Search

Pricing carbon is a widely used policy instrument for climate change mitigation. Quantitative analysis of carbon pricing are mainly conducted at the regional and national level, rarely at the city level due to data availability. As a representative of coastal megacities that are vulnerable to both climate change and climate policies, Singapore has announced to impose carbon tax on large direct emitters as a complementary mitigation option to technical measures. A city-level Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is developed to simulate potential impacts of carbon pricing on the city, including paying border-carbon-adjustment (BCA) on exports or introducing a domestic carbon tax. Different sector coverages and carbon tax revenue recycling schemes are investigated for domestic carbon tax. The simulation results show that a domestic carbon tax is a more cost-effective option than paying BCA. Given an identical carbon price at S$10/t-CO 2 , GDP, total exports and household consumption would decline less and average abatement cost is much smaller in the carbon tax scenarios compared to the BCA scenario. In terms of absolute emissions reduction, a carbon tax that covers energy, manufacturing and land transport sectors would be preferred, making emissions around 2.7% lower than 2010 baseline level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • India's emissions and intensity are driven by private consumption, followed by investment and exports. • India's emission increase comes from final demand and production structure changes. • India's increase of household indirect emissions mainly comes from per capita income increase. • India's aggregate embodied intensity by final demand category all increased. • India's aggregate embodied intensity changes mainly determine by production structure changes. Abstract India is the second largest developing country and fourth largest carbon emitter in the world. It has registered the rapid economic growth (7–9%) in the last decade. However, both its total carbon emissions and emission intensity (CO 2 emissions per GDP) kept increasing during period 2007–2013. There are few studies using input-output (I-O) analysis for India's energy/emissions in the literature. This paper tries to fill in the gap by using I-O framework to study India's total emissions and intensity changes and its driving forces with the latest data available and newly proposed techniques. The results show that India's carbon emission were mainly driven by private consumption (50–55%), followed by investment (25–26%) and exports (14–19%). During period 2007/08–2013/14, India's total emissions increased by 56.6%, where total final demand change resulted in emissions increasing and the shift of demand from raw material industry to high-value added manufacturing industry helped to reduce the emissions. When measuring India's relative emission efficiency, its aggregate embodied intensity (AEI) indicator in aggregate was mainly determined by private consumption (47–49%), followed by investment (23–24%) and exports (15–18%). From 2007/08 to 2013/14, the AEI values in aggregate and by final demand category all increased except the AEI of inventory change, mainly caused by production structure change. The emission efficiency improvements helped to reduce India's total emissions and carbon intensity, but the contributions were small. The policy implications of our findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trade of resources geographically bridges production and consumption, driving telecoupling between resource extraction and distant consumption. However, the telecoupling between employment and fossil fuels has not been quantitatively analyzed yet, presenting a barrier to employment management under the energy transition away from fossil fuels. Here we investigate the telecoupled employment driven by intercity fossil fuel trade in China. A spatially explicit inventory of 989 coal mines, 642 oil fields, and 461 gas fields has been compiled for analysis. The results show that 1560 k of workers extract fossil fuels to satisfy external energy demands (referred to as telecoupled employment), accounting for 70 % of total employment for fossil fuel extraction in China. The coal trade drives 58 % of the total telecoupled employment while oil and gas drive 42 %. 26 % of intercity telecoupled employment is transferred intra-provincially whereas 74 % is transferred interprovincially. 222 cities drive more employment from the consumption-based perspective than from the production-based perspective, while 91 cities see the reverse. It is of significance for fossil fuel exporters to incorporate this telecoupling (e.g. the direction and scale of telecoupled employment) into city policies to assess the transboundary employment impacts of the changes in energy demands of importers. • Telecoupling between employment and fossil fuels is assessed at the city level. • Telecoupled employment amounts to 70 % of total fossil-fuel employment. • 74 % of intercity telecoupled employment is transferred interprovincially. • Domestic final demand drives 84 % of telecoupled employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There are two key processes underlying ligand-induced receptor endocytosis: receptor ubiquitylation and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Tyrosine kinases play critical roles in both receptor endocytosis and actin reorganization. Interestingly, members of the Abl family are the only known tyrosine kinases that possess an actin-binding domain and thus have the potential to directly regulate the actin cytoskeleton. However, the role of non-transforming cAbl in receptor endocytosis remains undefined. We report that cAbl promotes ligand-induced antigen receptor endocytosis in B lymphocytes. We show that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of cAbl causes a defect in tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal adapter CrkII. cAbl inhibition or ablation also impairs Rac activation downstream of CrkII, as well as antigen receptor capping and endocytosis. Although phosphorylation of CrkII has been suggested to maintain it in a closed inactive conformation, we demonstrate that it is in fact essential for the activation of Rac. On the other hand, association of CrkII with cCbl, a key mediator of receptor ubiquitylation, does not require CrkII phosphorylation and is cAbl-independent. Phosphorylation of cCbl itself is also cAbl-independent. Our results thus indicate that CrkII links receptor engagement to cytoskeletal remodeling by coupling cCbl- and cAbl-mediated signaling pathways that cooperatively regulate ligand-induced receptor endocytosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]