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Temperature plays an essential role in regulating seed germination and seedling production. As adaptation of germination requirements can occur in response to slight differences of the local climate, studying the intra-species variations of seed germination is of great importance for its large-scale conservation, introduction and seedling production. In the present study, germination of Dalbergia odorifera from four geographic sites (namely Ledong in Hainan province, Pingxiang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Zhaoqing in Guangdong province and Longhai in Fujian province) were investigated under five constant temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C). The results showed that there existed statistically significant differences ( P < 0.001) among these localities, temperatures and their interactions in terms of final germination percentage (FGP) and mean time to germination (MTG). Seeds from all these localities demonstrated the lowest FGP value (27.3%, 0.0%, 8.0% and 10.0% in average) under the temperature of 15 °C, while 25 °C was the optimal germination temperature for seeds collected from Ledong and Pingxiang, and 30 °C for seeds collected from Zhaoqing and Longhai. It could be deduced that intra-specific variations in the optimal germination temperature might occur over a small scale in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are precancerous lesions of the pancreas. Computed tomography (CT) has been recommended to screen the malignant potential of IPMNs. However, data evaluating the use of CT to differentiate categories of IPMN based on disease progression are limited. This study aimed to explore the correlation between CT characteristics and pathology in IPMN associated with invasive carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A total of 31 patients with intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC) treated at one local regional hospital in Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on invasion component and characterized as follows: group A, an invasive component of less than 50% (IPMC-I); and group B, with invasion of 50% or greater and defined as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma associated with IPMN (PDAC-IPMN). First, we analyzed the imaging information of the 31 patients retrospectively. Then, we compared the imaging differences between the two groups.Results: Fifteen patients with IPMC-1 and 16 patients with PDAC-IPMN were identified. There was no statistically significant difference in sex, age, lesion location, radiologic type, tumor size, mural nodule size, and lymphatic metastasis between the two groups. However, the arterial increased CT values were significantly different between the two groups (P < .01), with values of 29.2 ± 12.4 HU for group A and 14.2 ± 8.8 HU for group B. The venous increased CT values were 44.6 ± 12.0 HU for group A and 28.4 ± 12.3 HU for group B, and these were significantly different between the two groups (P < .01). In group A, 13 cases (86.7%) were classified as T1 or T2 stage, and in group B, eight cases (50.0%) were classified as T1 and T2 stage. There was a statistically significant difference in tumor classification between group A and group B patients (P < .05).Conclusions: IPMC-I and PDAC-IPMN have different characteristics in CT imaging, and we demonstrated that CT scans based on blood supply and lymphatic metastasis could be used to evaluate and potentially screen for variation in IPMC disease outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytotoxin K (CytK) produced by Bacillus cereus s.l. has generally been considered to be associated with the foodborne diarrhoeal syndrome. Two distinct variants of CytK have been reported: CytK-1 from Bacillus cytotoxicus and CytK-2 from B. cereus . In order to determine whether CytK plays a significant role in the diarrhoeal disease, the occurrence of cytK genes was assessed among 390 B. cereus isolates with different origins including clinical and food poisoning samples and was found to be 46%. Interestingly, the cytK occurrence was slightly lower in food poisoning and clinical isolates than in environmental samples. Seventy cytK-2 positive strains (including 28 isolates from foodborne outbreaks) were then selected in order to assess their genetic diversity. A genetic dendrogram based on the cytK-2 sequences of these 70 strains and on two cytK-1 sequences from strains NVH 391-98 and 883-00 showed an important diversity. However, no strain clustering according to the origin or source of isolation was observed. These observations were confirmed by Multi-Locus Sequences Typing (MLST) based on five different loci of housekeeping genes ( ccpA , recF , sucC , purF and gdpD ) for which no grouping of foodborne outbreak strains could be identified. Therefore, the choice of cytK as virulence factor for the diarrhoeal pathotype does not seem to be relevant per se , even though the involvement of CytK in the diarrhoeal syndrome cannot be fully excluded. Potential synergistic effects between CytK and other virulence factors, together with their potential variable expression levels should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that Vitamin D (VD) has been confirmed to reinforce the toxic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) towards breast cancer, this study was designed to decipher the combined effects of VD, ALA-PDT and paclitaxel (PTX). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to gauge the viability of breast cancer cells treated with ALA-PDT and PTX alone or in combination. The cell migration, invasion and apoptosis were measured by wound healing, transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Xenograft tumor models were established and tumor volume and weight were recorded. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in cells and tumor tissues was determined by western blot assay. Both ALA-PDT and PTX alone inhibited viability in a dose-dependent manner, blocked migration and invasion, boosted apoptosis, down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and upregulated the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in breast cancer cells. More significant effects on the above-mentioned factors were induced by ALA-PDT and PTX in combination. Moreover, ALA-PDT and PTX in combination also suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors and Bcl-2 expression while promoting the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in tumors. In contrast, VD had no effect on tumor growth and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and cleavedcaspase-3, but intensified the combined effects of ALA-PDT and PTX. VD could enhance the therapeutic effects of ALA-PDT combined with PTX on tumor growth and cell apoptosis. • ALA-PDT or PTX were cytotoxic to breast cancer cells. • The combination of ALA-PDT and PTX was more cytotoxic compared with their alone. • VD could enhance the ability of ALA-PDT+PTX on inhibiting xenograft tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) possesses strong antioxidant and photochemo-preventive properties. Our previous study has preliminarily demonstrated that PCF could reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protect UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis. But the anti-apoptotic effects of PCF on components of cell signaling pathways leading to gene expression has not been clearly established. In this study we determined whether PCF affords protection of HaCaT cells against UVB-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B signal pathway, which is involved in apoptosis. The result showed that pretreatment of UVB-induced HaCaT cells with PCF, ROS scavenger NAC and NF-κB inhibitor MG132 effectively suppressed the apoptosis of HaCaT cells. PCF inhibited UVB-induced activation and translocation of NF-κB/p65 to nucleus, which was mediated through inhibition of phosphorylation/degradation and decreasing mRNA expression of IκBα and also blocking activation of IKKα in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that NAC also inhibited UVB-induced activation of NF-κB/p65 through decreasing the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα. We concluded that the activation of NF-κB signal pathway played an important role in UVB-induced apoptosis, and PCF likely exerted its anti-apoptotic effect in HaCaT cells through decreasing intracellular ROS level and modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As a non-destructive method, AC impedance spectroscopy is a promising technique for the characterization of cement-based materials owing to its advantages in real time monitoring. In this paper, the equivalent circuit models in publications applied for different cement-based systems are summarized. The determinations of hydration properties, microstructural changes and chloride induced corrosion parameters of cement-based materials by AC impedance spectroscopy measurements are reviewed. With some appropriate models, the AC impedance parameters can be applied to characterize microstructure and interfacial properties of cement-based materials. The experimental condition control and data analyses are discussed. Some improvements for measurement device and development of equivalent circuit models for different kinds of binding materials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the general belief in a just world (GBJW) can protect individual emotions during a major disaster is a matter of debate. This study conducted two experiments to explore this question during the COVID-19 epidemic. Experiment 1 (N = 92, M age = 22.52, 48.91% was male) manipulated the focus regarding the COVID-19 epidemic to investigate the impact of this focus on participants' emotions. The results showed that compared with the nonepidemic focus group, the epidemic focus group had higher negative emotions and lower positive emotions. Experiment 2 (N = 200, M age = 23.91, 49% was male) manipulated the epidemic focus and GBJW to investigate their effects on the participants' emotions. The results showed that high levels of GBJW reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions regardless of whether the participants were focused on the epidemic. This study expands the influence of the GBJW on individual emotions and finds that the GBJW can protect individuals' emotions when they face a major social disaster. These findings imply that controlling people's intake of information on the epidemic can avoid their suffering from the vicarious traumatization caused by epidemic-related information overload and that improving the public's GBJW protects their mental health during an epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the marked interindividual variability in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, the extent to which individual dimensions of psychopathology relate to the functional variability in brain networks among patients remains unclear. Here, we address this question using network-based predictive modeling of individual psychopathology along 4 data-driven symptom dimensions. Follow-up analyses assess the molecular underpinnings of predictive networks by relating them to neurotransmitter-receptor distribution patterns. We investigated resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 147 patients with schizophrenia recruited at 7 sites. Individual expression along negative, positive, affective, and cognitive symptom dimensions was predicted using a relevance vector machine based on functional connectivity within 17 meta-analytic task networks following repeated 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-site-out analyses. Results were validated in an independent sample. Networks robustly predicting individual symptom dimensions were spatially correlated with density maps of 9 receptors/transporters from prior molecular imaging in healthy populations. Tenfold and leave-one-site-out analyses revealed 5 predictive network-symptom associations. Connectivity within theory of mind, cognitive reappraisal, and mirror neuron networks predicted negative, positive, and affective symptom dimensions, respectively. Cognitive dimension was predicted by theory of mind and socioaffective default networks. Importantly, these predictions generalized to the independent sample. Intriguingly, these two networks were positively associated with D 1 receptor and serotonin reuptake transporter densities as well as dopamine synthesis capacity. We revealed a robust association between intrinsic functional connectivity within networks for socioaffective processes and the cognitive dimension of psychopathology. By investigating the molecular architecture, this work links dopaminergic and serotonergic systems with the functional topography of brain networks underlying cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• As a nondestructive method, the EIS measurement is conducted for AAS and PC pastes. • Effects of alkali dosage on microstructure of AAS paste are studied. • An equivalent circuit model is proposed to analyze the microstructure development. • The pore structure and pore solution chemistry are investigated. In this study, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is applied to investigate the effect of alkali dosage on the microstructural evolution of the alkali-activated slag (AAS) system during the curing process. Pore solution chemistry and pore structure of the paste samples were also determined to get auxiliary interpretation of the EIS results. It is shown by equivalent circuit analysis that the resistance attributed to continuous (R 1) and discontinuous pores (R 2) increases with curing age due to pore structure development. The value of R 1 is more affected by pore solution chemistry while the value of R 2 is mainly affected by pore structure. With the increase of alkali dosage, the value of R 1 decreases while R 2 gradually increases. The exponent n of the constant phase element (CPE), which relates to the capillary pores (n 1), decreases with the increase of alkali dosage while the exponent relating to gel pores (n 2) is independent of the alkali dosage of AAS paste. The bulk conductivity of AAS paste obtained from the bulk resistance gradually increases with the alkali dosage, partially because of the enhanced conductivity of pore solution. The improvement of microstructure at early age is mainly attributed to the decreased porosity, which is more affected by the pore connectivity with the increase of curing age. These results confirm that EIS is an effective technique to determine the hydration properties and pore structure features of AAS paste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disentangling psychopathological heterogeneity in schizophrenia is challenging, and previous results remain inconclusive. We employed advanced machine learning to identify a stable and generalizable factorization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and used it to identify psychopathological subtypes as well as their neurobiological differentiations. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale data from the Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey cohort (1545 patients; 586 followed up after 1.35 ± 0.70 years) were used for learning the factor structure by an orthonormal projective non-negative factorization. An international sample, pooled from 9 medical centers across Europe, the United States, and Asia (490 patients), was used for validation. Patients were clustered into psychopathological subtypes based on the identified factor structure, and the neurobiological divergence between the subtypes was assessed by classification analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity patterns. A 4-factor structure representing negative, positive, affective, and cognitive symptoms was identified as the most stable and generalizable representation of psychopathology. It showed higher internal consistency than the original Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale subscales and previously proposed factor models. Based on this representation, the positive–negative dichotomy was confirmed as the (only) robust psychopathological subtypes, and these subtypes were longitudinally stable in about 80% of the repeatedly assessed patients. Finally, the individual subtype could be predicted with good accuracy from functional connectivity profiles of the ventromedial frontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, and precuneus. Machine learning applied to multisite data with cross-validation yielded a factorization generalizable across populations and medical systems. Together with subtyping and the demonstrated ability to predict subtype membership from neuroimaging data, this work further disentangles the heterogeneity in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of publications have focused on using the brain network perspective to study bilingual learning and cognition. However, no study analyzed the effect of second-language age of acquisition (L2 AoA) on topological properties (e.g. rich club organization) of brain white matter (WM) structural networks. In this study, we acquired diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets from early and late Cantonese (L1)-Mandarin (L2) bilinguals, then constructed brain WM structural networks, and subsequently analyzed their topological properties. As compared with the late bilinguals, significantly higher global efficiency and local efficiency but lower characteristic path length were observed in the early bilinguals. In addition, the early bilinguals showed significantly higher nodal efficiency in the right rolandic operculum and gyrus rectus, as well as higher rich club coefficient and feeder connections than the late bilinguals. Taken together, these results indicated that information exchange and integration are more efficient in the early bilinguals, which provided the structural evidence for understanding the effect of L2 AoA on brain structural plasticity in bilingual learning. • The early bilinguals had higher global and local efficiency and lower characteristic path length than the late bilinguals. • The early bilinguals showed higher nodal efficiency in the rolandic operculum and gyrus rectus than the late bilinguals. • The rich club coefficient was higher in the early bilinguals than the late bilinguals. • The early bilinguals showed higher feeder connections than the late bilinguals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the methylation status, function, and underlying mechanism of the imprinted gene Neuronatin (NNAT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate the expression of NNAT in HCC samples. Bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR (BSP) was applied to examine the methylation status of the NNAT promoter. In addition, colony formation, 5-Ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays and subcutaneous xenograft nude models were used to explore the roles of NNAT in HCC cell proliferation. Furthermore, RNA-seq and phospho-specific protein microarray assays were conducted to illustrate the underlying mechanism by which NNAT regulates HCC progression. NNAT was obviously downregulated in HCC tissues, and its expression level was closely associated with tumor growth and patient prognosis. The downregulation of NNAT in HCC was induced by hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter region, and hypermethylation was correlated with overall survival of HCC. Moreover, the enforced expression of NNAT significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome analysis showed that the alteration of NNAT expression was mainly related to dysregulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Finally, phospho-specific antibody microarray detection further revealed that overexpressed NNAT can increase the phosphorylation levels of LKB1, Met, and elF4E and decrease the phosphorylation levels of PTEN, which are all involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Our research provides new insights into the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes in tumorigenesis and implies that the imprinted gene NNAT may act as a prognostic biomarker and tumor suppressor in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A starch rich fraction is a side product in Tartary buckwheat processing. This study investigated the fractions that are of technological and nutritional interest. Tartary buckwheat starch granules had a diameter of 3–14 μm, and presented a typical type “A” X-ray diffraction pattern. They contained nearly 39.0% amylose. The solubility of Tartary buckwheat starch was much lower at 70–90 °C (ranging within 9.9–10.4% at 90 °C) than that in maize (up to 49.3%) and potato (up to 85.0%) starch. The starch of one variety of Tartary buckwheat had significantly lower solubility at 70 °C and 80 °C than that of common buckwheat. The starch peak viscosity and breakdown were higher and pasting time was shorter in Tartary buckwheat than in that of the starch of common buckwheat. Tartary buckwheat starch had unique pasting and physicochemical properties, and is thereby capable of being exploited as a suitable raw material of retrograded starch in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) have been linked to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous study has shown that l -carnitine may function as an antioxidant to inhibit H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. To further explore the neuroprotection of l -carnitine, here we study the effects of l -carnitine on the ER stress response in H 2 O 2 -induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Our results showed that l -carnitine pretreatment could increase cell viability; inhibit apoptosis and ROS accumulation caused by H 2 O 2 or tunicamycin (TM). l -carnitine suppress the endoplasmic reticulum dilation and activation of ER stress-associated proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), JNK, Bax and Bim induced by H 2 O 2 or TM. In addition, H 2 O 2 -induced cell apoptosis and activation of ER stress can also be attenuated by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), CHOP siRNA and the inhibitor of ER stress 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). Taken together, our results demonstrated that H 2 O 2 could trigger both oxidative stress and ER stress in SH-SY5Y cells, and ER stress participated in SH-SY5Y apoptosis mediated by H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress. CHOP/Bim or JNK/Bim-dependent ER stress signaling pathways maybe related to the neuroprotective effects of l -carnitine against H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis and oxidative injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Asthma is thought to result from the generation of T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, leading to bronchial inflammation. IFN-λ1 (also known as IL-29) is a recently described member of the IFN-λ family and has been shown to decrease production of Th2 cytokines in vitro. However, the role and mechanism of IFN-λ1 in asthma remain unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to clarify the importance of IFN-λ1 in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. Methods: We used a murine model for ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma to examine the effect of intranasal delivery of recombinant adenovirus expressing human IFN-λ1 (Ad-hIFN-λ1) on AHR and allergic airway inflammation. Results: Intranasal instillation of Ad-hIFN-λ1 before airway antigen challenge in OVA-immunized mice significantly decreased the severity of AHR and numbers of eosinophils and levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not IL-10 and IFN-γ; both in vivo, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in vitro, following stimulation of lymphocytes from spleens with OVA, compared with administration of a control virus (Ad-mock). Furthermore, Ad-hIFN-λ1 treatment inhibited serum IgE secretion and increased numbers of splenic CD4+CD25+FOXP3 + Treg cells. Histological studies showed that Ad-hIFN-λ1 attenuated OVA-induced lung tissue eosinophilia. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that delivery of the Ad-hIFN-λ1 can mitigate allergic airway inflammation in experimental asthma. The potent immunoregulatory action of IFN-λ1 may offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat allergic asthma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The first total synthesis of benzonaphthyridine alkaloid (1), a unique diazaphenathrene alkaloid isolated from mangrove-derived Streptomyces albogriseolus, was accomplished. The core structure was unequivocally constructed via several key transformations, such as Knoevenagel condensation, Curtius rearrangement, and cyclic carbamate formation–reduction sequence. The chiral unsaturated ketone acid moiety was synthesized from N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid gamma-tert-butyl ester (15). The absolute configuration was determined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has been proven to be an effective water-saving technology for irrigated rice system. There is limited information on the performance of “super” hybrid rice varieties under AWD conditions. This study was conducted to compare grain yield and other related traits between a “super” hybrid rice variety and a water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) variety and to identify plant traits which were responsible for varietal difference in grain yield under AWD conditions. Yangliangyou 6 (YLY6, a “super” hybrid rice variety) and Hanyou 3 (HY3, a WDR variety) were grown under AWD and continuously flood-irrigated (CF) conditions across different levels of nitrogen input in Hubei, China in 2009 and 2010. Grain yield, yield attributes, total water input, water productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency were measured. AWD saved 24% and 38% irrigation water compared with CF in 2009 and 2010, respectively. There was insignificant difference in grain yield between AWD and CF. On average, YLY6 produced 21.5% higher yield than HY3 under AWD conditions. Like grain yield, YLY6 showed consistently higher water productivity and physiological nitrogen use efficiency than HY3. Both total dry weight and harvest index contributed to higher grain yield of YLY6. Among the yield components, large sink size which was caused by more spikelets per panicle was mainly responsible for high grain yield of YLY6 compared with HY3. These results suggest that high-yielding varieties developed for the continuously flood-irrigated rice system could still produce high yield under safe AWD experienced in this study. “Super” hybrid rice varieties do not necessarily require more water input to produce high grain yield. Increasing the number of spikelets per panicle should be a primary target of breeding high-yielding rice varieties for AWD conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly heritable disorder associated with brain connectivity changes. Although the mechanism of disease expression and vulnerability of SCZ have been reported by previous studies, the mechanism of resilience to SCZ based on the brain structural connectivity is poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to identify the structural brain connectivity related with the resilience to SCZ, which is defined here as the capacity to avoid or delay the onset of SCZ in unaffected siblings of SCZ probands. We collected diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data of 49 medication-naive, first-episode SCZ (FE-SCZ) patients, 56 unaffected siblings of SCZ probands (SIB-SCZ), and 90 healthy controls. Then we used graph theoretical approach to calculate the topological properties of the brain structural network, including global, subnetwork, and regional parameters. Finally, we compared the parameters between the three groups, and identified the brain structural network related to the resilience, vulnerability and disease expression to SCZ. With respect to resilience, only the SIB-SCZ showed significantly increased connectivity in the subnetworks of the left cuneus-precuneus and left posterior cingulate gyrus–precuneus, and in brain areas of right supramarginal gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus. With respect to vulnerability, both the FE-SCZ and SIB-SCZ had decreased cluster coefficients and local efficiency, and decreased nodal efficiency in the right medial superior frontal gyrus and right medial orbital superior frontal gyrus compared with the healthy controls. With respect to disease expression, only the FE-SCZ group showed decreased or increased global, subnetwork, and nodal connectivity in broader brain regions compared with the healthy controls. Difference in the topological properties of brain structural connectivity not only reflect the underlying mechanism of vulnerability but also that of resilience to schizophrenia. Alteration in the brain structural connectivity associating with resilience and disease expression may contribute to the onset of SCZ. • A total of 195 participants were studied. • First episode schizophrenia patients, the siblings, and healthy controls were studied. • Global network, subnetworks (rich club and NBS), and regional network were analyzed. • Structural connectomic evidences of resilience to schizophrenia were provided. • Increased connectivities with precuneus were involved in resilience to schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]