst model towards the production of hydrogen. • Au metal doping and surface area are the factors affects the hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Utilisation of biomass material (palm kernel shell) for anode fabrication. • Three anode versions (PKS-rGO, PKS-rGO/TiO 2 , and PKS-rGO/ZnO) were successfully fabricated. • The fabricated anodes delivered high-performance MFC efficiency on various level. • The highest power density (45.49mW/m2) was delivered by PKS-rGO/ZnO composite anode. • Biodegradation efficiency (94.30 %) of naphthalene was highest with PKS-rGO/ZnO. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) have become a more popular bio-electrochemical approach due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability. The anode is a vital component of the MFC, and its unstable material remains one of the primary causes of poor electron transportation throughout the reactor operations. This study seeks to improve MFC electron transport and naphthalene biodegradation by employing modified palm kernel shell (PKS)-based anode electrodes. These anode fabrications were successfully developed through the combination of PKS-based rGO hybridized into metal oxide modifiers (ZnO and TiO 2). The anode electrodes were subsequently assigned PKS-rGO, PKS-rGO/TiO 2 , and PKS-rGO/ZnO. The power density displayed for PKS-rGO was 35.1 mW/m2, whereas the power density for the PKS-rGO/TiO 2 composite anode was found to be 38.2 mW/m2. On the other hand, PKS-rGO/ZnO had a maximum power density of 45.4 mW/m2. The maximum current density (CD) in the anode PKS-rGO/ZnO was 114.0 mA/m2, indicating a comparable pattern of power output. Bacillus sp. and Niallia sp. were identified as exo -electrogens in the microbial study. In the MFC operation, the highest biodegradation efficiency was 85.50 % in the PKS-rGO settings, 92.80 % in PKS-rGO/TiO 2 , and 94.30 % in PKS-rGO/ZnO. SEM and microbiological studies revealed that our anodes were highly biocompatible with microbes. Furthermore, this result proposes future research directions for the mortality of anodic microbial communities in MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of Tri-Structural isotropic (TRISO) layers Fuel in SMART. • Converting SMART UO 2 core to the UCO and UN core. • Reducing the amount of 238U by using FCM concept. • Enhancing the retention of the fission product. The existing commercial nuclear power plants (PWR and BWR) utilize the oxide fuels, i.e., UO 2. This fuel selection is not questionable, where the safety and economy are the top priority in the nuclear industry. In this work, the potential advantages of microencapsulated fuels to System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor "SMART" has been explored. The UN and UCO have been considered as the candidate fuel material for the SMART reactor. The detailed design and fuel assembly configurations with different fuel types of the SMART reactor have been investigated for criticality with depletion (burn up), fuel and moderator temperature coefficients, and power peaking factor using OpenMC. The fissile and fertile fuel elements with coated particles are embedded in graphite matrices. The results are presented with a review of attributes and potential benefits. The nitride fuel has an advantage of mechanical stability, enhanced thermal conductivity, and high fuel density compared to dioxide fuel (UO 2). The melting point of standard fuel, UN, and UCO are similar. Thus, they have higher safety margins under NPP's operating conditions. Therefore, nitride (UN) and carbide (UCO) fuel types are more attractive than standard uranium oxides because they are safer and beneficial. The dioxide fuel (UO 2) is considered as the reference and compared with candidate material. The neutronic assessment within SMART core specification examined the effective multiplication factor, thermal flux distribution, axial and radial power distribution, and power peaking factor at the beginning, and end of the fuel cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activated corrosion products are the leading source of radiation in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Particularly in advanced integrated systems with a reduction in piping and advanced safety features such as system-integrated modular advanced reactor (SMART), the corrosion product activity is needed to be investigated. In this work, simulation of corrosion product activity has been evaluated for the SMART reactor under normal and shutdown conditions and compared with a typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). For this purpose, a computer code ACP-SMART has been developed and implemented in MATLAB, which uses OpenMC as a subroutine. The effective group cross-section has been generated by OpenMC under the core design constraints. The results for 56Mn, 59Fe, 24Na, 99Mo, 58Co, and 60Co have been found as 0.072 μCi/cm3, 0.240 μCi/cm3, 0.290 μCi/cm3, 0.360 μCi/cm3, 0.015 μCi/cm3, and 0.020 μCi/cm3, respectively. The total specific activity due to corrosion products in the core, primary coolant, and inside the steam generator is 2.790 μCi/cm3, 0.183 μCi/cm3, and 0.145 μCi/cm3, respectively, which are 89.5%, 5.8%, and 4.7% of the overall contribution. Results indicate that the primary coolant and steam generator specific activity reach their saturation values fairly rapidly. Predominant corrosion product activity during normal operation is due to 56Mn while 58Co and 59Fe dominate after reactor shutdown. 99Mo remains dominant to 24Na and 59Fe during normal operation while 59Fe leads over 99Mo and 24Na after shutdown. A linearly increasing corrosion rate has been employed, and an effect on saturation activity has been investigated. For the linearly increasing corrosion rate, the specific activity behavior has changed considerably. The time taken to reach the saturation activity strongly depends upon the corrosion rate. The saturation activity in the primary coolant and steam generator depends on the CRUD removal rate from the core scale. • Development of activated corrosion product in System integrated modular advanced reactor "ACP-SMART" code. • SMART core design in OpenMC. • Evaluation of Primary coolant Specific activity due to linear acceleration of corrosion. • Comparison of Corrosion product activity of SMART reactor with conventional PWR. • Dependency of corrosion products activity upon deposition rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed as an additive to improve biodiesel-diesel blends. The catalyst was prepared from lignin as a carbon precursor, modified via hydrothermal sulfonation at 180 °C for 6 h, and finally characterized. The effects of reaction parameters for LA esterification, such as ethanol-to-LA molar ratio (3–15), catalyst loading (3–20 wt%), and reaction time (2–6 h) were studied. Ethyl levulinate with 80 mol% and 100 mol% concentrations were examined as a fuel additive for palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends of B10, B15, and B20. The effect of the additive on the density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends, as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions from engine combustion, was investigated. The results show that the catalyst has good acidity (1.30 mmol/g) and suggested thermal stability up to 200 °C, as well as unique surface morphology with a large surface area of 193 m2/g contributed by mesopores and micropores. A high initial yield of EL of 84.3 mol% was obtained over LHS-400-1 at optimum conditions of 6 ethanol-to-LA molar ratio, 15 wt% of catalyst, and 5 h at 80 °C. The reusability study up to five cycles showed a gradual reduction in the LA conversion which indicated catalyst instability. As for the biodiesel-diesel blends, the presence of EL at 3 to 7 vol% reduced the viscosity and slightly increased the density. Furthermore, CO and NO x emissions trends decreased with the addition of EL. The presence of LA in 80 mol% EL for biodiesel-diesel blends resulted in slightly high CO and NO x emissions as compared to the blends with 100 mol% EL. [Display omitted] • Upgrading of lignin waste to solid acid catalyst for levulinic acid esterification. • Ethyl levulinate (EL) effects on palm oil biodiesel-diesel properties and emission. • Analysis on B10, B15 and B20 blends and compare selected samples with ASTM standard. • Catalyst provides high initial EL yield but it is not stable under repeated usage. • EL improves properties and lowers the CO and NO x emissions of fuel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are extensively used in treating infectious diseases for both humans and animals. However, they are generally not fully digested in the body and are released as active compounds into aquatic systems through domestic sewage treatment plants, where they can cause chronic toxicity and some potentially major health and environmental risks. Many researchers reported that conventional wastewater treatment processes cannot completely eradicate antibiotic residue and that these residues may be discharged to the receiving rivers and streams. Adsorption was claimed to be able to remove these contaminants even at low concentrations and under a variety of pH conditions. Biomass-based adsorbent materials have recently been used to remove antibiotics due to their wide availability, eco-friendly nature, good surface characteristics, and low cost. This study conducted a systematic review of biomass-based carbon adsorbents used for antibiotic removal. The surface chemistry and maximum antibiotic adsorption capacities were reviewed and discussed based on the type of biomass and chemical modification. The effect of influential variables such as pH, initial concentration of antibiotics and adsorbent dosage was also discussed in detail. After the screening process, four articles were found to be suitable for the detail analysis on reusable efficiency. Results of the detail analysis shows coconut shell and sawdust based-carbon adsorbent could remove antibiotics with 89% reusable efficiency after the fourth cycle of reuse. Overall, this systematic review ascribes the research work for synthesizing an excellent performance of biomass-based carbon adsorbent. • A systematic review on chemically modified biomass-based carbon adsorbent for the removal of antibiotics in water. • The performance of carbon adsorbent depends on the chemical and physical properties of the adsorbent surface. • Chemical modification is effective to enhance adsorption capacity for antibiotics removal. • Reusable efficiency of 89% is possible after four cycles of antibiotics removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precious metal oxides exhibit impressive characteristics that caught worldwide attention due to their promising capacitive performance, excellent electrochemical stability and low resistance, and these metal oxides have been extensively employed in supercapacitor application. This type of supercapacitors is known as redox supercapacitors or pseudocapacitors which applied faradaic process in storing energy in their systems. Thus, new materials with impressive electrochemical performance are highly demanded. In this aspect, cobaltite system with spinel structure has been the subject of intense research due to its established applications in electrochemistry. Besides, carbonaceous materials like activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphites, graphenes and fullerenes utilize electric double-layer capacitance whereby energy is stored by charge separation at an electrode/electrolyte interface. With greater development conducted on metal oxides and carbonaceous materials for supercapacitor application, introduction of hybrid and composite electrodes comprise of these two types of materials have been well received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The well-graded BA can be a good partial sand replacement material in concrete. • The compressive strengths for all mixes reached more than 50% on 28th curing days. • The split tensile strengths showed quadratic curve. • The slow growth of exponential pattern on flexural strengths was observed. • The compressive strength and thermal conductivity were highly correlated. Bottom ash (BA) is a hazardous waste material from power plant. The well-graded BA can be a good sand replacement material in concrete. This study presents strength and thermal properties of concrete containing high calcium and water absorptive fine aggregate from well-graded BA as partial sand replacement (control mix (CM) 0%, BM5: 5%, BM10: 10%, BM15: 15%, and BM20: 20%). The workability of fresh concrete mixes was tested via slump test. The strength of the hardened concrete was assessed based on compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The thermal property was evaluated based on thermal conductivity test. The optimization of these model parameters was conducted via I-Optimal design. The workability of concrete mixes was reduced with an increase of well-graded BA due to high water absorption effect. The compressive strengths of all mixes reached more than 50% on 28th curing days with maximum strength by BM15 (49.0 MPa). The split tensile strengths showed one quadratic curve combining all mixes with maximum strength reached by BM10 (2.7 MPa). The flexural strength has slow growth exponential pattern with maximum strength by BM20 (6.0 MPA). The thermal conductivity values were steadily increased up to BM15 (2.44 W/mK) and reduced at BM20 (2.15 W/mK). The well-graded BA proportions (5 to 20%) were not showing any significant effect on the thermal properties. The optimised model of compressive strength has the highest accuracy with percentage errors below 5% compared to other parameters. The optimal well-graded BA as sand replacement material was BM10 giving 47 MPa compressive strength, 2.7 MPa split tensile strength, 5.3 MPa flexural strength, and 2.1152 W/mK thermal conductivity. The highest positive correlation coefficients were obtained between compressive strength and thermal conductivity (R2: 0.921). Thus, the well-graded BA improved the strength properties providing a sustainable supply in concrete technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: NiCo2O4 and NiMn x Co2−x O4−y (x ≤1.0) have been synthesized by a co-precipitation method, and the effects of Mn substitution for Co on the microstructural and electrochemical properties pertaining to the supercapacitor applications have been studied. Spinel structure is retained when a quarter of Co of the spinel is substituted with Mn (i.e., x =0.5), where the Mn ions predominantly occupy the octahedral sites of the spinel lattice. The presence of Mn significantly suppresses crystal growth upon thermal treatment but tends to cause severe crystallite agglomeration. Electrodes of the materials exhibit nearly ideal electrochemical capacitor behavior in neutral electrolyte solution (1M KCl(aq)). Mn substitution greatly enhances the specific capacitance of the spinel, giving gravimetric and superficial specific capacitances of ca. 110Fg−1 and ca. 380μFcm−2, respectively for x =0.5 powder. The capacitance enhancement is attributed to the facile charge-transfer characteristic of the Mn ions, as revealed by in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]