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Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Somatotropic (HPS) axis is the essential endocrine system playing important roles in animal growth. Here, the HPS axis were characterized in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) and humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), two marine cultured tropical teleosts representing fast and slow growth patterns, respectively. Through genomic and transcriptomic survey, 32 and 35 HPS genes were characterized in T. ovatus and C. altivelis. Functional domain and phylogeny revealed their conserved function among teleost lineages, with more sst s and igfbp s identified and actively expressed in C. altivelis than in T. ovatus. The regulation of HPS genes responding to external stimuli revealed that T. ovatus HPS genes, including gh , igf1 / 2 , igfbp1a / b , igfbp2b and igfbp5b , were differentially expressed under temperature or starvation challenges, while C. altivelis HPS genes were sensitive to salinity change with sst1.2 , ghrhrb , igf1 , igf2r , igfbp1a and igfbp5a regulated in brains. Strong interactive connectivity of igfbp s was found in both T. ovatus and C. altivelis. Moreover, HPS genes evolved differently between T. ovatus and C. altivelis , and positively selected sites were detected in more C. altivelis HPS genes, like in functional domains of igf1ra and igf1rb. The igf1ra evolved faster than igf1rb in teleosts, which may contribute to their functional divergence. In conclusion, this study represented different regulatory and evolutionary patterns of HPS axis between T. ovatus and C. altivelis , which are vital in regulating their growth and will provide comprehensive insights into the cultivation of T. ovatus and C. altivelis in aquaculture. [Display omitted] • HPS axis genes are generally conserved between T. ovatus and C. altivelis. • More igfbp s were highly expressed in C. altivelis peripheral tissues. • Igf s and igfbp s play key interactive roles in HPS axis regulation. • HPS genes evolve differently between T. ovatus and C. altivelis. • The duplicated igf1ra / b genes may have functional divergence in C. altivelis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Most extreme climate indices rose from 2000 to 2020 in Central Asia. • Extreme climates lead to the delayed start and advanced end of the season. • Future increases in extreme climates may continue to affect land surface phenology. Global climate change has led to an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climates (e.g., extreme temperature and precipitation), and its impact on land surface phenology (LSP) has attracted increasing attention. This study evaluated the effects of extreme climates on land surface phenology in Central Asia (CA) based on 13 extreme climate indices (ECIs). The results showed that the start of the season (SOS) of the LSP was gradually delayed, the end of the season (EOS) advanced, and the length of the growing season (LOS) shortened. Most ECIs showed varying degrees of an increasing trend, except the cold indices of the cool days (TX10p) and the cool nights (TN10p) and the precipitation indices of the max one-day precipitation amount (RX1day) and the max five-day precipitation amount (RX5day). The LSP was influenced by extreme climates, and 13 ECIs were mainly negatively correlated with the SOS and positively correlated with the EOS and LOS. Increased extreme temperature and decreased extreme precipitation contributed to the change in the LSP. The most important impact on the SOS was from the max Tmin (TNx), the mean Tmax (TXmean), while the mean Tmin (TNmean) and warm days (TX90p) also had noticeable effects. The most important impact on the EOS and LOS was from TX90p, followed by TX10p and TXmean. Based on climate model projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), future extreme climates are projected to intensify under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and will likely continue to affect the LSP. This study helps provide a basis for formulating scientific and reasonable vegetation restoration strategies and disaster warnings in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecosystem along the lower reach of Tarim River has been undergoing remarkable changes due to the ecological water conveyance activity since 2000. To improve the scientific basis of riparian restoration, the clearing understanding of the dynamic of eco-hydrological system and the feedback between hydrological and ecological components are needed. A fully distributed eco-hydrological model combines a hydrology component based on the modified MODFLOW, with a vegetation dynamic component described by Verhulst logistic equation. The validation of the eco-hydrological model using groundwater well observation, river stage observation and remote sensing data demonstrated that the good capability of the model in simulating the dynamic of the eco-hydrological system in lower reach of Tarim River. The interaction between the hydrological component and ecological component has been revealed through water balance analysis and scenario studies. Vegetation has a significant impact on groundwater evapotranspiration, groundwater storage change and groundwater depth, while groundwater depth is a critical feedback variable that determines the vegetation dynamics, which is shown by observation and simulation result. The eco-hydrological model represented in this study could help to groundwater dependent ecosystem restoration and protection, particularly for riparian ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]