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Introduction: The goal of this research was to experimentally evaluate the surface morphology and adhesion capacity of Streptococcus mutans (U159) on brackets with thin films of titanium nitride (TN) and of titanium nitride doped with calcium phosphate (TNCP).Methods: Twenty-four metallic brackets were equally allocated to 3 groups (n = 8), according to the type of covering (no covering, TNCP, and TN). The coatings were deposited by cathodic cage (TNCP and TN groups) and were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The biofilm formation of S. mutans on the surface of brackets was determined by crystal violet assay and subsequent optical density quantification.Results: There was homogeneity on the surface morphology of the tie wing area in all groups, whereas the TNCP group has presented particles in the slot. After 24 hours, a biofilm of S. mutans was formed in all the observed groups. The optical density obtained in all 3 groups was similar (no covering, 0.347 ± 0.042; TNCP, 0.238 ± 0.055; TN, 0.226 ± 0.057), with no statistically relevant difference (P = 0.06).Conclusions: The thin film of TNCP has altered the surface of the bracket's slot, whereas the coatings of TN and TNCP have not altered the superficial morphology of the tie wings. The presence of coatings have not influenced the formation of the S. mutans biofilm on the surface of metallic brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• iPSC reprogramming from a patient with Sotos Syndrome. • iPSCs pluripotency analysis. • CGH analysis. • iPSC clone cell line repository/bank provided. Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from NSD1 mutations that cause haploinsufficiency of NSD1. Here, we generated an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from fibroblasts of a SoS patient carrying the pathogenic variant (c.1633delA). The cell line shows typical iPSC morphology, high expression of pluripotent markers, normal karyotype, and it differentiates into three germ layers in vitro. This line is a valuable resource for studying pathological pathways involved in SoS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurogenic bladder was first confirmed as a urological sequela of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in 2018. Further clinical–epidemiological evidence also confirmed neurogenic bowel dysfunction and cryptorchidism. To strengthen the care for these children, the Congenital Zika Virus Bladder and Bowel Sequelae Network (RASZ in Brazilian) was created, including six integrated centers in Brazil. This article represents the initial outcome of the efforts by RASZ. To evaluate the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction, cryptorchidism and other urological sequelae related to CZS in cohorts attended in six Brazilian states. Observational, prospective, multicenter study including children with CZS assisted in one of six RASZ collaborative centers between June 2016 and February 2023. Data were collected from patient's first assessment using the same protocols for urological and bowel evaluation. Categorical variables were analyzed by frequency of occurrence and numerical variables by mean, median, and standard deviation. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of each center, all parents/caregivers provided written informed consent. The study included 414 children aged 2 months to 7 years (mean 2.77 years, SD 1.73), 227 (54.8 %) were male and 140 (33,8 %) referred urological and bowel symptoms on arrival. Prevalence of both urological and bowel sequelae was 66.7 %, 51 % of children aged 4 years and older had urinary incontinence (UI). UTI was confirmed in 23.4 % (two presented toxemia) and among males, 18.1 % had cryptorchidism. Renal ultrasonography, performed in 186 children, was abnormal in 25 (13.4 %), 7 had hydronephrosis. Among the 287 children who performed urodynamics, 283 (98.6 %) were altered: 232 had a lower bladder capacity, 144 a maximum bladder pressure of ≥40 cm H2O, and 127 did not satisfactorily empty their bladder. A higher prevalence of NLUTD, neurogenic bowel and cryptorchidism was confirmed in children with CZS. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including a multidisciplinary approach, may reduce the risk of UTIs, UI and kidney damage. A limitation of the study was the inability of children to complete the protocol, specifically urodynamic evaluation, and ultrasonography. In both exams, the percentage of abnormal cases was higher than that expected in the normal population. A 66,7 % prevalence of combined urological sequelae and bladder-bowel dysfunction related to CZS was confirmed in patients evaluated in six Brazilian cohorts. The most frequent changes were related to NLUTD, neurogenic bowel, and cryptorchidism. Prevalence may be underestimated due to access restrictions to diagnostic tests. Summary table Summary table Prevalence of main urological and intestinal abnormalities presented at first urological evaluation. Clinical aspects: N = 414 Urinary tract infection 97 (23.4) Constipation 316 (76.3) Physical examination: N = 227 Presence of cryptorchidism 41 (18.1) US of the urinary tract performed: N = 186 Normal 157 (84.4) Altered: 25 (13.4) Hydronephrosis 7 (28.0) Ureteral dilatation 3 (12.0) Bladder wall thickening 19 (76.0) Urodynamic evaluations: CMG N = 287 Normal 4 (1.6) Altered: 283 (98.6) Overactive bladder 239 (84.5) Bladder capacity lower than expected for age 232 (80.8) Maximum bladder pressure ≥40 cmH2O 144 (50.2) Incomplete voiding (>20 % of the MBC) 127 (44.3) EMG N = 219 Normal (detrusor-sphincter synergy) 155 (70.8) Altered: 61 (27.9) Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia 60 (98.4) Sphincter insufficiency 1 (1.6) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) depends on the combination of light and a photosensitizer for inactivation of microorganisms. However, finding the ideal conditions for the factors involved in this technique is time and cost-consuming. The rotational composite central design (RCCD) is a tool that can be allied with PDT to achieve precise results within a shorter working time. This study used the response surface methodology to optimize the parameters of PDT mediated by Erythrosine (ERY) and green light-emitting diodes (LED) in different Escherichia coli strains by applying RCCD. The RCCD predicted optimum values of ERY and light exposure on PDT. According to the experimental results, the light exposure time showed the most significant influence on the inactivation of the evaluated bacteria. The optimized operating conditions were validated in laboratory tests, and no viable cells were recovered with ERY at 116 µmol L−1 and 30 min of light (33.34 J cm2) for E. coli ATCC 25922, 108 µmol L−1 and 40 min (44.38 J cm2) for E. coli ATCC 35218, and 108 µmol L−1 and 29.3 min (32.5 J cm2) for E. coli O157:H7 EDL 933. The adjusted polynomial models provided accurate information on the combined effects of ERY and lighting time with green LED on PDT. The application of the RCCD, in addition to reducing the number of experiments, also allows for increased quantity and quality of the results. Therefore, surface response methodology combined with PDT is a promising approach to inactivate E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Photodynamic therapy showed in vitro fungicidal action against S. brasiliensis ;. • Curcumin is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy on S. brasiliensis ;. • Fungal death in photodynamic therapy occurs by the release of reactive oxygen species;. • Non-irradiated curcumin has no antifungal activity on S. brasiliensis. Sporothrix brasiliensis is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus that affects humans and animals causing sporotrichosis. The treatment of this disease with conventional antifungals commonly results in therapeutic failures and resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of curcumin (CUR) mediated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) in its pure state and incorporated into pharmaceutical formulation in gel form, on the filamentous and yeast forms of S. brasiliensis. Methods: Cells from both forms of the fungus were treated with pure curcumin (PDT-CUR). For this, CUR concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 50 μM were incubated for 15 min and then irradiated with blue LED at 15 J/cm². Similarly, it was performed with PDT-CUR-gel, at lower concentration with fungistatic action. After, a qualitative and quantitative (colony forming units (CFU)) analysis of the results was performed. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results PDT with 0.78 μM of CUR caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in cells of the filamentous and yeast form, 1.38 log 10 and 1.18 log 10 , respectively, in comparison with the control. From the concentration of 1.56 μM of CUR, there was a total reduction in the number of CFU (≥ 3 log 10). The PDT-CUR-gel, in relation to its base without CUR, presented a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of 0.83 log 10 for the filamentous form and for the yeast form, 0.72 log 10. ROS release was detected after the PDT-CUR assay, showing that this may be an important pathway of death caused by photoinactivation. Conclusion PDT-CUR has an important in vitro antifungal action against S. brasiliensis strains in both morphologies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Persistent dentoalveolar pain of idiopathic origin represents a diagnostic challenge for the dentist and physician alike. Disagreement on taxonomy and diagnostic criteria presents a significant limit to the advancement of research in the field. Patients struggle with a lack of knowledge by dental and medical professionals, diagnostic delays, and unnecessary treatments. Methods A PubMed search was performed as of January 1, 2017 by using the terms atypical odontalgia, phantom tooth pain, persistent idiopathic facial pain, painful posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathy, idiopathic toothache, persistent dentoalveolar pain disorder, nonodontogenic tooth pain, and continuous neuropathic orofacial pain. Three hundred forty-five abstracts were screened, and 128 articles that were pertinent to the topic went through full-text reading. Results Case reports and narrative reviews constitute the majority of available literature. Several retrospective case-control studies investigated the clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and diagnostic processes. Treatment strategies were evaluated in only 7 open-label and 2 randomized controlled trials. Conclusions Persistent dentoalveolar pain disorder is likely neuropathic in origin, but pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the onset and persistence of the pain are still far from understood. A correct diagnosis should be established before treatments are performed. Researchers should reach an agreement on the diagnostic criteria to enable a coherent research path to better understand the condition and reduce patient suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Onychomycosis (OM) is a worldwide public health problem. • Photodynamic therapy with hypericin (PDT-Hyp) exhibited fungicidal activity against clinical isolates in vitro. • Hyp is able to penetrate all layers of the nail plate as determined by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) analysis. • PDT-Hyp is an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the treatment of OM in clinical practice. Onychomycosis (OM) is a common nail plate disorder caused by dermatophyte molds, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, which use keratin in the nail plate as an energy source. OM is characterized by dyschromia, increased nail thickness, subungual hyperkeratosis, and onychodystrophy, and is typically treated with conventional antifungals despite frequent reports of toxicity, fungal resistance, and OM recurrence. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hypericin (Hyp) as a photosensitizer (PS) stands out as a promising therapeutic modality. When excited by a specific wavelength of light and in the presence of oxygen, to lead to photochemical and photobiological reactions on the selected targets. OM diagnosis was made in three suspected cases, and the causative agents were identified by classical and molecular methods, and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Susceptibility of planktonic cells of the clinical isolates to conventional antifungals and PDT-Hyp was evaluated, and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) of Hyp permeation in nail fragments ex vivo was analyzed. Furthermore, the patients opted to undergo PDT-Hyp treatment and were subsequently followed up. The protocol was approved by the human ethics committee (CAAE, number 14107419.4.0000.0104). The etiological agents of OM in patients ID 01 and ID 02 belonged to the Fusarium solani species complex, being identified as Fusarium keratoplasticum (CMRP 5514) and Fusarium solani (CMRP 5515), respectively. For patient ID 03, the OM agent was identified as Trichophyton rubrum (CMRP 5516). PDT-Hyp demonstrated a fungicidal effect in vitro, with reductions of p3 log 10 (p < 0.0051 and p < 0.0001), and the PAS analyses indicated that Hyp could completely permeate through both healthy and OM-affected nails. After four sessions of PDT-Hyp, mycological cure was observed in all three cases, and after seven months, clinical cure was confirmed. PDT-Hyp showed satisfactory results in terms of efficacy and safety, and thus can be considered a promising therapy for the clinical treatment of OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• iPSC reprogramming from a patient with Sotos Syndrome. • iPSCs pluripotency analysis. • Karyotype analysis. • iPSC clone cell line repository/bank provided. Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene located on chromosome 5 region q35.3. In order to understand the pathogenesis of Sotos syndrome and in view of future therapeutic approaches for its efficient treatment, we generated two human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lines from one SoS patient carrying a 5q35 microdeletion. The established iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers, showing the capacity to differentiate into the three germ layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Application of photodynamic inactivation for food decontamination. • Photodynamic inactivation of food pathogens mediated by curcumin. • Use of polysorbate 80 food additive for curcumin solubilization. • Decontamination of natural casings used as wrappings for meat products • Photodynamic Inactivation of S. Typhimurium and K. pneumoniae. [Display omitted] Background : Outbreaks related to food contamination by resistant microorganisms is a worldwide concern that, motivates industries and research institutions to search for affordable solutions. Among the solutions that have been proposed, Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms has gained prominence, among other aspects, because it is easy to apply and does not generate microbial resistance. Methods : In this study, we used the association between curcumin solubilized with Tween and light in the photodynamic inactivation process, using light-emitting diodes with a wavelength of 430 nm for decontamination S. Typhimurium and K. pneumoniae from bovine casings used as wrappers for meat products. The result was verified by counting and comparing the number of colony-forming units of the treatment concerning the negative control. Results : The solubilizer, Tween 80, used does not change the optical absorption of curcumin. An optical fluence of 150 J / cm 2 induces a microbial log reduction of 3. 8 ± 0.2 and 2. 7 ± 0.1 for S. Typhimurium, and K. pneumoniae contaminated guts, respectively. For the 200 μ M concentration of curcumin, the PDI provided a microbial log reduction of 3. 16 ± 0.03 for S. Typhimurium. For K. pneumoniae , the minimal inhibitory concentration of curcumin occurs up to 12. 5 μ M , causing an microbial log reduction of 2. 08 ± 0.03. Conclusion : Both curcumin and tween are already used as additives in food production and do not pose health risks at the concentrations used. Furthermore, in the case of the material studied, the addition of curcumin favors the organoleptic quality associated with the color of the food, unlike the green or blue photossensitizers. The results pave the way for possible application of curcumin in finished meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the Ri.Fa.Re. timber-based solution, an innovative timber-based prefabricated panel for the energy refurbishment of the existing Italian buildingś façades. Although similar technologies have already been tested in several European countries, they are not feasible to be used in the Italian context characterized by specific geometric features of the building stock and by seismic constraints which are not relevant for most of European countries. Moreover, this research does not aim only at developing a product but also at adopting a new process, based on parametric design and lean construction principles. The main outcome of this project is a concrete kit for energy refurbishment suitable for the Italian context, including: a) a technological prefabricated but customizable product and b) a more efficient process to decrease time and cost wastes during the whole process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Microscopically chromosome rearrangements of the short arm of chromosome 4 include the two known clinical entities: partial trisomy 4p and deletions of the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical regions 1 and 2 (WHSCR-1 and WHSCR-2, respectively), which cause cranio-facial anomalies, congenital malformations and developmental delay/intellectual disability. Methods/results We report on clinical findings detected in a Chinese patient with a de novo 4p16.1-p15.32 duplication in association with a subtle 4p terminal deletion of 6 Mb in size. This unusual chromosome imbalance resulted in WHS classical phenotype, while clinical manifestations of 4p trisomy were practically absent. Conclusion This observation suggests the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency of sensitive dosage genes with regulatory function placed in WHS critical region, is more pathogenic than concomitant 4p duplicated segment. Additionally clinical findings in our patient confirm a variable penetrance of major malformations and neurological features in Chinese children despite of WHS critical region's deletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: To show feasibility of using indocyanine green (ICG) in endometriosis surgery, especially bowel endometriosis shaving, and to discuss its potential benefits.Design: Stepwise demonstration of this technique with narrated video footage.Setting: Endometriosis is a common benign chronic disorder, characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) represents the most aggressive presentation. Robot-assisted laparoscopy represents an important innovation and has opened new perspectives for the treatment of endometriosis, offering numerous advantages especially in the most complex procedures, particularly when extragenital endometriosis diffusely involves pelvic structures including the bowel and the urinary tract [1]. Endometriosis affects the bowel in 30% of DIE cases, and it is usually associated with ovarian and ureteral involvement; therefore, a multidisciplinary team with both general and gynecologic surgeons is required. The goal of endometriosis surgery in these cases is to obtain long-term outcomes without compromising intestinal function. One possible treatment is laparoscopic shave excision, which consists of dissection, keeping it as superficial as possible to avoid compromising bowel integrity [2]. Recent studies have shown that ICG can be useful to evaluate the size and depth of penetration of lesions during endometriosis surgery to understand shaving excision and to prevent a major iatrogenic intestinal complication [3-7].Interventions: Total robot-assisted laparoscopic approach to a DIE case with adnexal, uterine, and intestinal endometriosis, with the presence of a nodular rectal lesion. The excision consisted of several key strategies to minimize iatrogenic rectal injury: CONCLUSION: The approach to DIE, particularly rectal endometriotic lesions, could be more accurate with ICG evaluation of vascular pertinence, in attempt to evaluate shaving feasibility of lesions in endometriosis laparoscopic robotic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore gender and occupational role impact on work-related Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, burnout and global functioning in a sample of emergency healthcare workers. A cross-sectional study. 126 healthcare workers of the Emergency Department, including Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Room and Emergency Medicine, of a major University Hospital in central Italy were recruited. Participants were assessed by means of the: Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report (TALS-SR) to explore Post-Traumatic Stress Spectrum Symptoms, Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) Scale to assess Compassion Satisfaction , Burnout and Compassion Fatigue and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) to measure global functioning. The present findings showed females were more prone to develop Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms, particularly re-experiencing (p =.010) and hyperarousal (p =.026) symptoms and medical doctors reporting higher Burnout (p <.001) and lower Compassion Satisfaction (p =.009) mean scores than nurses. Higher levels of functioning impairment emerged amongst medical doctors rather than nurses, in both social (p =.029) and private (p =.020) leisure activities. Linear correlations highlighted relationships between the TALS-SR, ProQOL and WSAS scores. Finally, medical doctor status was significantly associated with lower Compassion Satisfaction (p =.029) and higher Burnout (p =.015). Our results highlight high post-traumatic stress symptoms and burnout levels in emergency healthcare workers with a relevant impact of female gender and occupational role, supporting the need for preventive strategies, also in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing interest is awarded to the digitalization of the building permitting use case and many works are developed about the topic. However, the subject is very complex and many aspects are usually tackled separately, making it very hard for traditional literature reviews to grasp the actual progress in the overall topic. This paper unveils the detailed state of the art in Digital Building Permitting (DBP) by critically analysing the literature by means of a set of coding tags (research progress, implementation, affected DBP workflow steps, ambitions addressed) assigned by a multidisciplinary team. The executed research shows that the mainly addressed aspects of the digitalization of building permit process are the technologies to check the compliance of design proposals against regulations, followed by the digitalization of regulations. Improvable aspects identified in the entire building permit system are instead e.g. the involvement of officers, scalability of solutions and interoperability of data, intended both as data validation and as integration of geospatial data with building models. • There is an ever-increasing interest in digital building permit worldwide. • The literature mainly focuses on BIM-based automated code compliance checking. • Application content review (incl. regulation check and reports) is the focal point. • Machine-readable building codes and interoperability are the key requirements. • Gaps are in mindset change of officers and data interoperability and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of streambed sediment clogging on macroinvertebrate communities was investigated in the Lemme creek (NW Italy). To assess how fine sediment accumulation can influence the colonisation process and community composition of macroinvertebrates, we placed 48 traps in the riverbed. The traps consisted of boxes built with metal net (mesh 1cm, height 15cm, sides 5cm) covered with nylon net except for the apex, allowing access exclusively from the top. We created four trap types filled with 100% gravel, 30% sand and 70% gravel, 70% sand and 30% gravel and 100% sand. After 20 and 40 days, we removed 6 traps/type. Macroinvertebrates rapidly colonised the traps, as we found no significant community differences between the two removal dates. Among the four trap types, we found significant differences in taxa number and abundance, which both decreased with increasing clogging. Thus, our study supports the hypothesis that clogging and the accumulation of fine substratum elements strongly affects benthic stream communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It has been suggested in previous studies that infants with Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have an accommodation deficit. A total of 49 infants were included; 80% of mother-infant pairs had RT-PCR confirmation of Zika virus infection (39/49). Median dynamic refraction was -2.00 D (IQR, -4.00D to 0.00), median cycloplegic refraction was 1.20D (IQR, -5.00 D to +2.25 D), and median accommodation response was 2.00D (IQR, +1.25 D to +4.5 D). [Extracted from the article]

A frequent objection to the unrestricted visiting policy in intensive care units (ICUs) is the risk of acquired infections. In a mixed 8-bed ICU, an adopted shift from a restricted to a partially unrestricted visiting policy did not result in an increase in ICU-acquired infections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Persistent head and neck myofascial pain is among the most frequently reported pain complaints featuring major variability in treatment approaches and perception of improvement. Acupuncture is one of the least invasive complimentary modalities that can optimize conventional treatment. The aim of this review was to determine the evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of localized persistent myofascial head and neck pain. Only randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were included. The search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library in addition to manual search. The main outcome measure was the comparison of the mean pain intensity score on VAS between acupuncture and sham-needling/no intervention groups. Safety data and adherence rate were also investigated. Six RCTs were identified with variable risk of bias. All included studies reported reduction in VAS pain intensity scores in the groups receiving acupuncture when compared to sham needling/no intervention. Meta-analysis, using a weighted mean difference as the effect estimate, included only 4 RCTs, revealed a 19.04 point difference in pain intensity between acupuncture and sham-needling/no intervention (95 %CI: -29.13 to -8.95). High levels of safety were demonstrated by the low rates of side effects/withdrawal. Inconsistency in reporting of outcomes was a major limitation. In conclusion, moderate-quality evidence suggests that acupuncture may be an effective and safe method in relieving persistent head and neck myofascial pain. Optimizing study designs and standardizing outcome measures are needed for future RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to prospectively assess incidence and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, randomized clinical trial, comparing efficacy and safety of colistin versus the combination of colistin plus rifampicin in severe infections due to extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii . The primary end point was acute kidney injury (AKI) during colistin treatment, assessed using the AKI Network Criteria, and considering death as a competing risk. A total of 166 adult patients without baseline kidney disease on renal replacement therapy were studied. All had life-threatening infections due to colistin-susceptible XDR A. baumannii . Patients received colistin intravenously at the same initial dose (2 million international units (MIU) every 8 h) with predefined dose adjustments according to the actual renal function. Serum creatinine was measured at baseline and at days 4, 7, 11, 14 and 21 (or last day of therapy when discontinued earlier). Outcomes assessed were ‘time to any kidney injury’ (AKI stages 1–3) and ‘time to severe kidney injury’ (considering only AKI stages 2–3 as events). When evaluating overall mortality, AKI occurrence was modelled as a time-dependent variable. AKI was observed in 84 patients (50.6%, stage 1 in 40.4%), with an incidence rate of 5/100 person-days (95% CI 4–6.2). Risk estimates of AKI at 7 and 14 days were 30.6% and 58.8%. Age and previous chronic kidney disease were significantly associated with any AKI in multivariable analysis. Neither ‘any’ nor ‘severe AKI’ were associated with on-treatment mortality (p 0.32 and p 0.54, respectively). AKI occurs in one-third to one-half of colistin-treated patients and is more likely in elderly patients and in patients with kidney disease. As no impact of colistin-associated AKI on mortality was found, this adverse event should not represent a reason for withholding colistin therapy, whenever indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]