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Abstract: Introduction: Endodontic pain patients sometimes have difficulty in accurately identifying the painful tooth. We determined the frequency in which patients presenting with endodontic pain can correctly localize the painful tooth and the effect of periradicular symptoms. Methods: The frequency of localization of the painful tooth in 79 endodontic emergency patients was assessed by using patient and dentist assessment of presenting pain along with the verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS). Results: The results show that patients presenting with odontogenic pain can localize the painful tooth 73.3% of the time. Patients experiencing periradicular pain can localize the painful tooth (89%) significantly more often than patients with pain without periradicular symptoms (30%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The presence of periradicular pain increases the accuracy of pain localization. The VNRS is highly correlated with other pain scales and is an acceptable inital pain-assessment tool for endodontic emergency patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ordinary Bondi–Metzner–Sachs (BMS) group B is the common asymptotic symmetry group of all asymptotically flat Lorentzian space–times. As such, B is the best candidate for the universal symmetry group of General Relativity. However, in studying quantum gravity, space–times with signatures other than the usual Lorentzian one, and complex space–times, are frequently considered. Generalisations of B appropriate to these other signatures have been defined earlier. Here, the generalisation B(2,2) appropriate to the ultrahyperbolic signature (+,+,−,−) is described in detail, and the irreducible unitary representations (IRs) of B(2,2) are analysed. It is proved that all induced IRs of B(2,2) arise from IRs of compact “little groups”. These little groups, which are closed subgroups of K=SO(2)×SO(2), are classified here in detail, with particular attention paid to those of infinite order. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]