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Helium is extensively utilized in aerospace, healthcare, electronics, semiconductors, advanced science, and renewable energy sectors, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of human technology. Presently, helium is primarily extracted from natural gas as an associated resource. The cost of extraction decreases with an increase in the helium concentration within the gases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in helium generation, migration, and accumulation underground is vital. This article delves into the differential enrichment mechanism of helium in the Jinqiu gas field, situated in the Sichuan Basin of China, by analyzing the molecular and isotopic composition characteristics of the major gases and noble gases, employing gas dissolution and diffusion models. Compared with other Jurassic gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin, the Jinqiu gas field contains a significantly higher helium concentration, displaying unique enrichment patterns within its area. The majority of hydrocarbon gases originate from the local underlying Triassic Xujiahe Formation source rocks. Specifically, the western section of the Jinqiu field is primarily supplied by the higher maturity Xujiahe Formation source rocks located in the western Sichuan Basin. Notably, there is no significant contribution of mantle-derived volatile components in the Jinqiu field. Helium and argon are primarily radiogenic, whereas neon primarily originates from atmosphere. The good linear correlation between 4He and 20Ne suggests that their transfer is primarily facilitated through groundwater. The solubility calculation reveals that the helium exsolved from the in-situ pore water of the reservoir, due to stratigraphic uplift during the Himalayan movement, comprises only 0.04%–0.11% of the existing reserves. This suggests that gas desolvation plays a relatively minor role in helium enrichment in the Jinqiu field. Additionally, the calculation results of gas diffusion indicate that diffusion's contribution to helium enrichment in the Jinqiu gas field remains minimal. Finally, our analysis of methane reserve changes suggests that the combined effect of differential loss and dilution of hydrocarbon gases is the primary mechanism for helium's differential enrichment in the Jinqiu field. Notably, methane and carbon dioxide depletion may be a significant factor in helium enrichment within the crustal natural gas system. • Differential loss and dilution jointly cause helium enrichment. • Depletion of CH 4 and CO 2 is important enrichment mechanisms of helium. • Low pressure is a key geological condition for helium-rich gas fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Evaluate the value of HAs non-quinone groups in extracellular electron transport. • Nitrogen-containing groups contribute over 20% to electron transfer. • Rapid polymerization of HAs protein-like components under electron transfer. • HAs-induced high c -Cyts expression promotes high-density current generation. The quinoid component of humic acids (HAs) had been studied as exogenous electron mediators (EMs), but the redox-mediating abilities of other functional groups remained unclear. This study evaluated the effects of various HAs functional groups on cellular respiration and extracellular electron transfer. The three EMs increased the current density compared to the control. Current density increased significantly after adding ultraviolet-irradiated HAs (UV-HAs), suggesting that nitrogenous group-mediated redox reactions contributed to high-density current generation. Structural equation model (SEM) results indicated that the contribution of nitrogen-containing groups to electron transfer could exceed 20%. This study proposed a synergistic mechanism: in the soil microbial fuel cells (soil-MFCs), HAs accelerated their component evolution through irreversible redox reactions and promoted extracellular electron transfer. Additionally, HAs-induced high expression of c -Cyts could further enhance high-density current generation. This study demonstrates that humic acids enhance electron transfer and current in bioelectrochemical systems, aiding sustainable energy optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passengers waiting at bus stops are regularly exposed to vehicle emissions from nearby roads. Thus, comprehending the pollution levels within the stop is crucial for devising measures to improve the waiting environment. Here, we measured PM 2.5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations at bus stops and simulated the effects of different bus platforms on particle distribution under varying winds. The main findings are: (1) Particle concentrations were higher in the front of the bus stop than in the rear. The exit area of the bus stop at downwind of the road showed the highest concentration, especially for BC, with a maximum increase of 58% compared to other front locations, likely attributed to increased emissions from road vehicles interfered by departing buses. PM 2.5 concentrations at the stop increased by 21–38% in the evening compared to the morning, while BC concentrations decreased by about 27% due to a reduction in diesel vehicles and increased wind speeds. (2) As wind-road angle increased, turbulence caused particles from the road to migrate towards the stop and its rear. A 45° wind-road angle facilitated particle diffusion, while higher wind speeds brought an overall reduction in particulate matter. These results varied among the three simulated bus platforms, with differences more pronounced for PM 2.5 than for BC. (3) Enhancements in the front enclosures of the bus stop promoted a significant decrease in particles behind the stop, particularly in BC compared to PM 2.5. Therefore, installing closed or semi-enclosed front barriers, considering prevailing wind conditions, has the potential to improve air quality within the bus stop. • Front area of the bus stop has obviously higher pollution than the rear area. • PM 2.5 and BC show distinct variations at the bus stop with time and location. • Winds affect PM 2.5 more than BC in terms of turbulence intensity. • Front enclosures of the bus stop better reduce passenger exposure to pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional pattern-making process is very time-consuming and requires professional fashion design knowledge. In order to develop a form-fitting garment to meet customer’s individual needs, pattern makers must rely on a “trial and error” procedure until the customer is satisfied. In this paper, we proposed a “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) way to efficiently develop garment patterns. First, a three-dimensional (3D) garment, using an extracted outline from a garment flat or figure, is modeled in a gravitational virtual environment. The modeled garment is then adjusted until it meets design requirements. Next, the adjusted 3D garment model is expanded by smoothing out the folds and wrinkles. Construction curves are drawn on the surface of the expanded 3D garment model according to design requirements. These curves divide the 3D garment model’s surface into many small 3D surfaces. Then, 2D garment patterns are obtained by unfolding these subdivided 3D surfaces. Finally, the flattened 2D patterns are stretched and shrank according to the fabric elasticity. The final patterns can be used for making real garments. Compared to the current 3D garment pattern-making methods, our proposed method is more robust and well-rounded; not only is the proposed approach versatile towards both tight-fitting and loose-fitting clothing, but also requires no prior knowledge of pattern-making from the user. It also involves garment ease allowance, fabric elasticity, and draping, three factors that had not been previously considered all at once during smart pattern-making procedures, in the designing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most prevalent chronic kidney disease. Macrophage infiltration in the kidney is critical for the progression of DKD. However, the underlying mechanism is far from clear. Cullin 4B (CUL4B) is the scaffold protein in CUL4B-RING E3 ligase complexes. Previous studies have shown that depletion of CUL4B in macrophages aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis and septic shock. In this study, using two mouse models for DKD, we demonstrate that myeloid deficiency of CUL4B alleviates diabetes-induced renal injury and fibrosis. In vivo and in vitro analyses reveal that loss of CUL4B suppresses migration, adhesion, and renal infiltration of macrophages. Mechanistically, we show that high glucose upregulates CUL4B in macrophages. CUL4B represses expression of miR-194-5p, which leads to elevated integrin α9 (ITGA9), promoting migration and adhesion. Our study suggests the CUL4B/miR-194-5p/ITGA9 axis as an important regulator for macrophage infiltration in diabetic kidneys. [Display omitted] • Myeloid depletion of CUL4B ameliorates renal injury and fibrosis in diabetic mice • CUL4B promotes macrophage migration and adhesion through upregulating ITGA9 • CUL4B increases ITGA9 through repressing transcription of miR-194-5p Infiltration of macrophages into kidneys is an important cause for renal injury and fibrosis associated with diabetes. Jin et al. demonstrate that CUL4B promotes macrophage migration and adhesion through the repression of miR-194-5p and the subsequent upregulation of ITGA9. Depletion of CUL4B in macrophages effectively alleviates diabetes-induced renal injury and fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, garment fit evaluation mainly focuses on real try-on, and rarely deals with virtual try-on. With the rapid development of E-commerce, there is a profound growth of garment purchases through the internet. In this context, fit evaluation of virtual garment try-on is vital in the clothing industry. In this paper, we propose a Naive Bayes-based model to evaluate garment fit. The inputs of the proposed model are digital clothing pressures of different body parts, generated from a 3D garment CAD software; while the output is the predicted result of garment fit (fit or unfit). To construct and train the proposed model, data on digital clothing pressures and garment real fit was collected for input and output learning data respectively. By learning from these data, our proposed model can predict garment fit rapidly and automatically without any real try-on; therefore, it can be applied to remote garment fit evaluation in the context of e-shopping. Finally, the effectiveness of our proposed method was validated using a set of test samples. Test results showed that digital clothing pressure is a better index than ease allowance to evaluate garment fit, and machine learning-based garment fit evaluation methods have higher prediction accuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas sensors based on V2O5 hierarchical structure networks were formed through a direct seed-induced hydrothermal growth of nanostructured V2O5 on the substrate attached a pair of patterned Pt electrodes. Porous flower- or honeycomb-like V2O5 hierarchical structures could be controlledly synthesized under different precursor (NH4VO3) concentrations. The as-prepared hierarchical structures of V2O5, especially the flower-like network with radially oriented ultrathin nanoneedles and nanoribbons and the overlaped nanowires as constituents, show favorable microstructure features for gas-sensing application. The ethanol gas sensing properties of V2O5 network-structured sensors were investigated at room temperature (20°C) up to 300°C over ethanol concentration ranging from 5 to 1000ppm. The sensor based on V2O5 hierarchical structure network showed temperature-dependent p- to n-type response characteristic reversal, resulting in dual working temperature characteristic with the dual response extremes reached at room temperature (20°C) and 250°C respectively. The flower-like V2O5 network sensor exhibits perfect reversibility, high response value and fast response–recovery characteristic to ethanol gas at the dual working temperatures, due to the good interface performance and gas adsorption–desorption properties of the directly assembled porous network. At 250°C, the flower-like V2O5 network sensor is much sensitive to both ethanol gas and NH3, while at room temperature, the sensor presents very good selectivity to ethanol gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new hydrocarbon generation and expulsion model was established. • Mudstones and Upper-Middle Eocene source rocks contributed most to petroleum system. • The new model provides an efficient method for identifying oil-gas sources. The widely developed Tertiary coal-bearing intervals in the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin in offshore eastern China, are hosted in the Middle-Upper Eocene Pinghu Formation (PHF) and Oligocene Huagang Formation (HGF). Based on field data and geochemical features, a new model for the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion is developed using Rock-Eval pyrolysis that was applied to quantify the potentials of coaly source rocks of the PHF and HGF throughout the Xihu Sag. The results suggest the coaly source rocks of the HGF and PHF are primarily composed of type II/III kerogen, and begin to expel hydrocarbon at 0.68 %R o and 0.71 %R o , respectively. Several hydrocarbon expulsion centers are located in the western slope zone for coals and the central anticline zone for mudstones, with the highest intensity of 3.5 × 106 and 24 × 106 t/km2 for coals and mudstones, respectively. Among all source rocks, the coals and mudstones contribute 2.5% and 97.5%, respectively, of the total expelled hydrocarbon, whereas the source rocks of the HGF and PHF provide 19% and 81%, respectively, of the total hydrocarbon. The study also shows that the natural gas discovered in the north of the central anticline zone and the north of the western subsag have mixed sources from the HGF and PHF while the light oil and condensate accumulated in other zones are primarily derived from the source rocks of the PHF. The model used in the Xihu Sag provides an efficient method for evaluating source rocks and identifying oil-gas sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaporative fractionation is a complex phenomenon associated with the separation of gas from oil in the subsurface, generally involving migration fractionation and gas invasion. The concentrations and distributions of diamondoid hydrocarbons in condensate samples with different type and extent of evaporative fractionation from the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin were investigated to determine the effects of evaporative fractionation on diamondoid hydrocarbons. The results suggest that both migration fractionation and gas invasion can affect the concentrations and distributions of diamondoid hydrocarbons. Residual oils after migration fractionation are generally characterized by relatively high concentrations of diamondoid hydrocarbons and low methyladamantanes/methyldiamantanes (MAs/MDs) ratios. However, maturity parameters based on diamondoid hydrocarbon isomers do not vary significantly from other typical maturity parameters, suggesting that they can still be used to assess maturity. Gas invasion causes the concentrations of diamondoid hydrocarbons in oil samples to rise generally, along with methyladamantanes/methyldiamantanes (MAs/MDs) and adamantane/diamantane (A/D) ratios, indicating that the effects of gas invasion on diamondoid hydrocarbons in oils are different from those of migration fractionation. In addition, gas invasion causes some changes in the diamondoid derived maturity parameters. Thus, the effects of gas invasion should be considered when using diamondoid hydrocarbons to evaluate the thermal maturity of crude oil. Diamondoid hydrocarbon concentrations and distributions in petroleum can be affected by evaporative fractionation, suggesting that it is possible to determine evaporative fractionation according to the diamondoid hydrocarbon composition. It can be proposed that the decreasing values of MAs/MDs ratios and increase of diamondoid concentration are indicators of migration fractionation, and increasing values of A/D, MAs/MDs and diamondoid concentration might suggest the introduction of additional gas. • Evaporative fractionation changed the concentrations and distributions of diamondoid hydrocarbons. • The diamondoid hydrocarbons can be used to determine the type and extent of evaporative fractionation. • Diamondoid hydrocarbons can provide new geochemical evidences for hydrocarbon charging and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleogene coals and organic rich mudstones in Xihu sag, East China Sea Shelf basin in offshore eastern China were analysed to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential based on organic petrographic and organic geochemical methods. The results reveal that the source rocks are dominated by Type III-II2 kerogens deposited in sub-oxic to oxic environments as coal-bearing source rocks. The total organic carbon (TOC) content values for the samples range from 0.31 wt% to 75.68 wt%, suggesting fair to excellent hydrocarbon generation potential, which is also consistent with the Hydrogen Index (HI) and extractable organic matter (EOM) content results. Thermal maturity of organic matter in Western Depression Group (WDG) area are mainly in early thermal maturity stage (Rr ranges from 0.57% to 0.76%), while Central Uplift Group (CUG) area samples have relatively higher thermal maturity (Rr ranges from 0.72% to 1.41%). The characteristics of Paleogene coal and organic rich mudstones reveal that the potential source rocks in both WDG and CUG area have fair to excellent hydrocarbon generative potential, but vary in hydrocarbon phase. WDG source rocks are expected to generate both commercial liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous hydrocarbons, which is also implied by the presence of significant liptinite and exsudatinite macerals. On the other hand, source rocks for CUG area exhibit a dominant gaseous hydrocarbon generation and some oil hydrocarbon generation potential. The data exhibited in this study illustrate source rock characteristics and provide evidence for hydrocarbon generation potential of Paleogene coal and organic rich mudstones in Xihu sag, in offshore eastern China. • The source rocks characteristics of Paleogene coals and organic rich mudstones are investigated. • Source rocks from Western Depression Group area have liquid generation potential. • Mainly gas and minor liquid generating potential for the source rocks from Central Uplift Group area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]