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Sensing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA is mediated by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling axis. Signal transduction and regulation of this cascade is achieved by post-translational modifications. Here we show that cGAS-STING-dependent HIV-1 sensing requires interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). ISG15 deficiency inhibits STING-dependent sensing of HIV-1 and STING agonist-induced antiviral response. Upon external stimuli, STING undergoes ISGylation at residues K224, K236, K289, K347, K338, and K370. Inhibition of STING ISGylation at K289 suppresses STING-mediated type Ⅰ interferon induction by inhibiting its oligomerization. Of note, removal of STING ISGylation alleviates gain-of-function phenotype in STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). Molecular modeling suggests that ISGylation of K289 is an important regulator of oligomerization. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ISGylation at K289 is crucial for STING activation and represents an important regulatory step in DNA sensing of viruses and autoimmune responses. [Display omitted] • STING is modified by ISG15 • ISGylation of STING at K289 facilitates its oligomerization • ISG15 deficiency impairs DNA sensing • SAVI-STING requires ISGylation for constitutive activity Lin et al. demonstrate that STING is ISGylated in response to external stimuli. K289-linked ISGylation of STING is essential for interferon induction and STING-dependent autoimmune disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the merits and drawbacks between reamed intramedullary nailing (RIN) and unreamed intramedullary nailing (URIN) among adults.Methods: We comprehensively searched PubMed, MEDLINE database through the PubMed search engine, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Embase, VIPI (Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) from inception to March 2020. Outcomes of interest included nonunion rates, implant failure rates, secondary procedure rates, blood loss, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) rates, and pulmonary complications rates.Results: Eight randomized controlled trials were included. The result of nonunion rates shows that the nonunion rate is significantly lower in the RIN group (RR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.09-0.48, Z = 3.63, P = 0.0003). There were no significant differences for the risk of implant failure rates (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.18-1.69, Z = 1.04, P = 0.30). The secondary procedure rates were significantly lower in the RIN group (RR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.12-0.66, Z = 2.91, P = 0.004). The result shows that the blood loss of URIN group is significantly lower (RR = 145.52, 95% CI = 39.68-251.36, Z = 2.69, P = 0.007). The result shows that there was no significant difference in the ARDS rates (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 0.37-6.29, Z = 0.59, P = 0.55) and the pulmonary complications rates between RIN group and URIN group (RR = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.61-4.17, Z = 0.94, P = 0.35).Conclusions: Reamed intramedullary nailing would lead to lower nonunion rate, secondary procedure rate and more blood loss. Unreamed intramedullary nailing is related to a higher nonunion rate, secondary procedure rate and less blood loss. No significant difference is found in implant failure rate, ARDS rate and pulmonary complication rate between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We compared femoral neck shortening after CCS and FNS, whereas existing studies have only compared the length of femoral neck shortening. In this study, we compared the time and length of femoral neck shortening in displaced femoral neck fractures after internal fixation between the two groups and analysed the reasons for the occurrence of shortening. • Significant femoral neck shortening after FNS requires further improvement in FNS. • Displaced femoral neck fractures account for a high percentage of all femoral neck fractures, have a high incidence of postoperative complications, and are difficult to treat. No studies report on the follow-up of displaced femoral neck fractures treated with FNS. In this study, we compared femoral neck shortening, intraoperative data, and postoperative functional scores between both groups. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of femoral neck shortening between the femoral neck system (FNS) and the cannulated cancellous screws (CCS) for displaced femoral neck fractures in young adults In this retrospective analysis, 225 patients aged 18–65 years with displaced femoral neck fracture were divided into two groups according to internal fixation: 135 patients in the FNS group and 90 patients in the CCS group. The length of hospital stay, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, quality of reduction, extent of femoral neck shortening, incidence of femoral neck shortening, femoral neck shortening at each follow-up visit, Harris hip score (HHS), reoperation, and complications were compared between the two groups. The median follow-up time was 28.2 (26.0, 31.2) months in the FNS group and 30.2 (26.3, 34.7) months in the CCS group. The follow-up time, age, sex distribution, body mass index (BMI), mechanism of injury, injured side, length of hospital stay, time from injury to surgery, and fracture classification were similar between the groups. Duration of surgery was longer in the FNS group (65.0 (55.0, 87.0) min versus 55.0 (50.0, 65.0) min, P<0.001); intraoperative blood loss was greater in the FNS group (50.0 (20.0, 60.0) ml versus 20.0 (10.0, 35.0) ml, P<0.001). Femoral neck shortening was 2.4 (1.0, 4.5) mm in the FNS group versus 0.6 (0.0, 2.6) mm in the CCS group at 1 month postoperatively (P<0.001); 3.7 (1.8, 6.4) mm in the FNS group versus 1.2 (0.6, 3.8) mm in the CCS group at 3 months (P<0.001); 4.1(2.4, 7.7) mm in the FNS group versus 2.3 (1.1, 4.4) mm in the CCS group at 6 months (P<0.001); 4.2 (2.6, 7.7) mm in the FNS group versus 2.6 (1.3, 4.6) mm in the CCS group at 12 months (P<0.001); and 4.5 (2.8, 8.0) mm in the FNS group versus 2.8 (1.5, 4.8) mm in the CCS group at 18 months (P<0.001). The two groups showed no significant differences in HHS, reoperation, and reduction quality. Compared to CCS, FNS is deficient in preventing femoral neck shortening. Future research should focus on improving FNS in terms of preventing femoral neck shortening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the past decades, the exact closed form solutions for the free vibration of thin orthotropic circular cylindrical shells have been merely restricted to some classical boundary conditions. Therefore, the target of the current paper is to present a new exact closed form solution for free vibration of orthotropic circular cylindrical shells with general boundary conditions by means of the method of reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM). Based on the Donnell–Mushtari shell theory, the wave solutions are constructed by the exact closed form solutions of the governing differential equations. The artificial spring technology is introduced to achieve the general boundary conditions of two end edges of shell. Hereby, the reverberation ray matrix can be easily obtained by using the MRRM together with the wave solutions, boundary conditions and dual coordinates of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells. Then, the vibration results are obtained from the extrapolation method and golden section search (GSS) algorithm. By the comparison with other published methods and the finite element method, the accuracy of the present method is verified. On the basis of that, some new exact nature frequencies of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells with general elastic restraints are shown which can serve as the benchmark data for the future computing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new hybrid laser forging and arc additive repairing process was developed to significantly improve the performance of repaired components. • The laser shocking pressure is much higher than the Hugonoit elastic limit of the high-temperature solidified metal, causing laser forging. • The high strain and severe plastic deformation induced by laser forging cause the martensite formation and grain refinement. A new hybrid laser forging and arc additive repairing process was developed to significantly improve the performance of repaired components, in which a leading gas metal arc was adopted to repair the partially damaged component, and a trailing short-pulse laser directly acted on the high-temperature solidified metal without coating (laser forging). Compared with arc additive repairing with post-treatment, this hybrid process performed the arc repair and laser forging synchronously. The laser forging region can be accurately determined using a multi-physical molten pool simulation. The molten metal flow was also studied, indicating that the high sulfur content introduced by the filler metal transfer had a significant influence on the Marangoni stress distribution and thus changed the molten metal flow patterns. The mechanism for laser forging without coating and its related physical effects were investigated. The laser shock pressure was significantly higher than the Hugonoit elastic limit of the high-temperature solidified metal, causing plastic deformation of the repaired layer. The high strain and severe plastic deformation induced by laser forging caused martensite formation and grain refinement, which improved the mechanical properties and electrochemical corrosion performance of the repaired layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly stretchable hydrogel was prepared from biomass lignin. • LCP hydrogel performed excellent viscoelasticity and stretchability. • Compared with PVA hydrogel, the elongation rate of LCP increased by 20 times. • LCP hydrogel showed good thermosensitivity and electrical conductivity. In this study, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the framework, borax as the cross-linker, and biomass lignin from pulping black liquors and biorefinery as the plasticizer were used to synthesize the lignin-based HEC-PVA (LCP) self-healing conductive hydrogel with highly stretchable and thermosensitive properties by the one-step fabrication method. Compared with the PVA hydrogel, the maximum storage modulus and the elongation rate was increased by 7 times and 20 times, respectively. Uniformly distributed lignin could increase the mobility and distance of polymer molecular chains, therefore improve the viscoelasticity and stretchability of the LCP self-healing hydrogel. The LCP hydrogel could recover to the original state in 12 s after 10000% shear strain for 4 cycles. The LCP hydrogel also presented good thermosensitivity and electrical conductivity, and were very promising for applications in the fields of 3D printing and wearable electronic devices, that broadened the efficient utilization of biorefinery lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]