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This study aimed to develop field emission factors of gaseous pollutants, PM 2.5 , OC/EC, water-soluble ions, and trace elements and to estimate the total gas and particulate emissions from peatland fires. This study was conducted in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, in September 2019 during the main fire episode. Gas samples were collected using the LGR-ICOS analyzer at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min. In comparison, particulate pollutant samples were collected using two Airmetrics Mini Volume Portable Air Samplers at a flow rate of 5 L/min with Quartz fiber and PTFE filters. For further analysis, quartz fiber filters were used for carbon aerosols and water-soluble inorganic ions, while PTFE filters were used for trace element analysis. The gaseous emission factors determined in this study for CO 2 , CO, and CH 4 were 1589.5 ± 41.8 g/kg, 236.5 ± 25.7 g/kg, and 5.4 ± 1.3 g/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the emission factors for PM 2.5 , OC, EC, water-soluble inorganic ions, and elements were 27.8 ± 41.8 g/kg, 18.1 ± 8.9 g/kg, 0.25 ± 0.06 g/kg, 1.7 ± 0.7 g/kg, and 62.5 ± 32.3 mg/kg, respectively. With peat burned density of 0.11 g/cm3, a burned depth of 37 cm, and a total area burned of 317,749 ha, peatland fires in Central Kalimantan in 2019 had emitted CO 2 , CO, PM 2.5 , total carbon aerosol, water-soluble ions, and elements about 34.9 ± 0.9 Tg, 5.3 ± 0.6 Tg, 0.6 ± 0.3 Tg, 0.4 ± 0.2 Tg, 36.7 ± 15.9 Gg, and 1.4 ± 0.7 Gg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to develop correlation equation to predict HHV of tropical peat based on its ultimate analysis. The Eijkelkamp peat sampler was employed to take samples of peat in five different districts in Pontianak, Indonesia. Samples were taken up to 2 m depth with 50 cm increments therefore total 20 samples were obtained. Ultimate analyses and higher heating value (HHV) of peat were evaluated in order to predict HHV based on its ultimate analyses results. It was found that C, H, O, S, N and ash contents in dry bases (in weight %) had ranges of 15.63 – 59.43%, 2.63 – 6.47%, 13.35 – 36.84%, 0.12 – 3.86%, 0.48 – 2.01% and 1.00 – 64.05%, respectively. HHV had ranges of 8.07 – 21.69 MJ/kg. Based on chemical composition of dry peat therefore new equation formulae to predict HHV peat was HHV = 17.830 + 1.508 H + 0.102 N + 0.575 S – 0.192 O-0.205 Ash, with an average absolute error and bias error of 2.18% and 0.17%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Jatropha curcas has been introduced and sold as cook stove fuel in Indonesia since late 2010, after the progressive phasing-out of the subsidy for kerosene started in 2007. To review the reliability and probable health impacts of J. curcas Seed (JCS) stoves used for cooking, the standard water boiling test (WBT) was used to evaluate the stove's basic performance (thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption) and the indoor air quality associated with its emissions and these parameters were compared with those of a traditional wood stove (WS). The emissions were analyzed using a CO monitor, photoelectric PM (particulate matter) monitors and the Sioutas Cascade Impactor to characterize the CO (carbon monoxide) concentration, temporal variations in PM mass concentrations and the mass size distributions from the stove emissions respectively. In general the JCS stove showed higher thermal efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption than the wood stove. Average indoor PM2.5 concentration at a cook site around a traditional wood stove was twelve times that around the JCS stove. Likewise, the JCS stove produced only about half of the indoor CO concentration compared to the wood stove emission. This suggests that replacing traditional wood stoves by JCS stoves reduces the exposure of cooks to PM2.5 and CO. Predominance of organic carbon in the collected aerosol 、during JCS stove combustion indicated that it resulted from the incomplete burning of organic matter in the seed. This study suggests that the JCS stove could be a promising substitute to the traditional wood stove. However the capacity of the stove, its re-fuelling method and tar produced should be improved and overcome to meet the practical needs of the rural cooking environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) has a high economical value in the community forest. It was planted by agroforestry system that has various pattern. However, gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages. Each agroforestry pattern has a different contribution on the development of gall rust disease. This research was aimed to evaluate development of gall rust disease in various agroforestry pattern. Field study was made in various agroforestry pattern that are PA I (sengon with coffee, papaya, and ginger), PA II (cassava planted between sengon with 1, 5 m spacing) and PA III (cassava planted in the edge of sengon plantation with 0, 5 m spacing) to observe Disease Incidence (DI) and Disease Severity (DS). The result showed that development of gall rust disease for 5 months at agroforestry patterns were observed is low (PA I has DI = 47,22%, DS = 15,74% while PA II has DI = 27,16%, DS = 10,29 and PA III has DI = 20,99%, DS = 7,41%). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the emission sources of fine and coarse particulates in Bandung, a city located at about 150 km south-east of Jakarta. Total of 367 samples were collected at urban mixed site, Tegalega area, in Bandung City during wet and dry season in the period of 2001–2007. The samples of fine and coarse particulate matter were collected simultaneously using dichotomous samplers and mini-volume samplers. The Samples from dichotomous Samplers were analyzed for black carbon and elements while samples from mini-volume samplers were analyzed for ions. The species analyzed in this study were Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, and NH4 +. The data were then analyzed using PMF to determine the source factors. Different numbers of source factors were found during dry and wet season. During dry season, the main source factors for fine particles were secondary aerosol (NH4)2SO4, electroplating industry, vehicle emission, and biomass burning, while for coarse particles, the dominant source factors were electroplating industry, followed by aged sea salt, volcanic dust, soil dust, and lime dust. During the wet season, the main source factors for fine particulate matter were vehicle emission and secondary aerosol. Other sources detected were biomass burning, lime dust, soil and volcanic dust. While for coarse particulate matter, the main source factors were sulphate-rich industry, followed by lime dust, soil dust, industrial emission and construction dust. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Atmospheric size distributions for mass, sulfate and nitrate were measured in Chicago, Illinois during the Spring–Summer, and Fall of 1994 and 1995. Nineteen samples were collected over two or three daytime periods using a Wide Range Aerosol Classifier system (Noll Rotary Impactor and Cascade Impactor). The Atmospheric Aerosol was divided into 10 size range between 0.1 and 100 μm. The total particulate mass contains three peaks, a fine peak (mode) with an MMD of 0.43 μm, and two coarse particulate peaks at 6.75 (mode 2) and 28.58 μm (mode 3). The total concentration of particles and the location of the concentration peaks varied significantly depending on wind velocity. Data shows that sulfate and nitrate existed in both the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (>2.5 μm) particles. The atmospheric concentration of sulfate in the fine and coarse particles varied between 1.0–7.0 and 0.3–1.0 μg/m3, respectively. The nitrate concentrations were 0.3–5.3 μg/m3 in the fine and 0.3–2.9 μg/m3 in the coarse fraction. Dry deposition fluxes were simultaneously measured with a knife edged surrogate surface containing greased mylar films. The measured dry deposition fluxes of sulfate and nitrate were between 1.0–4.0 and 0.5–3.9 mg/(m2 day), respectively. A multi-step method was used to calculate total and cumulative deposition flux with the Semhel–Hodgson deposition velocity model and atmospheric particulate concentration. The results indicated that calculated flux compares well with measured flux, and greater than 99% of the total flux was due to particles larger than 5 μm diameter for both sulfate and nitrate. The average ratios of calculated/measured fluxes were 0.93 for sulfate and 0.91 for nitrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The increased use of biomass fuel use among rural Indonesian households for years despite national program on subsidized LPG fuel distribution pose threat of indoor air pollution for the householders. Indoor air pollution levels of PM2.5 and CO in the kitchen of 40 households using the fuelwood as the main cooking fuel were measured in the same season in mountainous and coastal areas in Indonesia. The temporal variations of PM2.5 and its size distributions were simultaneously measured using photoelectric UCB monitor and personal cascade impactor, respectively. While carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured using USB-CO monitors. Household indoor air pollution in the mountainous area was generally higher than that in the coastal area. This is because the households in coastal area have higher kitchen volume (about three times), smaller ventilation area (about 1.7 times) and shorter cooking duration with wood fuel (0.6 times) than those in mountainous area. Yet, during cooking with fuelwood, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations at the cook site showed almost comparable results for both sites. The wood stove burning in coastal area tended to be in flaming combustion than in mountainous area. This can be indicated by a higher fraction of finest particles in PM2.5, a higher fraction of EC in PM2.5 and a higher fraction of K+ and Cl− ions in PM2.5 mass concentrations. The time-averaged CO concentrations for 22-h measurements at the mountainous area were higher than those in coastal area. The mountainous area showed higher positive correlation relationship between the measured concentrations of CO and PM2.5 than those in the coastal area. The use of cleaner fuel, e.g., subsidized LPG fuel in rural area should be promoted and managed intensively in mountainous area than in coastal area to avoid people exposure of health damaging indoor air pollutants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Regional smoke-induced haze in Southeast Asia, caused by uncontrolled forest and peat fires in Indonesia, is of major environmental and health concern. In this study, we estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) as emitted from peat fires at Kalimantan, Indonesia. For the health risk analysis, chemical speciation (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions) of 12 trace metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) in PM2.5 was studied. Results indicate that Al, Fe and Ti together accounted for a major fraction of total metal concentrations (~83%) in PM2.5 emissions in the immediate vicinity of peat fires. Chemical speciation reveals that a major proportion of most of the metals, with the exception of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cd, was present in the residual fraction. The exchangeable fraction of metals, which represents their bioavailability, could play a major role in inducing human health effects of PM2.5. This fraction contained carcinogenic metals such as Cd (39.2ngm−3) and Ni (249.3ngm−3) that exceeded their WHO guideline values by several factors. Health risk estimates suggest that exposure to PM2.5 emissions in the vicinity of peat fires poses serious health threats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work reports the first ground-based atmospheric measurements of 26 halocarbons in Singapore, an urban-industrial city-state in Southeast (SE) Asia. A total of 166 whole air canister samples collected during two intensive 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) campaigns (August–October 2011 and 2012) were analyzed for C 1 -C 2 halocarbons using gas chromatography-electron capture/mass spectrometric detection. The halocarbon dataset was supplemented with measurements of selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), C 1 -C 5 alkyl nitrates, sulfur gases and carbon monoxide to better understand sources and atmospheric processes. The median observed atmospheric mixing ratios of CFCs, halons, CCl 4 and CH 3 CCl 3 were close to global tropospheric background levels, with enhancements in the 1–17% range. This provided the first measurement evidence from SE Asia of the effectiveness of Montreal Protocol and related national-scale regulations instituted in the 1990s to phase-out ozone depleting substances (ODS). First- and second-generation CFC replacements (HCFCs and HFCs) dominated the atmospheric halocarbon burden with HFC-134a, HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b exhibiting enhancements of 39–67%. By combining near-source measurements in Indonesia with receptor data in Singapore, regionally transported peat-forest burning smoke was found to impact levels of several NMHCs (ethane, ethyne, benzene, and propane) and short-lived halocarbons (CH 3 I, CH 3 Cl, and CH 3 Br) in a subset of the receptor samples. The strong signatures of these species near peat-forest fires were potentially affected by atmospheric dilution/mixing during transport and by mixing with substantial urban/regional backgrounds at the receptor. Quantitative source apportionment was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which identified industrial emissions related to refrigeration, foam blowing, and solvent use in chemical, pharmaceutical and electronics industries as the major source of halocarbons (34%) in Singapore. This was followed by marine and terrestrial biogenic activity (28%), residual levels of ODS from pre-Montreal Protocol operations (16%), seasonal incidences of peat-forest smoke (13%), and fumigation related to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) applications (7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoke emitted from Indonesian peatland fires has caused dense haze and serious air pollution in Southeast Asia such as visibility impairment and adverse health impacts. To mitigate the Indonesian peatland fire aerosol impacts, an effective strategy and international framework based on the latest scientific knowledge needs to be established. Although several attempts have been made, limited data exist regarding the chemical characteristics of peatland fire smoke for the source apportionment. In order to identify the key organic compounds of peatland fire aerosols, we conducted intensive field studies based on ground-based and source-dominated sampling of PM 2.5 in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, during the peatland fire seasons in 2012. Levoglucosan was the most abundant compound among the quantified organic compounds at 8.98 ± 2.28% of the PM 2.5 mass, followed by palmitic acid at 0.782 ± 0.163% and mannosan at 0.607 ± 0.0861%. Potassium ion was not appropriate for an indicator of Indonesian peatland fires due to extremely low concentrations associated with smoldering fire at low temperatures. The vanillic/syringic acids ratio was 1.06 ± 0.155 in this study and this may be a useful signature profile for peatland fire emissions. Particulate n -alkanes also have potential for markers to identify impact of Indonesian peatland fire source at a receptor site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneity in seasonal aerosol types due to different sources, local characteristics, and meteorology lead to different optical and radiative properties from one place to another. This study analyzes the long-term averages of aerosol optical and radiative properties obtained by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) version 3 at four sites in Indonesia representing fire prone areas (Palangka Raya, Pontianak, Jambi: 2012–2020), and urban-industrial (Bandung: 2009–2018). We examined the seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom Exponent (AE), Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) combined with meteorological parameters at these Indonesian sites. Multiple clustering techniques from different relationships among various aerosol optical and radiative parameters was employed to further study the aerosol type in respect to different seasonality. The results exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern at all sites except Bandung, whereas AOD increased owing to forest and peat fire outbreaks during the dry season. The trend in AOD annual depicts an increase in Bandung as emission from urban/industrial increases episodically, while it depicts a decrease at the three biomass burning sites. As AOD increased, Palangka Raya, Pontianak, and Jambi exhibited wider ranges of observed AE (1.2–1.8) and high FMF (>0.8) in the dry burning period (June to October). On the other hand, Bandung has more aerosol distribution in the range of FMF values 0.6–1 and AE 1–1.6, compared with other sites, suggesting contribution of complex aerosol emission from different sources and likely due to the formation of secondary aerosol production from trace gases. Palangka Raya, Pontianak, and Jambi exhibited non-absorbing characteristics, as indicated by high SSA (>0.95), high FMF, and high EAE values (1.2–1.7) with no discrepancy in seasonal patterns, implying that biomass burning aerosols in Indonesia tend to cool the atmosphere with strong scattering rather than absorbing. At Bandung, aerosols mixed with slightly absorbing and non-absorbing aerosols owing to urban and industrial emissions. This study lays a foundation for further research on the contribution of aerosol radiative forcing to climate within the complex aerosol and cloud environments in Indonesia. • Long-term analysis of aerosol optical and radiative properties combined with the climatic condition in Indonesia. • Decreasing (increasing) tendency of interannual AOD at biomass burning (urban) sites. • Indonesia biomass burning aerosol has non-absorbing properties. • Bandung urban aerosols were mixed with slightly absorbing and non-absorbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass burning is a significant source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Forest, bush, and peat fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia are major sources of transboundary haze pollution in Southeast Asia. However, limited data exist regarding the chemical characteristics of aerosols at sources. We conducted intensive field studies in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, during the peatland fire and non-burning seasons in 2012. We characterized PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols emitted from peatland fire based on ground-based source-dominated sampling. PM2.5 aerosols were collected with two mini-volume samplers using Teflon and quartz fiber filters. Background aerosols were also sampled during the transition period between the non-burning and fire seasons. We analyzed the carbonaceous content (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) by a thermal optical reflectance utilizing the IMPROVE_A protocol and the major organic components of the aerosols by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PM2.5 aerosols emitted from peatland fire were observed in high concentrations of 7120 ± 3620 μg m−3 and were primarily composed of OC (71.0 ± 5.11% of PM2.5 mass). Levoglucosan exhibited the highest total ion current and was present at concentrations of 464 ± 183 μg m−3. The OC/EC ratios (36.4 ± 9.08), abundances of eight thermally-derived carbon fractions, OC/Levoglucosan ratios (10.6 ± 1.96), and Levoglucosan/Mannosan ratios (10.6 ± 2.03) represent a signature profile that is inherent in peatland fire. These data will be useful in identifying contributions from single or multiple species in atmospheric aerosol samples collected from peatland fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]