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Identifying the best technique for extracting water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions at the lunar poles will be crucial in determining how successful a long-term or permanent settlement at these locations will be for future scientific and technology missions. This study uses a low-power microwave heating method to extract water from icy lunar simulants. Samples of lunar highland and mare simulants at different water contents (3–15 wt %) were heated using 250 W, 2.45 GHz microwaves. A maximum of 67 ± 5% [2SD] of the water was extracted during heating runs of 25 min. Water was extracted more efficiently from the highland simulant than from the mare simulant. A significant reason for the different efficiency of water extraction in icy lunar simulants was the differing porosity of the samples made from different simulants. Pore space filled with ice leads to a reduced contact area between grains and an increased area of free ice, which causes poor heating performance. The results indicated that differences in chemical composition between the simulants had a negligible effect on water extraction, as the contact area between grains seems to dominate water extraction. This study found that low-power microwave heating is an effective technique for extracting water from cryogenic Icy simulants. It was also found that using a simple input energy principle (Input Energy = Absorbed Power x Heating Time) to estimate the additional heating time was sufficient to overcome inefficient heating due to differing absorbed powers. For undersaturated samples, microwave heating was an efficient heating mechanism, but is less efficient for saturated samples where alternative heating methods may be more efficient at melting free ice before employing microwave heating. • Microwave heating can be used to extract water from cryogenic icy lunar simulants. • Compositional differences in simulants have negligible effects on water extraction. • Water-saturated samples show low extraction compared to low-water-content samples. • The low extraction is due to low grain contact area and increased ice surface area. • The saturated sample's low water extraction can be mitigated by additional heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to deploy a Delphi expert elicitation methodology to better understand the technical and policy challenges facing the development of a sustainable lunar outpost in 2040, including the types and scale of In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) deployment. We used a three-round Delphi survey with an open first round and specific questions in later rounds using a four-point Likert scale and two ranking exercises to assess energy technologies and inhibiting factors. In order to provide more certainty to our potential participants regarding their input, and boost engagement, the study deployed a three-round approach that was communicated to our potential participants and decided ex-ante. Potential participants were identified from the literature and academic networks as those who had made significant contributions to the fields of: ISRU technologies, space architecture, space-qualified power systems, and space exploration. The study identified around 20 major themes of interest for researchers in the first round and asked participants to rate their agreement with a number of statements about a hypothetical lunar outpost in 2040. From the group responses, we identified three major technical challenges for the development of a lunar outpost in 2040; developing high power energy infrastructure, lander and vehicle ascent capacity, and mission architectures and technical approaches. We also identified three major policy challenges for the development of a lunar outpost in 2040: (i) US and global political instability, (ii) possibility of an extended timeframe for the first lunar landing, and (iii) political distaste for nuclear energy in space. The group was uncertain about the precise energy mix at the outpost as a result of uncertainty regarding electrical loads, but there was general agreement that solar PV would be a significant contributor. Whether nuclear power sources might play a useful role proved to be very uncertain, with some participants noting a political distaste for space nuclear power systems. However, the proposition gained two votes in each ranking position, suggesting it has a flat distribution including both supporters and detractors. • US and global instability, power for ISRU and lunar lander capacity are critical barriers to a lunar outpost. • ISRU processes could add 1 MW of power requirements to lunar outpost. • ISRU researchers lack confidence NASA lunar exploration timelines. • Group could not reach consensus on Covid-19's impact on space exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment with methadone and buprenorphine medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during incarceration may lead to better community re-entry, but evidence on these relationships have been mixed. We aimed to identify community re-entry patterns and examine the association between in-jail MOUD and a pattern of successful reentry defined by rare occurrence of reincarceration and preventable healthcare utilization. Data came from a retrospective, observational cohort study of 6066 adults with opioid use disorder who were incarcerated in New York City jails and released to the community during 2011–14. An outcome was community re-entry patterns identified by sequence analysis of 3-year post-release reincarceration, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. An exposure was receipt of in-jail MOUD versus out-of-treatment (42 % vs. 58 %) for the last 3 days before discharge. The study accounted for differences in baseline demographic, clinical, behavioral, housing, and criminal legal characteristics between in-jail MOUD and out-of-treatment groups via propensity score matching. This study identified five re-entry patterns: stability (64 %), hospitalization (23 %), delayed reincarceration (7 %), immediate reincarceration (4 %), and continuous incarceration (2 %). After addressing confounding, 64 % and 57 % followed the stability pattern among MOUD and out-of-treatment groups who were released from jail in 2011, respectively. In 2012–14, the prevalence of following the stability pattern increased year-by-year while a consistently higher prevalence was observed among those with in-jail MOUD. Sequence analysis helped define post-release stability based on health and criminal legal system involvement. Receipt of in-jail MOUD was associated with a marker of successful community re-entry. • Sequence analysis identified five community re-entry patterns. • 64 % of the cohort members followed the stability pattern. • Receipt of in-jail MOUD contributed to a positive outcome of community re-entry. • In-jail MOUD has potential to break a vicious cycle of reincarceration and addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government space agencies, including NASA and ESA, are conducting preliminary studies on building alternative space-habitat systems for deep-space exploration. Such studies include development of advanced technologies for planetary surface exploration, including an in-depth understanding of the use of local resources. Currently, NASA plans to land humans on Mars in the 2030s. Similarly, other space agencies from Europe (ESA), Canada (CSA), Russia (Roscosmos), India (ISRO), Japan (JAXA) and China (CNSA) have already initiated or announced their plans for launching a series of lunar missions over the next decade, ranging from orbiters, landers and rovers for extended stays on the lunar surface. As the Space Odyssey is one of humanity’s oldest dreams, there has been a series of research works for establishing temporary or permanent settlement on other planetary bodies, including the Moon and Mars. This paper reviews current projects developing extra-terrestrial construction, broadly categorised as: (i) ISRU-based construction materials; (ii) fabrication methods; and (iii) construction processes. It also discusses four categories of challenges to developing an appropriate construction process: (i) lunar simulants; (ii) material fabrication and curing; (iii) microwave-sintering based fabrication; and (iv) fully autonomous and scaled-up construction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of human space exploration will inevitably involve longer-term stays and possibly permanent settlement on the surfaces of other planetary bodies. It will, therefore, be advantageous or perhaps even necessary to utilise local resources for building an infrastructure for human habitation on the destination planetary body. In this context human lunar exploration is the next obvious step. Lunar soil is regarded as an ideal feedstock for lunar construction materials. However, significant gaps remain in our knowledge and understanding of certain chemical and physical properties of lunar soil, which need to be better understood in order to develop appropriate construction techniques and materials for lunar applications. This article reviews our current understanding of the dielectric behaviour of lunar soil in the microwave spectrum, which is increasingly recognised as an important topic of research in the Space Architecture field. Although the coupling between the lunar soil and microwave energy is already recognised, considerable challenges must be overcome before microwave processing could be used as a main fabrication method for producing robust structures on the Moon. We also review the existing literature on the microwave processing of lunar soil and identify three key research areas where future efforts are needed to make significant advances in understanding the potential of microwave processing of lunar soil for construction purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Early Caries Predicts Low Oral Health-Related Quality of Life at a Later Age. Kragt L, van der Tas JT, Moll HA, Elfrink ME, Jaddoe VW, Wolvius EB, Ongkosuwito EM . Caries Res. 2016; 50(5):471-9. Source of Funding This study was funded by (1) the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Erasmus University, Rotterdam, (2) the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, (3) an unrestricted grant from GABA, Therwil, Switzerland, (4) the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI 016.136.361), and a (5) consolidator grant from the European Research Council (ERC-2014- CoG-64916). Type of Study/Design Prospective Cohort Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some low-income minority children in the U.S. remain at normal weight throughout their childhood despite high risk of obesity. Purpose: This study examined whether resilient caregiving accounted for children''s healthy weight maintenance and dietary compliance over a 4-year period among poverty-stricken African-American families. Methods: A representative sample of 317 African-American caregiver–children (aged 3–5 years) pairs from low-income areas of Detroit MI was examined in 2002–2003 with a follow-up assessment in 2007. Capacity for resilience among caregivers was defined using five individual and environmental protective factors. A BMI score for the children was computed from recorded height and weight, and converted into one of three categories (normal weight, overweight, obese) using age- and gender-specific national references. Dietary information was collected using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Block Kids FFQ. Data were analyzed in 2010 to test whether children''s weight transition and dietary compliance varied according to their caregivers'' capacity for resilience. Results: In all, 95 caregivers (29%) were identified as having capacity for resilience. They were younger, had higher levels of educational attainment, and had lower levels of daily soda consumption. The children of these caregivers had a lower likelihood of remaining overweight or obese than being of normal weight (relative risk ratio=0.5, 95% CI=0.2, 0.9) and had persistently lower soda consumption over 4 years compared with other children. Conclusions: This finding demonstrates that some caregivers positively influence children''s health weight management and dietary compliance despite material deprivation. Interventions to initiate and promote resilient caregiving could benefit the health and health-related behaviors of low-income African-American children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper is concerned with how design shapes are generated and explored by means of sketching. It presents research into the way designers transform shapes from one state to another using sketch representations. An experimental investigation of the sketching processes of designers is presented. Connections between sketches are defined in terms of shape transformations and described according to shape rules. These rules provide a formal description of the shape exploration process and develop understanding of the mechanics of sketching in design. The paper concludes by discussing the important phenomenon of ‘sub-shape’ and suggests that a computational mechanism for detecting sub-shapes in design sketches might augment explorative sketching by providing important opportunities for manipulating and generating shape in design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Baseline caries risk assessment as a predictor of caries incidence. Chaffee BW, Cheng J, Featherstone JD. J Dent 2015;43(5):518-24. Reviewers Marisol Tellez, BDS, MPH, PhD, Vinodh Bhoopathi, BDS, MPH, DScD, Sungwoo Lim, MS, DrPH Purpose/Question To determine, with each increasing category of baseline caries risk as assessed by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) in a patient, whether a greater or higher number of new decay/restored teeth can be predicted at a subsequent 6-month periodic oral evaluation. Source of Funding National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000143) Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patientoriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Validation of visual caries activity assessment: a 2-yr cohort study. Guedes RS, Plovesan C, Ardenghi TM, Emmanuelli B, Braga MM, Ekstrand KR, Mendes FM. J Dent Res 2014;93(7 suppl):101S–107S. Reviewers Marisol Tellez, BDS, MPH, PhD, Sungwoo Lim, MS, DrPH Purpose/Question Would children with a higher number of active lesions present a higher risk for developing new lesions? Would caries lesions classified as active be more prone to progress to higher ICDAS scores when compared to inactive lesions? Source of Funding Government- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado de Sao Paulo Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic stress increases the risk of excess intake of calorie-dense foods. Low-income minority caregivers in the United States are cumulatively exposed to stressors and unhealthy foods, but evidence of this association is limited in this population group. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between chronic stress and unhealthy dietary behaviors among low-income African-American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan. Methods Data came from Detroit Dental Health Project, a longitudinal study of pairs of African-American caregivers and children during 2002–2007. A sample of 912 female caregivers were included and their baseline (2002–2003) survey responses were analyzed to identify those with chronic stress and patterns of dietary behaviors. The likelihood of having unhealthy dietary behaviors was compared between chronically stressed caregivers and others, and the mediator role of depressive symptoms or current smoking was tested. Results Approximately 10% of caregivers experienced chronic stress as they all reported discrimination, residential movement, and lack of social support. Twenty-five percent of the caregivers were found to have an unhealthy dietary pattern characterized by excess intake of high fatty foods and soda. Chronically stressed caregivers were more likely to exhibit unhealthy dietary behaviors (prevalence ratio: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), and this relation was significantly mediated by depressive symptoms, not current smoking. Conclusions These findings suggest that chronic stress played a role in negatively influencing dietary behaviors. As this association might be mediated by depressive symptoms, an intervention to reduce depressive symptoms can be considered as an effective strategy to promote healthy dietary behaviors among chronically stressed minority caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caries reporting in studies that used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System: A scoping review. ElSalhy M, Ali U, Lai H, Flores-Mir C, Amin M. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2019; 47(1): 92-102. Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions Grant Award Number RES 0027148 and The Honorary Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Scholarship. Comprehensive literature review (a scoping review). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) is expanding rapidly with a particular focus on developing ISRU technologies and applications to support a longer-term surface exploration of the Moon. In this respect, microwave sintering is proposed to be one of the potential fabrication methods for developing a 3D printing technique for construction processes on the Moon. Thus, understanding the behaviour of lunar regolith, available at different locations on the Moon (e.g. mare versus highlands regions), under microwave heating is crucial for developing an optimal method for microwave sintering. As the availability of real lunar regolith on Earth is highly limited, developing an appropriate numerical model of microwave heating behaviour of lunar regolith is urgently required. In this paper, three representative lunar regolith samples (selected from the database of Apollo sample collections) with pre-defined material properties have been simulated under seven input powers and three specimen sizes. This paper discusses the outcomes of these simulations and the potential contribution of the model for developing a desired 3D printing technique utilising microwave sintering of lunar regolith. • Microwave heating of lunar regolith is plausible as the all lunar regolith couples extremely well with microwave energy. • Highlands regolith may require additional processing to more readily absorb the energy if the input power is lower. • Lunar regolith can be heated over 900 °C with various input powers which is suitable for extracting volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chemically processed ISRU structures incur significant upmass penalties. • Energy requirements of thermally processed ISRU structures are large. • Nuclear power plant with thermal processing is efficient for large structures. • Chemically processed ISRU structures have lower overall upmass when small. • Thermal processing options open up concurrent volatile extraction possibilities. The purpose of this study was to establish, on a first principles basis, the order of magnitude of energy requirements for a thermally processed, lunar regolith radiation shield constructed using an in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) approach. This was done by developing a reference scenario habitat and using thermodynamic relationships and specific heat capacity expressions to determine the energy required to bring such a regolith volume up to sintering temperatures (c. 1,375 K). Once the energy requirements were developed some power system architectures were outlined conceptually and a nuclear power plant of c. 400 kW was suggested as a means to supply the necessary energy. This is well beyond current space nuclear applications. The study concludes that it is likely that the most efficient near-term solution is chemical processing of regolith, from an energy requirements perspective. The technology is also more mature and likely to be delivered on near term projects as it does not require such scaled-up power system architectures. Alternatively, bringing storm shelters up with the habitat to provide a means of weathering major solar events, and adding additional radiation protection to habitat quarters, possibly through a water blanket or similar mechanism, could provide a non-ISRU solution with current technology. However, in the longer term, the development of MW-scale power system architectures (fission, solar etc.), may permit a very large volume of material to be processed thermally for construction material, making a large, permanent human presence on the Moon more easily realisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate incarceration patterns among young adults in New York City jails from mid-2011 through 2017, with an aim that identification of frequently incarcerated young "hot spotters" may inform early interventions.Methods: We examined electronic health records for 3114 individuals with no known prior jail admission and admitted within 4.5 years after turning age 18 years. We used group-based trajectory analysis to identify hot spotters and compared their characteristics with those of other trajectory groups. We repeated the analysis for three older adult groups for additional comparison.Results: Five percent of the young individuals became hot spotters (mean = 7.7 incarcerations). They were more likely to be homeless (27.1% vs. 7.2%-16.4% in other trajectory groups), have substance use disorders (95.2% vs. 73.2%-89.8%), and mental health needs (65.7% vs. 28.5%-53.3%), and be incarcerated for theft-related charges (52.7% vs. 32.0%-49.6%) and misdemeanors (34.8 vs. 25.5%-29.4%). They differed in charge profile and homelessness compared with older hot spotters.Conclusions: Some young adults are at risk of frequent incarceration. Tailored health- and behavior-related interventions may preclude cyclical incarceration and address barriers to well-being and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Homeless persons with a substance use disorder (SUD) are at high risk of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. We evaluated the impact of supportive housing on SUD-related ED visits and hospitalizations among active substance users experiencing chronic homelessness.Methods: We matched 1558 homeless adults eligible for a New York City supportive housing program who had a SUD (2007-2012) to Medicaid claims data. We examined SUD-related hospitalizations and ED visits 2 years posteligibility. We calculated stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights using baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and used doubly robust estimators to compare rates between persons placed into supportive housing and those eligible but not placed. We also examined outpatient SUD treatment.Results: Placed persons were hospitalized and visited EDs for substance use at significantly lower rates than persons not placed into housing (adjusted rate ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.88 and adjusted rate ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.68, respectively) 2 years posteligibility. Placed persons had increased odds of a new episode of SUD treatment and initiating treatment.Conclusions: Supportive housing placement was associated with decreases in SUD-related hospitalizations and ED visits and with increased odds of new episodes of SUD outpatient treatment among homeless persons with SUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A well-designed hologram can be used as a spatial frequency filter to remove moiré fringes in a digital imaging system. However, it also degrades the resolution of the image. We have used a homemade program to design holograms with better filtering characteristics. We have designed holograms with two, four, eight, and 16 phases and compared their diffraction efficiencies and modulation transfer functions (MTFs). The four-phase hologram showed a diffraction efficiency and MTF characteristics similar to those of the binary hologram. The eight-phase hologram, however, showed much better diffraction efficiency than the previous two, and thus higher MTF values. The 16-phase hologram was still better, but the improvement was marginal. We have manufactured binary and eight-phase holograms and measured their MTFs. We have also observed directly their filtering effects by attaching them to a digital camera and taking pictures of test charts. The Moiré-fringe-removing effects of the two holograms were similar, but the eight-phase hologram showed better resolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]