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• Systematic review of longitudinal Shigella outcomes in children. • Shigella is associated with continued diarrhea and linear growth faltering. • There is a need for standardized measurement and reporting of Shigella outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the longitudinal consequences of Shigella infection in children to inform the value proposition for an effective vaccine. We searched PubMed and Embase for studies published from January 01, 1980 to December 12, 2022 and conducted in low- and middle-income countries that included longitudinal follow-up after Shigella detection among children aged <5 years, irrespective of language. We collected data on all outcomes subsequent to Shigella detection, except mortality. Of 2627 papers identified, 52 met inclusion criteria. The median sample size of children aged <5 years was 66 (range 5-2172). Data were collected in 20 countries; 56% (n = 29) of the publications included Bangladesh. The most common outcomes related to diarrhea (n = 20), linear growth (n = 14), and the mean total cost of a Shigella episode (n = 4; range: $ 6.22-31.10). Among children with Shigella diarrhea, 2.9-61.1% developed persistent diarrhea (≥14 days); the persistence was significantly more likely among children who were malnourished, had bloody stool, or had multidrug-resistant Shigella. Cumulative Shigella infections over the first 2 years of life contributed to the greatest loss in length-for-age z-score. We identified evidence that Shigella is associated with persistent diarrhea, linear growth faltering, and economic impact to the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We used a matched cohort design to study the differential impacts of SLIV by race and ethnicity. • Racial disparities in vaccine coverage and hospitalizations persisted in the presence of SLIV. • Vaccine hesitance remained a common reason for non-vaccination in school-aged children. Increasing influenza vaccination coverage in school-aged children may substantially reduce community transmission. School-located influenza vaccinations (SLIV) aim to promote vaccinations by increasing accessibility, which may be especially beneficial to race/ethnicity groups that face high barriers to preventative care. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of a city-wide SLIV program by race/ethnicity from 2014 to 2018. We used multivariate matching to pair schools in the intervention district in Oakland, CA with schools in a comparison district in West Contra Costa County, CA. We distributed cross-sectional surveys to measure caregiver-reported student vaccination status and estimated differences in vaccination coverage levels and reasons for non-vaccination between districts stratifying by race/ethnicity. We estimated difference-in-differences (DID) of laboratory confirmed influenza hospitalization incidence between districts stratified by race/ethnicity using surveillance data. Differences in influenza vaccination coverage in the intervention vs. comparison district were larger among White (2017–18: 21.0% difference [95% CI: 9.7%, 32.3%]) and Hispanic/Latino (13.4% [8.8%, 18.0%]) students than Asian/Pacific Islander (API) (8.9% [1.3%, 16.5%]), Black (5.9% [−2.2%, 14.0%]), and multiracial (6.3% [−1.8%, 14.3%)) students. Concerns about vaccine effectiveness or safety were more common among Black and multiracial caregivers. Logistical barriers were less common in the intervention vs. comparison district, with the largest difference among White students. In both districts, hospitalizations in 2017–18 were higher in Blacks (Intervention: 111.5 hospitalizations per 100,00; Comparison: 134.1 per 100,000) vs. other races/ethnicities. All-age influenza hospitalization incidence was lower in the intervention site vs. comparison site among White/API individuals in 2016–17 (DID −25.14 per 100,000 [95% CI: −40.14, −10.14]) and 2017–18 (−36.6 per 100,000 [−52.7, −20.5]) and Black older adults in 2017–18 (−282.2 per 100,000 (−508.4, −56.1]), but not in other groups. SLIV was associated with higher vaccination coverage and lower influenza hospitalization, but associations varied by race/ethnicity. SLIV alone may be insufficient to ensure equitable influenza outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mechanisms of air pollution and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias not clear. • Association between air pollution and plasma amyloid beta has not been studied. • Positive association between air pollution and amyloid beta. • Air pollution is modifiable target for dementia prevention. Air pollution has been linked to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), but the mechanisms connecting air pollution to ADRD have not been firmly established. Air pollution may cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and contribute to the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. We examined the association between fine particulate matter<2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5), particulate matter<10 μm in diameter (PM 10), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and plasma based measures of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 using data from 3044 dementia-free participants of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (GEMS). Air pollution exposures were estimated at residential addresses that incorporated address histories dating back to 1980, resulting in one-, five-, 10- and 20- year exposure averages. Aβ was measured at baseline (2000–2002) and then again at the end of the study (2007–2008) allowing for linear regression models to assess cross-sectional associations and linear random effects models to evaluate repeated measures. After adjustment for socio-demographic and behavioral covariates, we found small positive associations between each air pollutant and Aβ1-40 but no association with Aβ1-42 or the ratio measures in cross sectional analysis. In repeat measures analysis, we found larger positive associations between each air pollutant and all three outcomes. We observed a 4.43% (95% CI 3.26%, 5.60%) higher Aβ1-40 level, 9.73% (6.20%, 13.38%) higher Aβ1-42 and 1.57% (95% CI: 0.94%, 2.20%) higher Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio associated with a 2 µg/m3 higher 20-year average PM 2.5. Associations with other air pollutants were similar. Our study contributes to the broader evidence base on air pollution and ADRD biomarkers by evaluating longer air pollution exposure averaging periods to better mimic disease progression and provides a modifiable target for ADRD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]