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To evaluate the trend of notified incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in China at different periods by population and region and to explore the effect of TB prevention and control in recent years. Using pooled data on TB cases reported by the TB Information Management Reporting System (TBIMS) from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the annual percentage change (APC) using the Joinpoint regression model. From 2005 to 2020, a total of 16.2 million cases of PTB were reported in China, with an average notified incidence of 75.5 per 100,000 population. The age standardization rate (ASR) continued to decline from 116.9 (/100,000) in 2005 to 47.6 (/100,000) in 2020, with an average annual decrease of 5.6% [APC = –5.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): –7.0 to –4.2]. The smallest decline occurred in 2011–2018 (APC = –3.4, 95% CI : –4.6 to –2.3) and the largest decrease in 2018–2020 (APC = –9.2, 95% CI : –16.4 to –1.3). From 2005 to 2020, the ASR in males (159.8 per 100,000 in 2005, 72.0 per 100,000 in 2020) was higher than that in females (62.2 per 100,000 in 2005, 32.3 per 100,000 in 2020), with an average annual decline of 6.0% for male and 4.9% for female. The average notified incidence was the highest among older adults (65 years and over) (182.3/100,000), with an average annual decline of 6.4%; children (0–14 years) were the lowest (4.8/100,000), with an average annual decline of 7.3%, but a significant increase of 3.3% between 2014 and 2020 (APC = 3.3, 95% CI : 1.4 to 5.2); middle-aged (35–64 years) decreased by 5.8%; and youth (15–34 years) decreased by an average annual rate of 4.2%. The average ASR in rural areas (81.3/100,000) is higher than that in urban areas (76.1/100,000). The average annual decline in rural areas was 4.5% and 6.3% in urban areas. South China had the highest average ASR (103.2/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%, while North China had the lowest (56.5/100,000), with an average annual decline of 5.9%. The average ASR in the southwest was 95.3 (/100,000), with the smallest annual decline (APC = –4.5, 95% CI : –5.5 to –3.5); the average ASR in the Northwest China was 100.1 (/100,000), with the largest annual decline (APC = –6.4, 95% CI : –10.0 to –2.7); Central, Northeastern, and Eastern China declined by an average of 5.2%, 6.2%, and 6.1% per year, respectively. From 2005 to 2020, the notified incidence of PTB in China continued to decline, falling by 55%. For high-risk groups such as males, older adults, high-burden areas in South, Southwest, and Northwest China, and rural regions, proactive screening should be strengthened to provide timely and effective anti-TB treatment and patient management services for confirmed cases. There is also a necessity to be vigilant about the upward trend of children in recent years, the specific reasons for which need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of long-pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (LP-Nd:YAG) laser on warts.Objective: To evaluate whether LP-Nd:YAG laser was superior to cryotherapy for cutaneous warts.Methods: In this study, 150 adult patients with warts were randomized equally to receive laser or cryotherapy every 3 to 4 weeks, for a maximum of 4 sessions. The primary outcomes were the cure rates at 16 weeks and 6 months; secondary outcomes included time to clearance of warts and treatment-related adverse effects.Results: There was no difference in the cure rate for laser versus cryotherapy at 16 weeks (54.1% vs 46.7%, respectively) and 6 months (59.5% vs 57.3%, respectively). However, time to clearance of warts, up to 16 weeks and 6 months, tended to be shorter for laser versus cryotherapy (P = .04 and .08, respectively). Post hoc analyses showed a significantly higher cure rate for laser versus cryotherapy in 3 subgroups of human papillomavirus 2/27/57-induced recalcitrant warts but not in their counterpart subgroups. Laser had more mild adverse effects.Limitations: Single center.Conclusions: The overall therapeutic effects of LP-Nd:YAG laser were similar to cryotherapy, but laser may be more effective to relatively recalcitrant warts and may be associated with shorter time to clearance of warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the subjective perception of residents on the built environment in hygienic cities and its relation to the self-rated health (SRH) status of residents, providing a basis for a better promotion on construction of health-supportive environments. The online survey was adopted with the respondents recruited from residents living in Chaoyang District of Beijing in January 2021. With SRH level as the dependent variable, two-category logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the impact of the built environment in hygienic cities on the SRH status of residents. A total of 1,357 respondents were enrolled in this study. After controlling confounding factors, four aspects in the built environment in hygienic cities were detected remarkable influences on the SRH level of residents, including enough green space in the living area [odds ratio (OR) = 1.395, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.055–1.845], clean and hygienic living environment (OR = 1.472, 95% CI : 1.107–1.956), residents' confidence in drinking water safety in the living area (OR = 1.856, 95% CI : 1.354–2.544) and residents' confidence in food safety in the living area (OR = 1.405, 95% CI : 1.027–1.921). Regarding city construction, the government should focus more on the subjective perception of residents on built environments to build a supportive environment benefiting the health of residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.021 Byline: Yuan Feng Wang (a), Rui Qin Yang (a), Yan Ji Wang (a), Zhi Xia Shi (b), Jian Jun Liu (b) Keywords: Nanoparticles; CdSe; Latent fingermarks development; Fluorescence characterizations Abstract: Nanometer-sized fluorescent particles were synthesized in an aqueous solution using TGA (mercaptoacetic acid) as the stabilizer. The prepared solution was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy and applied for detection of latent fingermarks on adhesives. The effects of stabilizer, precursor, pH value, the concentration of cadmium ion and shell structure on fluorescence were also discussed. The results indicated that the intensity of fluorescence was remarkably increased and the selectivity was well improved when using CdSe nanoparticles, it produced significantly less background development and better contrast after 15min developing process. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Forensic Science, Chinese People's Public Security University, Beijing 100038, China (b) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China Article History: Received 20 October 2008; Revised 11 December 2008; Accepted 19 December 2008

This study aims to investigate the association of metabolic phenotypes that are jointly determined by body mass index (BMI) or fat mass percentage and metabolic health status with the ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study. BMI and body fat mass percentage (FMP) combined with the metabolic status were used to define metabolic phenotypes. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to examine the effects of metabolic phenotypes on CVD risk. A total of 13,239 adults aged 34–75 years were included in this study. Compared with the metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) phenotype, the metabolically unhealthy non-obese (MUNO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotypes defined by BMI showed a higher CVD risk [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI): 2.34 (1.89–2.89), 3.45 (2.50–4.75), respectively], after adjusting for the covariates. The MUNO and MUO phenotypes defined by FMP showed a higher CVD risk [OR (95% CI): 2.31 (1.85–2.88), 2.63 (1.98–3.48), respectively] than the MHNO phenotype. The metabolically healthy obese phenotype, regardless of being defined by BMI or FMP, showed no CVD risk compared with the MHNO phenotype. General obesity without central obesity does not increase CVD risk in metabolically healthy individuals. FMP might be a more meaningful factor for the evaluation of the association of obesity with CVD risk. Obesity and metabolic status have a synergistic effect on CVD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a preliminary subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative and to evaluate its reliability and validity. The initial items of the scale were determined based on a review of policy documents and consultations with experts. The final items of the scale were confirmed through individual interviews with residents combined with the discretetrend method, critical ratio method, correlation coefficient method, and factor analysis method. Then, the dimensions of the scale were determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. A scale containing five dimensions with 22 items was established, including urban lifestyle, governance, basic functions, environmental sanitation, and amenities. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.876, and the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.796. The CFA results indicate that each inspection level was within the standard limit. The preliminarily subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative demonstrates a high level of reliability and validity. Additional empirical studies should be carried out to further verify the value of the scale in terms of practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the association between soil selenium levels and the risk of diabetes in Chinese adults aged 35–74 years. Data for this study were derived from the China Chronic Diseases and Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance 2010 survey. Selenium concentrations in soil were obtained from the Atlas of Soil Environmental Background Values in China. A two-level binary logistic regression model was used to determine the association between soil selenium concentrations and the risk of diabetes, with participants nested within districts/counties. A total of 69,332 participants aged 35–74 years, from 158 districts/counties were included in the analysis. Concentrations of selenium in soil varied greatly across the 158 districts/counties, with a median concentration of 0.219 mg/kg (IQR : 0.185–0.248). The results showed that both Quartile 1 (0.119–0.185 mg/kg) and Quartile 4 (0.249–0.344 mg/kg) groups were positively associated with diabetes compared to a soil selenium concentration of 0.186–0.219 mg/kg (Quartile 2), crude odds ratios (OR s) (95% CI) were 1.227 (1.003–1.502) and 1.280 (1.048–1.563). The P values were 0.045 and 0.013, for Quartile 1 and Quartile 4 groups, respectively. After adjusting for all confounding factors of interest, the Quartile 1 group became non-significant, and the Quartile 4 group had an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.203 (1.018–1.421) relative to the reference group (Quartile 2), the P values was 0.030. No significant results were seen for the Quartile 3 group (0.220–0.248 mg/kg) compared to the reference group. Excessive selenium concentrations in soil could increase the risk of diabetes among Chinese adults aged 35–74 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness can achieved above 0.6 and overall cooling effectiveness can reach 0.8 for the laminated cooling effectiveness with continuous slot film outflow. • The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness can be doubled by replacing the discrete cylindrical film holes with continuous slot outflow in same blowing ration condition. • The lowest flow resistances coefficient of laminated cooling configuration with continuous slot film outflow benefits from the largest flow area and lowest velocity of film coolant among the four cases. The discrete film hole is the most common form of film cooling configurations in the turbine vane and blade. To enhance the film cooling effect, the improved hole, such as expanding-shape hole, is being used to replace the traditional cylindrical hole in the vane and blade cooling design. However the slot film outflow is been seen as the best form of film cooling when compared to the discrete holes. The slot film cooling configuration is usually used in the trailing edge of turbine vane and blade, but cannot be used in the mid-body of turbine vane and blade, with be drawback of lower mechanical strength. The present paper used the slot film outflow on the laminated cooling configuration. With the ribs in the laminated cooling configuration, the novel configuration can remarkably overcome the mechanical drawback of the simple slot film cooling, and can enhance the film cooling effect of the laminated cooling configuration. To investigate the cooling effect of laminated configuration with slot film outflow, four kinds of specimens are designed, including the traditional design with discrete film hole (baseline), the rearrangement design with discrete film hole (case A), the novel design with discrete slot (case B), and the novel design with continuous slot (case C). The Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) computations and the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) test methods are used to assess the overall cooling performance (η overall ) and the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness (η film ). The results show the two slot design cases (case B and case C) have higher film cooling effectiveness with more covered surface areas of film outflow, while performs lower flow resistance due to the lower flow velocity of the coolants in the slot. With the increase of Br , the film cooling effectiveness of two slot design cases (case B and case C) can keep increase, but the two hole design case (baseline and case A) cannot increase at area of Br > 0.55. At the blowing ratio near 0.96, for the baseline case, case A, case B, and case C, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness is 0.26, 0.20, 0.68, and 0.50 respectively; and area-averaged the overall cooling effectiveness is 0.72, 0.81, 0.89, and 0.85 respectively; the flow frictions coefficients is 1.78, 2.15, 1.37, and 2.01 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) cathode is endowed with a high energy density and excellent cycling performance. However, the preparation conditions for this material are quite harsh. Therefore, it is rather significant to obtain well-qualified NCA by simple solid-phase synthesis. In this study, the solid-phase synthesis of NCA cathode material is carried out by mixing two types of raw materials via stirring or sand milling. The effects of different particle sizes on the structure and morphology of NCA materials are analyzed. Owing to the different particle sizes of the raw materials, the diffusion path of Li + between the solid phases differs greatly. The XRD results show that the samples mixed by stirring have a worse cation mixture than those mixed by sand milling due to the larger particle size, smaller sintering surface energy, and insufficient sintering strength. The electrochemical results show that the sample mixed by sand milling has a higher specific capacity at a low rate, the initial discharge capacity is 199.22 mAh g −1 , and the capacity retention rate is 86.9% after 50 cycles. In contrast, the initial discharge capacity of the sample mixed by stirring is 184.86 mAh g −1 , and the capacity is 171.93 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles with a 93.0% capacity retention rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalene diimides are attracting considerable interest because of their tunable luminescent properties, which are generally achieved by the incorporation of electron-donating moieties into naphthalene diimides core to form donor-acceptor compounds through covalent bond. However, this method is an elaborate strategy because the separation of byproduct is tedious. Here we report that the luminescent properties of naphthalene diimides can be finely modulated by supramolecular cocrystal formation. Through the donor-acceptor interactions between the electron-deficient N,N ′-di-(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (DPNDI) molecules and electron-rich naphthalene derivatives (guest), a series of cocrystal complexes are successfully fabricated. These cocrystal complexes show guest-dependent color-tunable emissions, which originate from the excited state charge transfer interactions between the DPNDI and naphthalene derivatives in the solid state. The present study anticipates providing a new method for the design of various new types of organic luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station (ZHS) is located in a unique geographical and geomagnetic site that is suitable for observations on the cusp and of the post-noon dayside aurora and the poleward boundary of the nightside auroral oval. Since 2010, a unique, advanced synthetically auroral observation system has been deployed at ZHS, composed of a multi-wavelength all-sky imager, a multi-scale imager, a spectrum imager, and a radio imager. This system can record auroral forms from large (∼100 km) to small scales (∼10 m), auroral spectral lines from 400 to 730 nm, and auroral characteristics in the radio spectrum. Using this system, we have investigated the visible characteristics of UV ‘bright spots,’ the variation characteristics of the dayside shock auroras and convection, and the methodology for the quiet-day curve (QDC), among others. These investigations have enhanced our understanding of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a new configuration of film cooling hole, namely the near surface streamwise diffusion (NSSD) hole. A discrete streamwise diffused shallow submerged structure is constructed on the exit of a simple cylindrical hole. There is a middle bulge at the exit edge of the shallow submerged structure to expand the coolant laterally. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness was measured using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique on a flat plate model. The experiment was performed under density ratio DR = 1.38 and the blowing ratio M = 0.5–2.5. A simple cylindrical hole and a typical fan-shaped hole were chosen to be the baseline holes to be compared with NSSD hole. Six NSSD hole cases were tested and compared to investigate the influence of geometrical parameters. The experimental results showed that the cooling effectiveness of NSSD hole was significantly higher than the simple cylindrical hole but was slightly lower than the fan-shaped hole. The streamwise diffused shallow submerged structure can effectively expand the coolant laterally and can keep film attached to the surface under high blowing ratio. Due to the special flow mechanism, the laterally averaged cooling effectiveness of NSSD hole exhibited a ladder-style decreasing trend where the cooling effectiveness far downstream is close to the fan-shaped hole. The change of geometrical parameter of the near surface streamwise diffusion structure results in the obvious variation of cooling effectiveness especially at the high blowing ratio conditions. A smaller streamwise spacing between the middle bulge and the exit edge of the cylindrical hole can enhance the interaction between the coolant and the middle bulge, which is conducive to the increase of cooling effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]