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Two-dimensional antimonene has attracted much attention because of its excellent stability and remarkable physical properties. Understanding the growth mechanism of antimonene by investigating processing parameters and structural properties is necessary for developing reliable fabrication methods. In this study, NaCl-assisted van der Waals epitaxy, one of the methods for scale-up fabrication, is employed to achieve atomic layer antimonene with high coverage rate. Furthermore, high-resolution images of atomic structure are presented with the powerful transmission electron microscopy, helping us confirm the exact configuration of antimonene. Meanwhile, we studied the effect of electron beam irradiation on antimonene; it was found that the stacking structure of antimonene would change under electron beam irradiation, and the moiré patterns of twisted few-layered antimonene were also observed. These results provide comprehensive study of growth mechanisms and in-depth knowledge of antimonene nanostructure, which are expected to facilitate the development of controllable fabrication for future device applications. The different reaction pathways induced by electron beam irradiation with the in situ TEM imaging of the evolution of the microstructure of antimonene: knock-on effects and formation of Moiré patterns. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the titanium germanosilicide (TiSiGe x) superlattice (SL) has been successfully fabricated. A monolayer of silicon atoms and bilayer of inversed titanium silicide constructed this novel superlattice periodically. A localized strain field has been found as a crucial factor via high resolution Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (ADF-STEM) images, being generated by gradual segregation of germanium atoms. Germanium atoms would be excluded during the formation of the transition silicide. This phenomenon could be interpreted by thermodynamic preference. There was a substitution reaction between silicon and germanium, resulting from similar atomic volumes of both. In other words, germanium segregation pathway was based on where substitution occurred. Eventually, the excluded germanium atoms tended to accumulate at the boundary of TiSiGe x -SL, contributing to a discontinuous thin film layer. A novel titanium disilicide superlattice structure has been observed under in-situ transmission electron microscope at 750 °C. The preferred reaction pathway occurred from the titanium layer to the silicon germanium substrate, eventually forming the island-like superlattice. Additionally, germanium played a significant role in the emergence of the superlattice structure. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructured TiO 2 /In 2 O 3 nanowires have been extensively applied in various photonic devices; their performance is highly related to the microstructures, which has not been, however, clearly understood; thus, it is important to investigate the microstructural evolution of the material during processing. In this work, the crystallinity and microstructure of TiO 2 /In 2 O 3 nanowires were successfully controlled with the variation of annealing temperatures via solid-state reactions. The dynamic phase transformation process was demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM). Moreover, the elemental information at different states was identified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It is found that different annealing temperatures would contribute to different solid-state reactions and nanowire heterostructures. Additionally, photoresponse studies show characteristics enhancement for such nanoheterostructures. This study provides the knowledge of the fundamental science in kinetics of heterostructured nanostructures, which benefits the improvement of the performance for future photonic applications. [Display omitted] • The solid-state reaction of In 2 O 3 /TiO 2 heterostructured nanowires was investigated by in situ TEM. • The microstructure and crystallinity of TiO 2 were successfully controlled with varying temperatures. • The nanowire would be broken with the reaction length achieving 4.975 times the radius. • A U-shape phase boundary was formed during the diffusion of Ti, resulting from the different diffusion rates of facets. • This study provides the fundamentals in nano-heterostructures, advancing the performance for future photonic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Pd plating on the 20μm Cu wire dissolves in the free air ball (FAB) and the Cu ball bond during the wire bonding process without forming intermetallic compounds. The limiting supply of Pd and the short bonding process, 15ms of thermosonic bonding, result in uneven distribution of Pd in the as produced Cu ball bond. Also, the Pd-rich phase may accompany small voids formed within the FAB and the wire bond, and following the direction of semi-solid Cu flow. The Pd distribution, as evidenced by the focused ion beam (FIB) and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) mapping, reveals the whirlpool flow pattern of Cu within the FAB and the ball bond. Pd distributes within the copper ball through convective transport by the copper flow. Additionally, hardness measurements by nanoindentation testing show that the Cu ball bond is harder in the regions where Pd exists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The atomic scale Silicidation of Ni-Si System by In-situ TEM Investigation could be divide into three steps. At the first step (250 °C), Ni would diffuse into Si substrate to synthesize triangular Ni 2 Si. Afterwards, continuous NiSi thin films would be synthesized at 400 °C. At last, trapezoid NiSi would react with Si to form NiSi 2 at third step (600 °C). Furthermore, the electric electrical properties of Ni-Si system were identified by four-point probe measurements; the resistivities of NiSi, Ni 2 Si and NiSi 2 were 14.13 µΩ∙cm, 22.80 µΩ∙cm and 37.77 µΩ∙cm, respectively. • The diffusion behaviour of Ni-Si system was investigated through in situ HRTEM. • Ni 2 Si and NiSi were diffusion controlled and NiSi 2 was nucleation controlled. • The resistivities of NiSi, Ni 2 Si and NiSi 2 were 14.1, 22.8, and 37.7 µΩ∙cm, respectively. • The diffusion rate could be calculated by in-situ TEM observation. • This work provides a novel method to obtain low resistivity silicide for IC devices. Nickel silicide has many advantages, such as low resistivity and low formation temperature; therefore, it has been widely used in the fields of solar cells, transistors and complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) devices. To obtain high-quality nickel-silicide thin film, solid-state reaction is a convenient and efficient fabrication method. For better understanding of the dynamic formation mechanism, we used in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to record the diffusion behavior during the heating process. In this work, three-steps annealing process to synthesize different nickel silicides corresponding to the various formation temperatures were investigated systematically. At 250 °C, the product of the first-step annealing was inverted-triangle Ni 2 Si, embedded in the Si substrate. Then, well-distributed NiSi thin film was synthesized, having the lowest resistivity among Ni-Si system at 400 °C. Finally, NiSi 2 , a Si-rich product, would form during the third-step annealing at 600 °C. NiSi 2 product and Si substrate have small lattice mismatch; thus, the epitaxial relationship would be observed. We provide the evidence of diffusion behaviors and structural identification of Ni-Si system. Furthermore, these results are beneficial for the formation of specific nickel silicides, which is expected to optimize the fabrication of microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Transition metal silicide nanowires exhibit low resistivity, great thermal stability and excellent mechanical strength, contributing to their applications as interconnection and contact materials for future integrated circuits devices. In this work, we successfully fabricated two kinds of chromium silicide/silicon heterostructure nanowires through solid state reactions — bare Si/Cr 3 Si nanowires and Si/Cr 5 Si 3 -Al 2 O 3 core-shell nanowires. The growth behaviors and diffusion mechanisms of the two silicide heterostructure nanowires were investigated with in-situ TEM at 700 °C. During the growth of chromium silicide nanowires, unique amorphous Si phase would form first in front of silicide nanowires. Also, we found that oxide-shell could control the diffusion process in silicon nanowires. With oxide-shell, compression stress would restrain the growth of chromium silicide in the radial direction but accelerate its growth rate in the axial direction. Additionally, Al 2 O 3 shell reduced the radial expansion of chromium silicide nanowires and hindered Cr-rich phases with Cr 5 Si 3 appearing as the first phase. The crystal structures of the nanowires have been identified to be single-crystalline A15 and D8m type structure of the intrinsic Cr 3 Si nanowires and Cr 5 Si 3 nanowires, respectively. In addition to fundamental science, the significant study is beneficial for future processing techniques in nanotechnology and related applications. Graphical abstract With in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we successfully transformed single crystalline Si nanowires to chromium silicide/Si nanowire heterostructures. Also, during the solid state phase transformation process, we observed unique structures at the interface, demonstrated to be amorphous Si phase after Si Si bond breaking, which led the chromium silicide nanowire growth by interface-reaction control. Unlabelled Image Highlights • We utilized solid state reactions to fabricate controllable and unique Cr 3 Si/Si and Cr 5 Si/Si nanowire heterostructures. • With in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed a special interfacial reaction during the silicidation. • The design of Si-Al 2 O 3 core-shell effectively improved the morphology and crystallinity of the nanowire heterostructures. • We used distinctive methods and results to systematically investigate the kinetics of the nanowire heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]