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The burden of major depressive disorder is compounded by a limited understanding of its risk factors, the limited efficacy of treatments, and the lack of precision approaches to guide treatment selection. The Texas Resilience Against Depression (T-RAD) study was designed to explore the etiology of depression by collecting comprehensive socio-demographic, clinical, behavioral, neurophysiological/neuroimaging, and biological data from depressed individuals (D2K) and youth at risk for depression (RAD). This report details the baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and functional features from the initial cohort (D2K N = 1040, RAD N = 365). Of the total T-RAD sample, n = 1078 (76.73 %) attended ≥2 in-person visits, and n = 845 (60.14 %) attended ≥4 in-person visits. Most D2K (84.82 %) had a primary diagnosis of any depressive disorder, with a bipolar disorder diagnosis being prevalent (13.49 %). RAD participants (75.89 %) did not have a psychiatric diagnosis, but other non-depressive diagnoses were present. D2K participants had 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores at or near the moderate range (10.58 ± 6.42 > 24 yrs.; 9.73 ± 6.12 10–24 yrs). RAD participants were in the non-depressed range (2.19 ± 2.65). While the age ranges in D2K and RAD differ, the potential to conduct analyses that compare at-risk and depressed youth is a strength of the study. The opportunity to examine the trajectory of depressive symptoms in the D2K cohort over the lifespan is unique. As a longitudinal study, missing data were common. T-RAD will allow data to be collected from multiple modalities on a clinically well-characterized sample. These data will drive important discoveries on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depression. • Heterogeneity in symptoms and treatment response hinders treatment of depression. • Longitudinal clinical and biological data are needed for Precision Psychiatry. • Texas Resilience Against Depression is a naturalistic observational cohort study. • The study is gathering longitudinal data in depressed adults and at-risk youth. • Data collected include self-report measures, EEG, MRI, blood, and stool samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents encounter a complex digital environment, yet existing data on youth technology use rarely differentiates technology subtypes. This study maps the evolution and intricacies of youth engagement with technology subtypes. N = 11,868 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study followed from ages ∼9/10 to ∼13/14. We examined youths' self-reported hours per day (hr/day) of technology subtypes: TV/Movies, video games, YouTube, social media, video chat, and texting. We used descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal use patterns of technology subtypes, agreement between child and parent reports on the child's technology use, and associations between each technology subtype and sociodemographics (child's biological sex, parent education, income, and marital status). At age 9/10, ∼75% of youth reported minimal (<30 min/day) social technology use (social media, video chat, texting) and up to ∼1.5 hr/day of TV, video games, and YouTube. By age 13/14, TV trajectories were converging to >2 hr/day, but social technology trajectories "fanned out" into a wide range of usage rates. Child and parent reports were weakly correlated (r s range: 0.13–0.29). Using child-reported hours of technology use, increases in the subject-specific odds of using a technology >2 hr/day ranged from 25% (YouTube; 95% CI: 1.16–1.35) to 234% (social media; 95% CI: 3.14–3.55). Compared with males, females had ∼100–200% greater odds of >2 hr/day of social technologies, but ∼40–80% reduced odds of >2 hr/day of video games and YouTube. Higher parent education and income predicted significantly lower odds of >2 hr/day of use – regardless of technology subtype. Distributions of youths' self-reported technology engagement are highly contingent on technology subtype, age, and biological sex. Future research on youth development and technology may benefit from considering youths' varied digital experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to metals, a newly recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), could be related to atherosclerosis progression. The authors hypothesized that higher urinary levels of nonessential (cadmium, tungsten, uranium) and essential (cobalt, copper, zinc) metals previously associated with CVD would be associated with baseline and rate of change of coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, a subclinical marker of CVD in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). We analyzed data from 6,418 MESA participants with spot urinary metal levels at baseline (2000-2002) and 1 to 4 repeated, continuous measures of CAC over a 10-year period. We used linear mixed-effect models to assess the association of baseline urinary metal levels with baseline CAC and cumulative change in CAC over a 10-year period. Urinary metals (μg/g creatinine) and CAC were log transformed. Models were adjusted for baseline sociodemographic factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate, lifestyle factors, and clinical factors. At baseline, the median CAC was 6.3 (Q1-Q3: 0.7-58.2). Comparing the highest to lowest quartile of urinary cadmium, CAC levels were 51% (95% CI: 32%, 74%) higher at baseline and 75% (95% CI: 47%, 107%) higher over the 10-year period. For urinary tungsten, uranium, and cobalt, the corresponding CAC levels over the 10-year period were 45% (95% CI: 23%, 71%), 39% (95% CI: 17%, 64%), and 47% (95% CI: 25%, 74%) higher, respectively, with no difference for models with and without adjustment for clinical factors. For copper and zinc, the corresponding estimates dropped from 55% to 33% and from 85% to 57%, respectively, after adjustment for clinical factors. The associations of metals with CAC were comparable in magnitude to those for classical CVD risk factors. Exposure to metals was generally associated with extent of coronary calcification at baseline and follow-up. These findings support that metals are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, potentially providing a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in sleep and circadian function are leading candidate markers for the detection of relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Consumer-grade wearable devices may enable remote and real-time examination of dynamic changes in sleep. Fitbit data from individuals with recurrent MDD were used to describe the longitudinal effects of sleep duration, quality, and regularity on subsequent depression relapse and severity. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal observational mobile Health (mHealth) cohort study in people with recurrent MDD. Participants wore a Fitbit device and completed regular outcome assessments via email for a median follow-up of 541 days. We used multivariable regression models to test the effects of sleep features on depression outcomes. We considered respondents with at least one assessment of relapse (n = 218) or at least one assessment of depression severity (n = 393). Increased intra-individual variability in total sleep time, greater sleep fragmentation, lower sleep efficiency, and more variable sleep midpoints were associated with worse depression outcomes. Adjusted Population Attributable Fractions suggested that an intervention to increase sleep consistency in adults with MDD could reduce the population risk for depression relapse by up to 22 %. Limitations include a potentially underpowered primary outcome due to the smaller number of relapses identified than expected. Our study demonstrates a role for consumer-grade activity trackers in estimating relapse risk and depression severity in people with recurrent MDD. Variability in sleep duration and midpoint may be useful targets for stratified interventions. • High intraindividual variability in sleep parameters is associated with worse depression outcomes over time. • An intervention targeting sleep consistency in MDD could reduce the risk of relapse by up to 20 %. • Wearable technologies can collect information that is useful for predicting depression outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group differences in longitudinal patterns of child and adolescent depressive symptoms are commonly observed. However, the implications for adult mental health are unclear. This study presents a systematic review of child and adolescent depressive symptom trajectory research and meta-analysis of their longitudinal effects on adult depressive symptoms and disorders. A systematic search identified 12 longitudinal studies (12 cohorts, N = 35,058) that were harmonized to identify common symptom trajectories prior to age 18 years. Examination of follow-up in the same groups was made (at average age 20.5 years) to estimate longitudinal associations with adult depressive symptoms (Sx) and disorders (Dx), using random effects meta-analyses. The included studies identified Low (70.3 %), Moderate (17.9 %), High (9.5 %), Increasing (9.5 %) and Decreasing (5.1 %) symptom trajectories. These trajectories were found to predict variation in symptoms and disorders in adulthood: Low, Dx = 4.5 %, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 2.7–6.8 %, Sx [Mean] = 8.33, Standard Deviation [SD] = 6.30; Moderate, Dx = 20.9 %, CI 11.9–31.5 % - Sx = 18.13, SD = 3.38; High, Dx = 34.4 % CI 17.2–54.0 % - Sx = 38.80, SD = 7.75; Increasing, Dx = 38.3 %, CI 12.7–67.5 % - Sx = 24.73, SD = 18.64; Decreasing, Dx = 15.4 %, CI 10.5–20.9 % - Sx = 17.00, SD = 12.18. Confidence intervals are wide for some trajectory effects. There was significant between-cohort heterogeneity in predictive effects for High trajectories, suggesting the need for further research to identify characteristics influencing variation. Low symptom trajectories forecast lower adult depression symptoms and disorders. Programs effectively targeting reductions in Moderate, High, Increasing and Decreasing trajectories will likely prevent problems in early adulthood. • The first review to unify child/adolescent depression studies for a meta-analysis on long-term effects young adult depression. • Low child/adolescent depressive symptom trajectories were common and forecasted lower rates of early adult depression disorders and symptoms. • Low depressive symptoms in youth often predict lower rates of depression in early adulthood. • Further research is needed to evaluate adolescent depression and the prevention of symptoms and disorders in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Offspring of schizophrenia patients show deviating brain structure age trajectories. • Effects are strongest in mean cortical thickness and cerebral white matter volume. • Trajectories level off at the end of adolescence in schizophrenia offspring. • Divergences in trajectories remained after accounting for symptom severity scores. Offspring of parents with severe mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder or schizophrenia) are at increased risk of developing psychopathology. Structural brain alterations have been found in child and adolescent offspring of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the developmental trajectories of brain anatomy in this high-familial-risk population are still unclear. 300 T1-weighted scans were obtained of 187 offspring of at least one parent diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n=80) or schizophrenia (n=53) and offspring of parents without severe mental illness (n=54). The age range was 8 to 23 years old; 113 offspring underwent two scans. Global brain measures and regional cortical thickness and surface area were computed. A generalized additive mixed model was used to capture non-linear age trajectories. Offspring of parents with schizophrenia had smaller total brain volume than offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (d =-0.20, p =0.004) and control offspring (d =-0.22, p =0.005) and lower mean cortical thickness than control offspring (d =-0.23, p <0.001). Offspring of parents with schizophrenia showed differential age trajectories of mean cortical thickness and cerebral white matter volume compared with control offspring (both p 's=0.003). Regionally, offspring of parents with schizophrenia had a significantly different trajectory of cortical thickness in the middle temporal gyrus versus control offspring (p <0.001) and bipolar disorder offspring (p =0.001), which was no longer significant after correcting for mean cortical thickness. These findings suggest that particularly familial high risk of schizophrenia is related to reductions and deviating developmental trajectories of global brain structure measures, which were not driven by specific regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies have examined the cross-sectional relationship between adolescent sleep and substance use; however, fewer have explored the long-term connections between childhood sleep and adolescent substance use. This study investigated both cross-sectional associations during adolescence and prospective associations between childhood weeknight sleep and later alcohol and marijuana use in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a diverse national birth cohort of urban children from 20 cities with populations greater than 200,000. Parents reported their child's bedtime at ages 3, 5, and 9 and their child's sleep duration at ages 5 and 9. At age 15, adolescents self-reported their bedtime, sleep duration, and alcohol and marijuana use (n = 1514). Logistic regression analyses for each substance use outcome at age 15 were adjusted for sex, age at time of assessment, race/ethnicity, income-relative-to-poverty threshold, family structure, and caregiver education level. At age 15, later bedtime (AOR=1.39; 95 % CI=1.22, 1.57) and shorter sleep duration (AOR=1.28; 95 % CI=1.14, 1.43) were associated with greater odds of consuming a full drink of alcohol more than once, and later bedtime was associated with greater odds of trying marijuana (AOR=1.35; 95 % CI=1.20, 1.51). Unexpectedly, later bedtimes at age 3 were associated with lower odds of drinking alcohol by age 15 (AOR=0.74; 95 % CI=0.59, 0.92). In contrast, later bedtimes at age 9 were associated with greater odds of drinking alcohol (AOR=1.45; 95 % CI=1.11, 1.90). Additionally, later bedtime at age 5 (AOR=1.26; 95 % CI=1.01, 1.58) and shorter sleep duration at age 9 (AOR=1.19; 95 % CI=1.04, 1.36) were associated with greater odds of trying marijuana. Conclusion: Taken together, these associations support the importance of protecting childhood sleep habits to reduce the likelihood of substance use starting as early as mid-adolescence. In this longitudinal cohort study, adolescents were more likely to have consumed alcohol or tried marijuana by age 15 if they had later bedtimes and shorter sleep duration during childhood and adolescence. Protecting sleep health throughout childhood may reduce the likelihood of substance use during early adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) often co-occur and may impact specific cognitive domains. This study's goal was to determine effects of CVD and AD burden on cross-sectional and longitudinal executive function (EF) and memory in older adults. Longitudinally followed participants from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database (n = 3342) were included. Cognitive outcomes were EF and memory composite scores. Baseline CVD presence was defined by moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities or lacunar infarct on MRI. Baseline AD pathology was defined by amyloid positivity via PET or CSF. Linear mixed models examined effects of CVD, AD, and time on cognitive outcomes, controlling for sex, education, baseline age, MoCA score, and total number of study visits. At baseline, CVD associated with lower EF (p < 0.001), while AD associated with lower EF and memory (ps < 0.001). Longitudinally only AD associated with faster declines in memory and EF (ps < 0.001). These results extend our understanding of CVD and AD pathology, highlighting that CVD does not necessarily indicate accelerated decline. • CVD and AD did not synergistically predict cognitive declines in specific domains. • CVD associated with lower baseline executive functioning, not longitudinal decline. • AD associated with lower executive function and memory at baseline and over time. • Findings extend our understanding of CVD and AD effects on cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is already known that potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) have a deleterious effect on veterans, little is known about the changes in PMIEs subjective appraisals over time, as well as its contribution to changes in psychiatric symptoms. In the current study, we longitudinally assessed subjective appraisals of PMIEs experienced during combat military service and their associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among recently discharged combat veterans. Participants were 374 veterans who participated in a one-year longitudinal study with three measurement points: T1-one month before discharge from army service, and then again six months and twelve months following discharge (T2 and T3, respectively). Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) indicated heterogenic patterns of changes in PMIEs across measurements. The ' resilient' (low and stable PMIEs) trajectory best represented PMIE, followed by ' recovery' and ' chronic' fluctuating trajectories. Moreover, the ' resilient' PMIEs trajectory was found to be consistently associated with lower PTSS scores compared to ' chronic' or ' worsening' trajectories. Our findings are the first to identify longitudinal trajectories of PMIEs subjective appraisals and to provide evidence of their association with PTSS, which might serve as potential assessment and intervention targets among recently discharged traumatized veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is often accompanied by changes in brain structure and executive functions, particularly in tasks involving cognitive flexibility, such as task-switching. However, substantial individual differences in the degree of cognitive impairment indicate that some individuals can cope with brain changes more effectively than others, suggesting higher cognitive reserve (CR). This study identified a neural basis for CR by examining the longitudinal relationship between task-related brain activation, structural brain changes, and changes in cognitive performance during an executive task-switching paradigm including single and dual conditions. Fifty-two older individuals were assessed at baseline and followed up after five years. Structural brain changes related to task-switching performance were analyzed using elastic net regression. Task-related functional brain activation was measured using ordinal trends canonical variate analysis (OrT CVA), capturing patterns of activation increasing from single to dual conditions. A differential task-related expression score (dOrT) was calculated as the difference in pattern expression scores between single and dual conditions at baseline. A linear regression model tested whether dOrT moderated the impact of brain changes on changes in switch cost over five years. Results showed a significant interaction between changes in brain structure and dOrT activation on switch cost change, indicating a moderation effect of task-related activation. Higher dOrT buffered the impact of brain structural decline on switch costs, enabling older adults to better cope with age-related brain structural changes and preserve cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that these task-related activation patterns represent a neural basis for CR. • Longitudinal study on task activation as neural basis of cognitive reserve in aging. • Functional brain activation moderates effects of structural decline on cognition. • Higher differential activation lessens brain change effects on set-switching ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated longitudinal brain iron accumulation in older adults, its association with cognition, and the role of specific nutrients in mitigating iron accumulation. MRI-based, quantitative susceptibility mapping estimates of brain iron concentration were acquired from seventy-two healthy older adults (47 women, ages 60–86) at a baseline timepoint (TP1) and a follow-up timepoint (TP2) 2.5–3.0 years later. Dietary intake was evaluated at baseline using a validated questionnaire. Cognitive performance was assessed at TP2 using the uniform data set (Version 3) neuropsychological tests of episodic memory (MEM) and executive function (EF). Voxel-wise, linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for longitudinal gray matter volume alterations, age, and several non-dietary lifestyle factors revealed brain iron accumulation in multiple subcortical and cortical brain regions, which was negatively associated with both MEM and EF performance at T2. However, consumption of specific dietary nutrients at TP1 was associated with reduced brain iron accumulation. Our study provides a map of brain regions showing iron accumulation in older adults over a short 2.5-year follow-up and indicates that certain dietary nutrients may slow brain iron accumulation. • We observed significant brain iron accumulation over a short, 2.5-year period. • Iron accumulation was detected in multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions. • Iron accumulation was associated with lower cognitive performance. • Consumption of specific nutrients may reduce the rate of brain iron accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hearing loss is considered a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia. The sensory deprivation theory postulates that hearing loss adversely affects cognition in older adults through structural brain changes, but longitudinal studies are scarce. To find evidence for a possible detrimental effect of hearing loss on white matter microstructure, we carried out a longitudinal study in the population-based Rotterdam Study. A total of 1877 participants with a median age at baseline of 56.4 years (IQR: [52.2–60.0]) underwent audiometry and had longitudinal diffusion imaging data available with a mean follow-up of 4.0 years. A lower level of hearing acuity was associated with worse white matter microstructure in the left uncinate fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus at baseline. Poorer hearing acuity was also associated with faster microstructural deterioration over time in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus. The strongest effects were observed for low-frequency hearing thresholds, while the high-frequency thresholds showed the weakest associations. These results suggest that hearing loss may contribute to the age-related decline in brain structure, consistent with the sensory deprivation theory. • Hearing loss has tract-specific rather than widespread effects on white matter. • Most pronounced effects are found in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. • Strength of associations varies across hearing threshold frequency range. • Addition of non-linear age effects better removes age confounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early accumulation of AD pathology such as Aβ and tau in cognitively normal older people is predictive of cognitive decline, but it has been difficult to dissociate the cognitive effects of these two proteins. Early Aβ and tau target distinct brain regions that have different functional roles. Here, we assessed specific longitudinal pathology-cognition associations in seventy-six cognitively normal older adults from the Berkeley Aging Cohort Study who underwent longitudinal PiB PET, FTP PET, and cognitive assessments. Using linear mixed-effects models to estimate longitudinal changes and residual approach to characterizing cognitive domain-specific associations, we found that Aβ accumulation, especially in frontal/parietal regions, was associated with faster decline in executive function, not memory, whereas tau accumulation, especially in left entorhinal/parahippocampal regions, was associated with faster decline in memory, not executive function, supporting an "Aβ-executive function, tau-memory" double-dissociation in cognitively normal older people. These specific relationships between accumulating pathology and domain-specific cognitive decline may be due to the particular vulnerabilities of the frontal-parietal executive network to Aβ and temporal memory network to tau. • Specific longitudinal effects of Aβ/tau on domain-specific cognition are identified. • Aβ accumulation was related to faster executive function decline, but not memory. • Tau accumulation was related to faster memory decline, but not executive function. • These specific relationships remain even after controlling for the other pathology. • These specificities are most evident using residual-based domain-specific measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrence of global disasters poses unprecedented challenges to nursing practice. The frontline nurses in disaster relief are exposed to these events and bear significant levels of stress and psychological distress. Resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are essential protective factors that contribute to sustaining their mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the directional relationship between resilience and PTG using a cross-lagged design. Furthermore, employing longitudinal mediation to test whether the T1 resilience of frontline nurses would promote the development of T3 resilience through the mediating role of T2 PTG. A total of 258 frontline nurses were selected as subjects. They completed self-reported measurements in three periods. The present study was conducted using a cross-lagged panel model and a longitudinal mediation model. The results of cross-lagged path analysis from T2 to T3 showed that PTG could positively predict the development of resilience (β = 0.235, p < 0.001). Resilience did not positively predict the development of PTG (p > 0.05). The analysis of mediating effect results showed that the development of PTG at T2 mediated the relationship between resilience from T1 to T3. Findings may be limited by self-report, recall bias of resilience before the epidemic and short tracking frequency. These results can identify individuals with an increased risk of low resilience under disaster and the mediating role of posttraumatic growth in promoting the development of nurses' resilience, which provides a theoretical basis for psychological crisis intervention and the resilience promotion plan for posttraumatic growth under disaster events. • Cross-lagged and longitudinal mediation are used to infer causality. • The posttraumatic growth of frontline nurses can positively predict their resilience. • The posttraumatic growth of frontline nurses serves as a mediator in the development of resilience. • Developing posttraumatic growth in frontline nurses is essential to bolster resilience and prepare for future medical crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among emerging adults in post-secondary school, but little is known about change and stability in NSSI during the transition to university. Moreover, there has been limited person-centered work focusing on heterogeneity in NSSI engagement among students over time. The present study aimed to investigate the development and maintenance of NSSI across the first year of university and explore predictors of potential variability in trajectories of NSSI. The present sample consisted of 1125 first-year university students at a large post-secondary institution (Mage = 17.96, 71 % female, 28 % male, 1 % gender diverse) who participated in a larger longitudinal study. Participants completed an online survey three times over their first year of university. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) in Mplus was utilized to explore different NSSI group trajectories across first year university. NSSI was prevalent among first year students (35 %). LGCM revealed one developmental trajectory; NSSI engagement decreased across the first year of university. Students who engaged in NSSI had increased difficulties with emotion regulation, lower self-compassion, and lower levels of social support compared to students who did not engage in NSSI. The present study may be subject to recall errors and future studies should include more gender diverse samples to increase generalization of findings. Findings highlight the transition to university as a peak period of vulnerability for NSSI engagement and emphasize the need for proactive university intervention efforts to mitigate risk and improve student well-being. • Trajectories of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) were examined among young adults. • Although NSSI was prevalent, only one trajectory of NSSI over time was identified. • NSSI engagement decreased among young adults across the first year of university. • Emotion regulation, self-compassion, and social support were relevant risk factors. • Implications for student mental health research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is necessary for many neurobiological mechanisms, but its overaccumulation can be harmful. Factors triggering age-related brain iron accumulation remain largely unknown and longitudinal data are insufficient. We examined associations between brain iron load and accumulation and, blood markers of iron metabolism, cardiovascular health, lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, diet), and ApoE status using longitudinal data from the IronAge study (n = 208, age = 20–79, mean follow-up time = 2.75 years). Iron in cortex and basal ganglia was estimated with magnetic resonance imaging using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Our results showed that (1) higher peripheral iron levels (i.e., composite score of blood iron markers) were related to greater iron load in the basal ganglia; (2) healthier diet was related to higher iron levels in the cortex and basal ganglia, although for the latter the association was significant only in younger adults (age = 20–39); (3) worsening cardiovascular health was related to increased iron accumulation; (4) younger ApoE ε4 carriers accumulated more iron in basal ganglia than younger non-carriers. Our results demonstrate that modifiable factors, including lifestyle, cardiovascular, and physiological ones, are linked to age-related brain iron content and accumulation, contributing novel information on potential targets for interventions in preventing brain iron-overload. • Higher levels of iron blood markers are related to more brain iron content and accumulation. • A healthier diet is related to more iron in basal ganglia in younger adults. • Declining cardiovascular health is related to increased iron accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and depressive symptoms has been extensively reported. However, the potential mechanisms are still not clear. We aim to longitudinally investigate whether physical activity mediates the bidirectional relationships between cognitive function and specific dimensions of depressive symptoms. Data from 6,787 individuals aged ≥50 of 2014/15 (T1), 2016/17 (T2), and 2018/19 (T3) waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Cognitive function was assessed by domains of memory, orientation in time, and executive function. Physical activity was measured with the intensity and frequency of participation. Specific dimensions of depressive symptoms were assessed by the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, distinguishing between cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms. Cross-lagged panel models were used to investigate the mediating role of physical activity in the bidirectional relationships between cognitive function and two dimensions of depressive symptoms. Poorer cognitive function was indirectly associated with worse cognitive-affective symptoms (indirect effect = −0.002, 95% CI : −0.004, −0.001) through lower physical activity levels. Poorer cognitive function was also indirectly associated with worse somatic symptoms (indirect effect = −0.003, 95% CI : −0.006, −0.002) through lower physical activity levels, and the reverse mediation was observed as well (indirect effect = −0.002, 95% CI : −0.004, −0.001). There is no distinction between potential within-person and between-person effects. Collaborative interventions of physical activity are beneficial in protecting cognitive function and mental health in older adults. • Explored mediator role of physical activity in the bidirectional relationships of cognitive function and depressive symptoms. • Divided depressive symptoms into specific dimensions to explore the possible mechanisms. • Fitted a longitudinal cross-lagged panel model to assess more robust mediating effects. • Physical activity are beneficial in protecting cognitive function and mental health in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and gender diverse youth (TGDY) can be a challenging population to reach because of limitations related to parental/guardian consent and concerns about privacy. This pilot study's purpose was to assess the feasibility of recruiting a US nation-wide longitudinal sample of TGDY through social media, and to compare participants who completed the Wave 1 survey only to TGDY who completed both Wave 1 and Wave 2 surveys. Adolescents (aged 14–17 years) who identified as TGDY were recruited through social media and invited to complete two online surveys across a 3-month period. Surveys included measures of mental health, substance use, and community connection. The Wave 1 sample included 252 TGDY, with 183 (73%) retained at Wave 2. There were few differences (i.e., gender identity; sex assigned at birth) between Wave 1–only participants and those retained at Wave 2. Findings demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting a U.S. nation-wide longitudinal sample of TGDY through social media, providing an important platform for conducting research to improve well-being of TGDY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the association between the neighborhood built environment and trajectories of body mass index (BMI) in youth. Data were collected in a prospective study of 1293 adolescents in Montreal. Built environment variables were obtained from public databases for road networks, land use, and the Canadian Census. Anthropometric data were collected when participants were ages 12.5, 15 and 17 years. We undertook hierarchical cluster analysis to identify contrasting neighborhood types based on features of the built environment (e.g., vegetation, population density, walkability). Associations between neighborhood type and trajectories of BMI z-score (BMIz) were estimated using multivariable linear mixed regression analyses, stratified by sex. We identified three neighborhood types: Urban , Suburban , and Village. In contrast to the Urban type, the Suburban type was characterized by more vegetation, few services and low population density. Village and Suburban types were similar, but the former had greater land use diversity, population density with more parks and a denser food environment. Among girls, living in Urban types was associated with decreasing BMIz trajectories. Living in Village types was associated with increasing BMIz trajectories. No associations were observed among boys. Neighborhoods characterized by greater opportunities for active living appear to be less obesogenic, particularly among girls. • Three neighborhood types were identified based on features of the built environment. • Neighborhoods had varying levels of vegetation, services and walkability. • Greater walkability and variety of services led to decreasing BMI in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic protein biomarkers in bipolar disorder (BD), aiming to highlight the neurobiological basis of the disorder. With shared cognitive impairment features between BD and Alzheimer's disease, and considering increased dementia risk in BD patients, the study explores potential connections. Fifty-nine well-characterized patients with BD and thirty-seven healthy control individuals were examined and followed for one year. Synaptic proteins encompassing neuronal pentraxins (NPTX)1, NPTX2, and NPTX-receptor, 14–3-3 protein family epsilon, and zeta/delta, activating protein-2 complex subunit beta, synucleins beta-synuclein and gamma-synuclein, complexin-2, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, and syntaxins 1B and 7 were measured in CSF using a microflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring set-up. Biomarker levels were compared between BD and HC and in BD before, during, and after mood episodes. The synaptic proteins revealed no statistically significant differences between BD and HC, neither at baseline, one-year follow-up, or in terms of changes from baseline to follow-up. Moreover, the CSF synaptic protein levels in patients with BD were unaltered compared to baseline when they stabilized in euthymia following an affective episode and at one-year follow-up. It is uncertain what the CSF biomarker concentrations reflect since we yet do not know the mechanisms of release of these proteins, and we are uncertain of what increased or decreased levels reflect. This first-ever investigation of a panel of CSF protein biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction in patients with BD and HC individuals found no statistically significant differences cross-sectionally or longitudinally. • A longitudinal investigation of 59 patients with bipolar disorder and 37 healthy individuals • A novel panel of CSF protein biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction was applied. • Intriguing trends but no statistically significant changes were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined three empirically-derived childhood adversity dimensions as predictors of social, psychological, and symptom outcomes across three prospective assessments of a young adult sample. Participants were assessed five times over eight years with semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The analyses used the dimensions underlying multiple subscales from well-established childhood adversity measures administered at the first two assessment waves (described in a previous report). Outcome data pertain to the last three assessment waves, with sample sizes ranging from 89 to 169. As hypothesized, the childhood adversity dimensions demonstrated overlapping and differential longitudinal associations with the outcomes. Deprivation predicted the negative (deficit-like) dimension of psychosis, while Threat and Intrafamilial Adversity predicted the positive (psychotic-like) dimension. Depression and anxiety symptoms were predicted by different childhood adversity dimensions over time. Furthermore, Threat predicted a smaller and less diverse social network, Intrafamilial Adversity predicted anxious attachment, and Deprivation predicted a smaller social network, anxious and avoidant attachment, perceived social support, and loneliness. The three adversity dimensions combined accounted for moderate to large proportions of variance in several outcomes. These results extend prior work by identifying associations of three meaningful dimensions of childhood adversity with different risk profiles across psychological, social, and psychopathological domains. The findings enhance our understanding of the impact of childhood adversity across young adulthood. • We examined how adversity dimensions relate to psycho-social and symptom outcomes • Outcome data were collected across three prospective assessments • The dimensions had overlapping and differential longitudinal links with the outcomes • A degree of specificity was found in the prediction of psychosis symptom domains • Findings extend prior work on the utility of empirically-derived adversity dimensions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsic brain network connectivity is already altered in first-episode psychosis (FEP), but the longitudinal trajectories of network connectivity, especially in response to antipsychotic treatment, remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate how antipsychotic medications affect higher-order intrinsic brain network connectivity in FEP. Data from 87 antipsychotic medication-naïve patients with FEP and 87 healthy control participants were used. Medication-naïve patients received antipsychotic treatment for 16 weeks. Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode, salience, dorsal attention, and executive control networks were assessed prior to treatment and at 6 and 16 weeks after treatment. We evaluated baseline and FC changes using linear mixed models to test group × time interactions within each network. Associations between FC changes after 16 weeks and response to treatment were also evaluated. Prior to treatment, significant group differences in all networks were found. However, significant trajectory changes in FC were found only in the default mode and executive control networks. Changes in FC in these networks were associated with treatment response. Several sensitivity analyses showed a consistent normalization of executive control network FC in response to antipsychotic treatment. Here, we found that alterations in intrinsic brain network FC were not only alleviated with antipsychotic treatment, but the extent of this normalization was also associated with the degree of reduction in symptom severity. Taken together, our data suggest modulation of intrinsic brain network connectivity (mainly frontoparietal connectivity) as a mechanism underlying antipsychotic treatment response in FEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a major goal of community-based participatory research (CBPR) is to improve community health; it is unclear how to measure longstanding success of CBPR. We sought to determine the impact of ongoing CBPR on cardiometabolic health of participating communities, including in people not directly participating in research. We used linear mixed-effects modelling with electronic medical records from 2002 to 2012 from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, which provides health care to all Alaska Native people in southwestern Alaska, to compare rates of change in cardiometabolic risk factors between communities that did and did not participate in ongoing CBPR beginning in 2003. We analysed 1,262,035 medical records from 12,402 individuals from 10 study and 38 control communities. Blood pressure declined faster in study than in control communities: systolic blood pressure (0.04 mmHg/year; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.08); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (0.07 mmHg/year; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.09). Body mass index increased 0.04 units/year faster in study communities than in control communities (95% CI: 0.03, 0.05). More study visits were associated with faster reduction of DBP and triglyceride levels in study communities. Ongoing CBPR may improve overall cardiometabolic health in communities, perhaps by increasing engagement in health and advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological mechanisms that explain how adverse early life events influence adult disease risk are poorly understood. One proposed mechanism is via the induction of accelerated biological aging, for which telomere length is considered a biomarker. We aimed to determine if maternal depression pre- and post-partum was associated with telomere length in children at 4 years of age (n = 4299). Mothers completed structured questionnaires assessing depression during pregnancy (Edinburgh Depression Scale), at 9 months (Edinburgh Depression Scale), and at 54 months postpartum (Patient Health Questionnaire 9). Regression methods were used to investigate the relationship between telomere length (DNA from saliva) and maternal depression score recorded at each stage. Significant covariates included in the final model were: maternal age at pregnancy; child sex; child ethnicity; gestational age group, and rurality group. Child telomere length was found to be longer if their mother had a higher depression score at both postpartum time points tested (9 months of age; coefficient 0.003, SE = 0.001, P = 0.01, 54 months of age; coefficient 0.003, SE = 0.002, P = 0.02). Although these findings seem paradoxical, increased telomere length may be an adaptive response to early life stressors. We propose several testable hypotheses for these results and to determine if the positive association between depression and telomere length is a developmental adaptation or an indirect consequence of environmental factors. [Display omitted] • Postnatal but not antenatal maternal depression is associated with child telomere length. • Pre and postnatal maternal anxiety was not associated with child telomere length. • Postnatal maternal depression was associated with longer telomeres in children at 4 years of age. • Longer telomeres could reflect developmental tradeoffs in anticipation of future high stress environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The prevalence of high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms is greatest 12 months after ICU admission. • Posttraumatic stress symptoms at 6 months were associated with ICU patient characteristics being males with longer hospital stay. • Posttraumatic stress symp 3, 6, and 12 months were associated with ICU patient characteristics being ≥ 70 years old, a lower educational level, a higher SAPS II score, and being mechanically ventilated in ICU. • Healthcare professionals can be aware that specific groups of patients may have different follow-up needs, implying that the follow-up period should exceed on year. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at risk of suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after ICU survival. To describe the prevalence of high levels of PTSS the first year after ICU admission. Further, to identify specific combinations of patient characteristics (latent classes based on pre-ICU data, demographics, and clinical characteristics), and to investigate possible associations among these classes and PTSS at 3, 6, and 12 months after ICU admission. Self-reported PTSS were measured with Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). PTSS and possible predictive factors (pre-ICU data, demographics, and clinical characteristics) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, latent class analysis, and linear mixed model for repeated measures. High PTSS levels (IES- R ≥ 33) were reported by 14.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] [10.0; 21.1]), 16.7 % (95 % CI [11.5; 23.1]), and 18.4 % (95 % CI [12.9; 25.0]) of patients (sample 1, n = 174) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Three latent classes were identified (sample 2, n = 417). PTSS were significantly associated with class 2 (male with longer hospital stay) at 6 months and class 3 (age≥70, lower level of education, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score, being mechanically ventilated) at all three measurement times. The prevalence of high levels of PTSS is the greatest 12 months after ICU admission. Health professionals can use this information to be aware of specific groups of ICU patients reporting PTSS during the first year and follow up on these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an established association between cognitive ability and risk of depression, though the direction of this association is unclear. Measuring cognitive ability in childhood, prior to the diagnosis of depression, could help to understand whether childhood cognitive ability is associated with a later diagnosis of depression. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the association between childhood cognitive ability and risk of depression in adulthood. We searched five databases to January 2024. We included studies that assessed cognitive ability in childhood (<18 years) and depression in adulthood. We excluded studies with very specific populations. We pooled each study's most-adjusted correlation coefficient in a random-effects meta-analysis. When studies reported a dichotomous outcome (depression/no depression), we converted the effect size to a correlation coefficient. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. 18 articles (19 cohorts) were included. There was no association between childhood cognitive ability and depression in adulthood (20 sample populations, N = 45,786, r = −0.04, 95 % CI = -0.09 to 0.01, p = 0.09). Neither age at cognitive assessment, length of follow-up, using a continuous/categorical measure of depression, or sex, significantly influenced the association. We rated most studies as having moderate risk of bias. We limited the literature search to studies written in English. Existing studies were also heterogeneous, often adjusting for a variety of covariates. Our meta-analysis found no association between childhood cognitive ability and depression in adulthood. Future, longitudinal population-level studies should endeavour to control for potential mediators across the life-course (e.g., demographic and environmental factors). • Identifying risk factors in childhood may enable the prevention of adult depression. • 20 sample populations were included in a random-effects meta-analysis. • There was no association between childhood cognition and depression in adulthood. • Studies were highly heterogeneous. • Included studies performed a variety of cognitive and depression assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive reserve explains differential susceptibility of cognitive performance to neuropathology. We investigated whether certain personality traits underlie cognitive reserve and are accordingly associated with better cognition and less cognitive decline in the presence of age-related brain changes. We included healthy adults aged 19–80 years for cross-sectional (N=399) and longitudinal (N=273, mean follow-up time=5 years, SD=0.7 years) analyses. Assessment of the BIG5 personality traits openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism was questionnaire-based. Each cognitive domain (perceptual speed, memory, fluid reasoning, vocabulary) was measured with up to six tasks. Cognitive domain-specific brain status variables were obtained by combining 77 structural brain measures into single scores using elastic net regularization. These brain status variables explained up to 43.1% of the variance in cognitive performance. We found that higher openness was associated with higher fluid reasoning and better vocabulary after controlling for brain status, age, and sex. Further, lower brain status was associated with a greater decline in perceptual speed only in individuals with low openness. We conclude that high openness benefits cognitive reserve. • Cognitive reserve explains differential susceptibility of cognition to pathology. • It is crucial to better understand the role of personality in cognitive reserve. • Our results indicate that high openness benefits cognitive reserve. • Neuroticism was not associated with cognitive reserve in our healthy sample. • Implication: openness should be promoted throughout the (adult) lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converging evidence supports the involvement of circadian rhythm disturbances in the course and morbidity of bipolar disorders (BD). During 2020, lockdown measures were introduced worldwide to contain the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, chronobiological rhythms were critically disrupted and illness outcomes were expected to worsen. The current study aimed to explore changes in morbidity among BD patients living under lockdown. Ninety BD outpatients under naturalistic treatment conditions were followed from March to September 2020 using a mood chart technique. Different treatment and illness variables, including mood instability, were assessed and compared with the outcomes obtained during the same 28-week period in 2019. For most clinical variables, no significant differences were observed between time periods. A slight decrease was found in symptom intensity (from 15.19 ± 20.62 to 10.34 ± 15.79, FDR-adjusted p = 0.04) and in the number of depressive episodes (from 0.39 ± 0.74 to 0.22 ± 0.63, FDR-adjusted p = 0.03), whereas the intensity of pharmacological treatment remained unchanged. Previous illness course predicted mood outcomes during the confinement. Follow-up periods were relatively short. Further, actigraphy or other methods capable of ensuring significant changes in physical activity were not used. In line with other studies, our findings show no worsening in the clinical morbidity of BD patients during lockdown. This conspicuous contrast between our initial predictions and the observed findings highlights the fact that we are still far from being able to provide accurate predictive models for BD. • During COVID-19 lockdowns, daily rhythms and care access of people affected by bipolar disorder (BD) were critically disrupted. • This context provides the opportunity to explore the impact of these stressors on illness course. • In this sample, BD patients didn't show increments in any of the morbidity parameters assessed during a long strict lockdown. • At present, it is not possible to make reliable predictions regarding the impact of these illness stressor in short-term clinical evolution of BDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dopamine decline is suggested to underlie aging-related cognitive decline, but longitudinal examinations of this link are currently missing. We analyzed 5-year longitudinal data for a sample of healthy, older adults (baseline: n = 181, age: 64–68 years; 5-year follow-up: n = 129) who underwent positron emission tomography with 11C-raclopride to assess dopamine D2-like receptor (DRD2) availability, magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate structural brain measures, and cognitive tests. Health, lifestyle, and genetic data were also collected. A data-driven approach (k-means cluster analysis) identified groups that differed maximally in DRD2 decline rates in age-sensitive brain regions. One group (n = 47) had DRD2 decline exclusively in the caudate and no cognitive decline. A second group (n = 72) had more wide-ranged DRD2 decline in putamen and nucleus accumbens and also in extrastriatal regions. The latter group showed significant 5-year working memory decline that correlated with putamen DRD2 decline, along with higher dementia and cardiovascular risk and a faster biological pace of aging. Taken together, for individuals with more extensive DRD2 decline, dopamine decline is associated with memory decline in aging. • 5-year memory decline in older with D2-receptor decline across several brain regions. • Longitudinal associations between working memory and striatal D2 decline. • Older with memory and D2 decline had higher burden of vascular risk factors. • Older with memory and D2 decline showed faster biological pace of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is detrimental to partnership stability. However, it remains unclear if and how the duration and timing of depression affect the risk of family dissolution. We conducted a Danish register-based cohort study of newly-formed cohabiting and married couples in 2008 and 2009, who were followed from the second year after family formation. Depressive episodes were defined by individual-level prescription patterns of antidepressant drugs (ATC codes N06A) in either partner. Family dissolution was characterized by the discontinuation of a shared residential address. Using Longitudinal Targeted Minimum Loss-based Estimation, we estimated the risk of family dissolution after 5 years of follow-up under various lengths and timings of depressive episodes. There were 102,335 families included. The covariate-adjusted risk of family dissolution in families without depressive episodes was 30.0 % (95 % CI 29.6–30.4 %) and 35.5 % (95 % CI 29.5–41.5 %) in families with at least one depressive episode during follow-up. The risk of family dissolution increased with the duration of depressive episodes to 42.2 % (95 % CI 40.8–43.6 %) for five coherent years of depression. Depression shortly after family formation carried higher risk of family dissolution; this risk was 42.3 % (95 % CI 38.4–46.3 %) for depression experienced in the first year of family formation versus 32.9 % (95 % CI 31.8–34.0 %) in the fifth year of family formation. Proxy measures of depression by antidepressant prescriptions fails to identify milder depression. Annual measures of family dissolution precluded more fine-grained analyses of time-intervals. Depression is disruptive to family stability, particularly with longer duration and early onset after family formation. • Depression substantially increased the risk of family dissolution. • Enduring depressive episodes was increasingly detrimental to relationship stability. • The dissolution-risk was higher in families where depression presented early after family formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A natural experiment that provided income supplements to families has been associated with beneficial outcomes for children that persisted into adulthood. The children in this study are now adults, and many are parents. The study builds on the longitudinal, representative Great Smoky Mountains study conducted from 1993 to 2020. At follow-up in their late 30s, 1,094 of the 1,348 living participants (81.2%) were assessed. Of these participants (67.6%), 739 were parents. A tribe in the area implemented a cash transfer program of approximately $5,000 annually per person to every tribal member based on the profits received from operating a casino. Ten aspects of the home environment of participants were assessed (eg, family chaos, substance use, and food insecurity) as well as a composite measure across all home environment indicators. The proposed analyses were preregistered (https://osf.io/ex638). Of the 739 parents assessed, 192 (26.0%) were American Indians. Parents whose families received cash transfers during childhood did not differ from parents whose families did not receive cash transfers on any of the home environment indicators or the composite measure. At the same time, there was little evidence of elevated risk for participants in either group in measures of parental mental health, substance use, and violence. A family cash transfer in childhood that had long-term effects on individual functioning did not impact the home environment of participants who became parents. Rather, parents in both groups were providing home environments generally conducive to their children's growth and development. Intergenerational Effects of a Family Cash Transfer on the Home Environment; https://osf.io/ ; ex638. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large literature has identified exposure to early caregiving adversities as a potent risk for developing affective psychopathology, with depression, in particular, increasing across childhood into adolescence. Evidence suggests telomere erosion, a marker of biological aging, may underlie associations between adverse early-life experiences and later depressive behavior; yet, little is understood about this association during development. The current accelerated longitudinal study examined concurrent telomere length and depressive symptoms concurrently, 2 and 4 years later, from the preschool period through adolescence among children exposed (n =116) and not exposed (n = 242) to early previous institutional (PI) care. PI care was associated with shorter telomeres on average and with quadratic age-related growth in depressive symptoms, indicating a steeper association between PI care and depressive symptoms in younger age groups that leveled off in adolescence. Contrary to studies in adult samples, telomere length was not associated with depressive symptoms, and it did not predict future symptoms. These findings indicate that early caregiving disruptions increase the risk for both accelerated biological aging and depressive symptoms, although these variables did not correlate with each other during this age range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality disorders (PDs) are often comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which may influence symptom presentation and course. This investigation sought to examine the impact of comorbid PDs on clinical presentation and symptom chronicity in a large, prospective longitudinal OCD study. Participants (n = 263) were treatment-seeking adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD separated into two groups: individuals with and without a co-occurring PD. We conducted two-tailed t -tests to compare symptom severity, functioning, and quality of life between the OCD + PD group (n = 117) and the OCD w/o PD group (n = 146). Chronicity analyses were conducted to compare the amount of time in-episode for OCD and major depressive disorder (MDD) between the two groups. The OCD + PD group reported greater OCD and depression severity, lower levels of psychosocial functioning and worse quality of life than the OCD w/o PD group. The OCD + PD group exhibited greater OCD and MDD symptom chronicity; over 5 years the OCD + PD group spent 16.2 % weeks longer at full criteria for OCD and three times as many weeks in episode for MDD than the OCD w/o PD group. Focusing on PDs as a group limited our ability to make observations about specific PDs. Further, the participants in our sample were predominantly White and all were treatment seeking which limits the generalizability of our findings. Our results suggest that those with OCD and comorbid PDs present with greater overall impairment and may require additional considerations during treatment conceptualization and planning. • The impact of comorbid personality disorders on OCD course and outcome is unclear. • OCD and depression chronicity and severity were examined across five years. • Depression and OCD were more chronic in those with comorbid personality disorders. • Those with comorbid personality disorders present with greater overall impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine if there are longer-term effects on symptoms, health status, mood, and behavior 10 years after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Prospective cohort study. Community-based, civilian sample. Adults aged ≥16 years at follow-up who experienced an mTBI 10 years ago, and an age and sex-matched non-injured control group. Not applicable. mTBI cases and controls were asked to complete self-report assessments of functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Version 2), symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire), health status (100-point scale), alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and substance use (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), and whether they had engaged in any anti-social behaviors over the past 12 months. Data were analyzed for 368 participants (184 mTBI cases and 184 age-sex matched controls). Just over a third of mTBI cases (64, 34.8%) reported that they were still affected by their index mTBI 10 years later. After adjusting for education and ethnicity, the mTBI group had statistically higher overall symptom burden (F=22.32, P <.001, ηp2=0.07) compared with controls. This difference remained after excluding those who experienced a recurrent TBI. The mTBI group were more than 3 times as likely to have engaged in anti-social behavior during the previous 12 months (F=5.89, P =.02). There were no group differences in health status, functioning, or problematic alcohol or substance use 10 years post-injury. This study provides evidence of potential longer-term associations between mTBI, post-concussion symptoms, and anti-social behavior which warrants further evaluation. Future research should also examine if longer-term effects may be preventable with access to early rehabilitation post-injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transition to bipolar disorder (BD) in a clinical high-risk sample was assessed over 2 years. • Participants: n = 1083 at-risk (screenBD at-risk); n = 172 reference (Ref), aged 15–35 years. • Cumulative transition risk: n = 31 (all of screenBD at-risk, 2.9 %); 0.0169 (1 year), 0.0317 (2 years). • Transition rates: BD-family history = 6 %, early detection assessments = 3.2–6.6 %. • Limitations: potential recall/reporting bias, high attrition, medication influences. Early identification and intervention of individuals with an increased risk for bipolar disorder (BD) may improve the course of illness and prevent long‑term consequences. Early-BipoLife, a multicenter, prospective, naturalistic study, examined risk factors of BD beyond family history in participants aged 15–35 years. At baseline, positively screened help-seeking participants (screenBD at-risk) were recruited at Early Detection Centers and in- and outpatient depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) settings, references (Ref) drawn from a representative cohort. Participants reported sociodemographics and medical history and were repeatedly examined regarding psychopathology and the course of risk factors. N = 1,083 screenBD at-risk and n = 172 Ref were eligible for baseline assessment. Within the first two years, n = 31 screenBD at-risk (2.9 %) and none of Ref developed a manifest BD. The cumulative transition risk was 0.0028 at the end of multistep assessment, 0.0169 at 12 and 0.0317 at 24 months (p = 0.021). The transition rate with a BD family history was 6.0 %, 4.7 % in the Early Phase Inventory for bipolar disorders (EPI bipolar), 6.6 % in the Bipolar Prodrome Interview and Symptom Scale-Prospective (BPSS-FP) and 3.2 % with extended Bipolar At-Risk - BARS criteria). In comparison to help-seeking young patients from psychosis detection services, transition rates in screenBD at-risk participants were lower. The findings of Early-BipoLife underscore the importance of considering risk factors beyond family history in order to improved early detection and interventions to prevent/ameliorate related impairment in the course of BD. Large long-term cohort studies are crucial to understand the developmental pathways and long-term course of BD, especially in people at- risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing body of evidence supports associations between inflammation and mental health difficulties, but the onset and directionality of these relationships are unclear. Data sources: Barwon Infant Study (BIS; n = 500 4-year-olds) and Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; n = 1099 10–13-year-olds). Measures: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional symptoms at 4, 10–11 and 12–13 years, and circulating levels of two inflammatory biomarkers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), at 4 and 11–12 years. Analysis: Adjusted quantile regression models examining cross-sectional associations between emotional symptoms and inflammation in 4-year-olds (BIS), and cross-lagged associations in 10–13-year-olds (LSAC). We identified a small association between higher emotional symptoms at 10–11 years and higher GlycA levels a year later (standardised coefficient β = 0.09; 95%CI: 0.02 to 0.15). Sex-stratified analyses revealed this association was stronger for boys (β = 0.13; 95%CI: 0.04 to 0.21) than girls (β = 0.01; 95%CI: −0.09 to 0.11). These associations were not observed for hsCRP. There was little evidence of an association between higher GlycA or hsCRP at 11–12 years and emotional symptoms a year later, or cross-sectional associations between emotional symptoms and hsCRP or GlycA at 4 years. A single time-point of biomarker collection in late childhood precluded adjustment for baseline inflammatory biomarkers. Our results support the direction of association from emotional symptoms to inflammation in late childhood, with potential sex differences. This adds to the body of evidence that addressing emotional symptoms in childhood is a major priority in optimising overall health throughout the life course. • We utilized data from two prospective Australian birth cohort studies. • Our results support emotional symptoms influencing inflammation in late childhood. • This association was stronger in boys than girls. • We did not observe a cross-sectional association in early childhood. • Addressing emotional symptoms in childhood is key to optimise overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression's relations to psychosocial processes are complex, bidirectional, and include financial functioning. The current study compared the extent to which household income, financial literacy (knowledge and skill), and financial health (saving, spending, borrowing, and planning behavior) were risk factors and outcomes of depression. A United States national sample of working-aged adults (N = 6565) completed self-report measures of financial functioning and depression in years 2020 and 2022. Depression scales assessed both negative (depressive symptoms) and positive (life satisfaction) affective dimensions. Lower income, less financial literacy, and especially poorer financial health correlated significantly with more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. Poorer financial health demonstrated the strongest prospective relations with increasing depressive symptoms and decreasing life satisfaction over the two-year retest interval. In parallel, higher depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction each predicted subsequent decreases in financial health. Results from this longitudinal, observational study suggested but could not establish causal connections between depression and financial functioning. The study's novel results require replication before clinical application. More so than low income or limited financial literacy, poor financial health is both a risk factor and potential outcome of depression, including more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. If these findings are replicated, financial health may be an important research and clinical target for depression assessment, prevention, and treatment. • This study compared three financial functioning dimensions' relations to depression. • Less household income and lower financial literacy correlated with depression. • Low financial health was the strongest prospective risk and outcome of depression. • Adults with low financial health spent, saved, borrowed, and planned maladaptively. • Financial health may be an important depression assessment and intervention target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on neuronal correlates of catatonia has dramatically increased in the last 10 years, but conclusive findings on white matter (WM) tracts alterations underlying catatonic symptoms are still lacking. Therefore, we conduct an interdisciplinary longitudinal MRI study (whiteCAT) with two main objectives: First, we aim to enroll 100 psychiatric patients with and 50 psychiatric patients without catatonia according to ICD-11 who will undergo a deep phenotyping approach with an extensive battery of demographic, psychopathological, psychometric, neuropsychological, instrumental and diffusion MRI assessments at baseline and 12 weeks follow-up. So far, 28 catatonia patients and 40 patients with schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders or mood disorders without catatonia have been studied cross-sectionally. 49 out of 68 patients have completed longitudinal assessment, so far. Second, we seek to develop and implement a new method for semi-automatic fiber tract delineation using active learning. By training supportive machine learning algorithms on the fly that are custom tailored to the respective analysis pipeline used to obtain the tractogram as well as the WM tract of interest, we plan to streamline and speed up this tedious and error-prone task while at the same time increasing reproducibility and robustness of the extraction process. The goal is to develop robust neuroimaging biomarkers of symptom severity and therapy outcome based on WM tracts underlying catatonia. If our MRI study is successful, it will be the largest longitudinal study to date that has investigated WM tracts in catatonia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High (and nonselective) recruitment and retention rates in longitudinal studies of adolescence are essential for illuminating health trajectories and determinants during this critical period. Knowledge of optimal recruitment and retention strategies must keep pace with emerging challenges and opportunities, such as the shifts towards digitally-based data collection. We used a narrative review approach to synthesize research on promising recruitment and retention strategies for optimizing engagement in the next generation of longitudinal adolescent health studies. We identified a small number of well-evidenced strategies, emerging challenges and opportunities for recruitment and retention in contemporary studies, and key evidence gaps. Core recommendations include the use of well-evidenced strategies (e.g., incentivizing participation, reducing barriers and burden, and investing in building positive relationships with participants) and coproducing recruitment and retention strategies with adolescents and parents of adolescents. More research is needed into successful recruitment/retention strategies for digital/remote data collection methods, but initial evidence suggests that adopting principles and adapting well-evidenced strategies from traditional longitudinal studies is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSI-D) in DSM-5, the field obtained a standardised set of criteria to study those engaging in more severe and chronic NSSI. To date, no previous research has studied the development of NSSI-D longitudinally, leaving questions on its stability and potential prospective predictors unanswered. 2162 community adolescents (M = 15.00 years, SD = 1.88, 53.9 % girls at T1) completed a set of self-report questionnaires for three consecutive years and were classified into three severity-based NSSI subgroups (no-NSSI, subthreshold-NSSI, NSSI-D). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to prospectively predict subgroup membership by age, gender, identity development, depressive symptoms, traumatic experiences, and resilience. At baseline, the sample was distributed over the no-NSSI group (88 %), the subthreshold-NSSI (6 %) and NSSI-D (6 %) groups. These groups respectively showed high (93.5 %), low (25 %) and moderate (47.5 %) stability over one-year intervals. Longitudinally, higher levels of identity confusion and trauma significantly increased the likelihood of transitioning to subthreshold-NSSI. Moreover, boys had a higher likelihood of transitioning from NSSI-D to no-NSSI over the course of one year. This three-year study provides the first indication of the longitudinal course of NSSI-D with the current set of DSM-5 criteria. Clinically, the results suggest the particular potential of identity confusion and trauma as prevention targets in community adolescents. • 6 % of community adolescents are eligible for a diagnosis of NSSI disorder. • One-year stability of NSSI disorder is 47.5 % in community adolescents. • Half of those engaging in subclinical NSSI cease the behaviour within one year. • Identity confusion and trauma predict onset of subclinical NSSI • Boys are less likely than girls to remain eligible for an NSSI-D diagnosis over the course of one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Longitudinal analysis of pedelec (and bicycle) crashes from 2013-2021. • Differences and similarities between pedelec and bicycle crashes were mostly stable throughout the years. • Higher injury severity for pedelec riders compared to cyclists throughout the years. • Consistently higher proportion of single vehicle crashes for pedelec riders. • Decrease in mean age of the involved pedelec riders over time. Introduction : The continuous growth in the use of e-bikes (in Germany mostly pedelecs that support pedaling up to 25 km/h) raises questions about the use of historic crash data for the development of road safety measures. The aim of this study was to address this issue, by conducting a longitudinal analysis of pedelec and bicycle crash data over a period of nine years to identify trends and to clarify whether such trends are specific to pedelecs. Method : We analyzed 95,338 police reported pedelec and bicycle injury crashes from 2013 through 2021. The dataset consisted of crashes from three federal states of Germany: Brandenburg, Hesse and Saxony. Data were analyzed with respect to sex and age distribution, time, location and type of accident, conflict partner, cause of crash and injury severity. Results : Many of the analyzed variables showed a considerable degree of temporal stability, with differences as well as similarities between the two bicycle types staying quite consistent over the years. One notable difference was the mean age of the involved riders, with crashed pedelec riders being significantly older than conventional cyclists. At the same time, however, the mean age of these pedelec riders has decreased by eight years over time. Single vehicle crashes were consistently more common for pedelec riders than for cyclists. Similarly, pedelec rider crashes went with a higher injury severity over all the years. Conclusions and practical applications : While, on a more detailed level, we found differences between the two bicycle types, overall crash characteristics were remarkably similar and consistent over time. Our findings provide no clear argument for road safety measures that are specifically designed to target pedelecs. Instead, the stable crash total, and the increases in ridership of both bicycles and pedelecs, highlight the demand for new, innovative solutions to improve cycling safety in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysfunction of the cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) system and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition are early pathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their association in early AD is not well-established. This study investigated the nature and magnitude of volume loss in the BF, over an extended period, in 516 older adults who completed Aβ-PET and serial magnetic resonance imaging scans. Individuals were grouped at baseline according to the presence of cognitive impairment (CU, CI) and Aβ status (Aβ−, Aβ+). Longitudinal volumetric changes in the BF and hippocampus were assessed across groups. The results indicated that high Aβ levels correlated with faster volume loss in the BF and hippocampus, and the effect of Aβ varied within BF subregions. Compared to CU Aβ+ individuals, Aβ-related loss among CI Aβ+ adults was much greater in the predominantly cholinergic subregion of Ch4p, whereas no difference was observed for the Ch1/Ch2 region. The findings support early and substantial vulnerability of the BF and further reveal distinctive degeneration of BF subregions during early AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between lower help-seeking intentions and greater depressive symptoms among adolescents. However, no longitudinal study has examined the direction of this association. The current study investigated whether help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms are reciprocally associated at the within-person (individual) level during early to mid-adolescence. Longitudinal data on help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms in adolescents were obtained from a population-based birth cohort study (Tokyo Teen Cohort; N = 3,171) at four time points (10y, 12y, 14y, and 16y). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to evaluate the within-person prospective associations between help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms. At the within-person level, significant associations were consistently observed between antecedent greater depressive symptoms and subsequent lower help-seeking intentions across all time points (10y–12y: standardized regression coefficient (β) = −0.12, p <.001; 12y–14y: β = −0.07, p <.05; and 14y–16y: β = −0.09, p <.01). Meanwhile, significant within-person associations were partly observed between antecedent lower help-seeking intentions and subsequent greater depressive symptoms from 10y to 12y (β = −0.07, p <.05) and from 14y to 16y (β = −0.12, p <.001). These prospective associations were almost the same when adjusted for the number of potential confidants as a time-varying confounder. Adolescents with worsening depressive symptoms may become increasingly reluctant to seek help over time. Proactive early recognition and intervention with support from parents, teachers, and other individuals may facilitate the management of depression in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on associations of perceived stress with poor memory performance in older adults showed inconsistent results. We examined the prospective associations of perceived stress with memory decline using data from Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS). Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) at baseline (2003–2006), with greater scores indicating greater stress. Memory function was measured by delayed 10-word recall test (DWRT) and immediate 10-word recall test (IWRT), with greater scores indicating better performance, at baseline and follow-up (2008–2012) examinations, analyzed as mean annual change in scores. 9656 participants (72 % women) with mean age 61.6 (standard deviation = 6.4) years were included. During an average of 4.4 years of follow-up, after adjusting for confounders, each one-point greater PSS score was associated with mean annual decline in DWRT scores (β (95 % CI) = −0.005 (−0.008 to −0.002)). Greater Perceived Helplessness (PH) scores, but not Perceived Self-efficacy scores, was associated with greater mean annual decline in DWRT and IWRT scores (β (95 % CI) = −0.005 (−0.009 to −0.001) and − 0.012 (−0.018 to −0.005), respectively), and similar patterns were observed in five out of seven PH items (βs from −0.02 to −0.07). Interaction analysis showed that the association of greater PSS with greater decline in DWRT scores was observed only in those with low family income (β (95 % CI) = −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04), P for interaction = 0.03). Greater perceived stress was associated with a greater decline in delayed recall memory, especially in those with low family income. • Whether perceived stress is associated with memory function in older adults remains uncertain. • Greater perceived stress especially the perceived helplessness subscale was prospectively associated with memory decline. • The association of perceived stress and memory function was more pronounced in those with low family income. • Identifying and reducing stress may benefit cognitive function in older adults with low family income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive control has been strongly linked to midfrontal theta (4–8 Hz) brain activity. Such control processes are known to be impaired in individuals with psychiatric conditions and neurodevelopmental diagnoses, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Temporal variability in theta, in particular, has been associated with ADHD, with shared genetic variance underlying the relationship. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and genetic relationships between theta phase variability, theta-related signals (the N2, error-related negativity, and error positivity), reaction time, and ADHD and ASD longitudinally in a large twin study of young adults to investigate the stability of the genetic relationships between these measures over time. Genetic multivariate liability threshold models were run on a longitudinal sample of 566 participants (283 twin pairs). Characteristics of ADHD and ASD were measured in childhood and young adulthood, while an electroencephalogram was recorded in young adulthood during an arrow flanker task. Cross-trial theta phase variability in adulthood showed large positive phenotypic and genetic relationships with reaction time variability and both childhood and adult ADHD characteristics. Error positivity amplitude was negatively related phenotypically and genetically to ADHD and ASD at both time points. We showed significant genetic associations between variability in theta signaling and ADHD. A novel finding from the current study is that these relationships were stable across time, indicating a core dysregulation of the temporal coordination of control processes in ADHD that persists in individuals with childhood symptoms. Error processing, indexed by the error positivity, was altered in both ADHD and ASD, with a strong genetic contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's and adolescents' mental health has been affected since the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, receiving global attention. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to assess the extent of the mental health changes of children and adolescents in the aftermath of the pandemic. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO to explore the pandemic's impact on children and adolescents' mental health; longitudinal studies were included. We used the random effects model to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Twenty articles were included. Results showed that there was an increase in anxiety (SMD = 0.18, 95 % CI 0.05–0.32) and depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.22, 95 % CI 0.13–0.32) in children and adolescents after the pandemic. Anxiety and depressive symptoms noticeably increased from April to May 2020, subsequently decreased, but saw a small resurgence during the second wave of the pandemic. Anxiety change varied by region; highest in Asia (SMD = 0.38, 95 % CI 0.25–0.51). Heterogeneity was high in this study, with high variability in psychiatric symptoms among individuals. This study on changes in children's and adolescents' mental health, anxiety and depression symptoms showed varying degrees of deterioration. Changes in symptoms were influenced by time and region and showed fluctuations. • The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents' mental health fluctuates over time. • Depression and anxiety symptoms rose significantly, but the clinical relevance of the increase may be limited. • Anxiety symptom changes vary by region, with a greater magnitude of change observed in Asian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to prenatal maternal psychological adversities can negatively affect the offspring's developing brain. Shortened telomere length (TL) has been implicated as a mechanism for the transgenerational effects of maternal psychological adversities on offspring. This study aimed to determine associations between prenatal psychological stressors and distress with maternal and early life TL, and associations between maternal, newborn and child TL with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age. Follow-up TL was measured in a subgroup of African mothers (n = 138) and their newborns (n = 142) and children (n = 96) at 2-years in the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Prenatal symptoms of depression, distress, intimate partner violence, posttraumatic stress-disorder and childhood trauma were measured at 27 weeks gestation. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III. TLs were measured in whole bloods from mothers and their children at 2-years, and cord bloods in newborns. Maternal prenatal stressors and distress were not significantly associated with TL in mothers or their children at birth or at 2-years. Furthermore, maternal psychological measures were not associated with early-life attrition of TL. Longer TL in children at 2-years was associated (p = 0.04) with higher motor functioning. Limited numbers of participants and single time-point psychological measures. This study is the first to provide information on the association of early life TL with prenatal psychological adversities and neurodevelopmental outcomes in a population of low-income African mothers and their children. • This evidence does not support an association of prenatal psychological adversities with TL in South African women or their children. • This study did not find associations of prenatal psychological adversities with early life TL attrition. • TL is positively correlated with motor functioning in children at 2 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the incidence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts (STBs) in veterans without an endorsed history of STBs and identify baseline predictors of these outcomes over a 10-year period. Population-based prospective cohort study of 2307 US military veterans using five waves of the 2011–2021 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Baseline data were collected in 2011, with follow-up assessments conducted 2-(2013), 4-(2015), 7-(2018), and 10-years (2021) later. In total, 10.1 % (N = 203) of veterans endorsed incident suicidal ideation (SI) over the 10-year period and 3.0 % (N = 55) endorsed an incident suicide attempt (SA). Multivariable regression analyses revealed the following baseline predictors of incident SI: lower annual household income, current posttraumatic stress disorder, current alcohol use disorder (AUD), disability with activities of daily living (i.e., ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (i.e., IADLs), lower perceived social support, lower community integration, and lower purpose in life. Current AUD, greater cumulative trauma burden, and lower purpose in life at baseline were predictive of incident SA. Relative importance analyses revealed that lower purpose in life was the strongest predictor of both incident SI and SA. Psychosocial determinants of health, such as purpose in life, may be more reliable predictors of incident suicidal thoughts and behaviors than traditional risk factors (e.g., psychiatric distress; history of SA) in those without a history of STBs. Evidence-based interventions that facilitate purpose in life and feelings of connectedness and belonging should be examined as possible treatments for STBs. • Purpose in life (PIL) may protect against the development of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in US Veterans. • Studies documenting the association between PIL and STBs have typically relied on convenience samples, cross-sectional designs, or relatively short follow-ups. • In this 10-year study, PIL emerged as the strongest predictor of both incident suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in US Veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]