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• The metabolism of major nutrients (glucose, lipids, and amino acids) within immune cells changes during aging. • NAD + metabolism connects metabolic dysregulation during aging with immune cell senescence and corresponding senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). • The senescent immune cells in tissues interact with other cells leading to proinflammatory microenvironments and diseases at the systemic level. • Targeting metabolic pathways in senescent immune cells to attenuate inflammatory diseases deserve further investigation. The process of ageing includes molecular changes within cells and interactions between cells, eventually resulting in age-related diseases. Although various cells (immune cells, parenchymal cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) in tissues secrete proinflammatory signals in age-related diseases, immune cells are the major contributors to inflammation. Many studies have emphasized the role of metabolic dysregulation in parenchymal cells in age-related inflammatory diseases. However, few studies have discussed metabolic modifications in immune cells during ageing. In this review, we introduce the metabolic dysregulation of major nutrients (glucose, lipids, and amino acids) within immune cells during ageing, which leads to dysfunctional NAD + metabolism that increases immune cell senescence and leads to the acquisition of the corresponding senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We then focus on senescent immune cell interactions with parenchymal cells and the extracellular matrix and their involvement in angiogenesis, which lead to proinflammatory microenvironments in tissues and inflammatory diseases at the systemic level. Elucidating the roles of metabolic modifications in immune cells during ageing will provide new insights into the mechanisms of ageing and therapeutic directions for age-related inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigate the effect of digital financial inclusion on carbon emissions in emerging markets and developing economies. • Use the Global Findex database to construct an overall digital financial inclusion index and sub-indices. • Dynamic two-step system GMM approach is used to estimate results. • The study results show that digital financial inclusion is significantly positively associated with carbon emissions. • Findings are robust to sub-indices of digital financial inclusion and traditional financial inclusion as control variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]