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This study investigates the content of the co-creation of tourism experiences and measures the substance of those experiences. It lays the framework for future research by providing a systematic assessment scale for co-creative tourism experiences. The scale obtained from the research is constructed using information on the entertainment, immersion, achievement, novelty, authenticity, uniqueness, education, and interaction variables found in the co-creation experience. The findings were obtained from semi-structured interviews with tourism opinion leaders and a questionnaire survey that yielded 682 responses. This study serves as a pioneering investigation of these constructs in an empirical way with statistical evidence to make the research outcome more objective. It provides tourism industry practitioners with directions on how to conduct co-creative activities, as well as how to understand the distinctive experiential contents of visitors in co-creative activities. The study enriches the tourism experience and supplies insights into the experiential marketing of the tourism industry. • This study reveals the latent dimensions of co-creative experience. • Tourism should provide the novelty of creativity. • Tourism industry needs to focus on the eight dimensions (entertainment, immersion, sense of achievement, novelty, authenticity, uniqueness, education, and interaction) to understand consumer needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to investigate how authenticity affects tourist satisfaction with, and loyalty to, an attraction and its heritage value. Different factors were seen as likely to influence the various types of loyalty. Hahoe village in South Korea, a World Cultural Heritage listed area, was chosen as the research site. A survey of tourists was conducted, and 535 responses obtained for statistical analysis. The study discovered that tourist satisfaction from experiencing constructive and existential authenticity is a strong indicator of their intention to revisit. The results of this study can be applied to heritage tourism management, with the insightful message that constructive authenticity can strongly contribute to the satisfaction of heritage tourists when intangible tourism resources become tangible. • Constructive authenticity affects existential authenticity and tourist satisfaction. • Existential authenticity influences the tourist satisfaction and cognitive loyalty. • Tourist satisfaction has an influence on cognitive and affective loyalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study aims to (a) assess the level of student satisfaction with the tourism English courses provided by Korean universities; and (b) look at the ability of these courses to train students in the correct responses to the specific linguistic needs of the tourism profession. The Importance-Satisfaction Analysis (ISA) technique was used to increase the efficiency and success of the concentration on the alternative language needs of the tourism industry in Korea, and provide important practical data for those countries in which English is not the native language, in their quest to proactively develop potential employees for their tourism industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines Korean tourists' experience of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in overseas travel using grounded theory. The data is based on semi-structured interviews with 17 South Korean tourists, and the analysis using paradigm theory demonstrated 146 concepts, 29 subcategories, 11 main categories, and a core category entitled 'enhancing the quality of tourism experiences and the motivation for English learning through effective communicative accommodation' regarding ELF. The findings show that despite their awareness of the growing role of ELF, participants had concerns about using English in overseas travel and had experienced language barriers. However, these were mainly caused by different linguistic expression (dialects, accents) among speakers, not from using English per se. To overcome miscommunication, participants employ diverse strategies, which contribute to enhancing the quality of tourist experiences and raising the motivation for learning English. The study makes theoretical and practical recommendations to promote effective intercultural communication between tourists and hosts for sustainable destination management. • ELF experience in tourism is one of the major motivations for English learning. • This study provides a paradigm model on the process of intercultural communication in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Hiroshima and Nagasaki as case studies, this paper explores the extent to which sites of atomic bomb explosions have been memorialized and embedded in tourism promotion for educational purposes. Findings from interviews with government officers and discourse analysis of tourism brochures highlight the complexity of using former atomic bomb sites in the context of contemporary Japan. These findings reveal four themes aligned in two pairs: tourism–education and war–peace. These themes are intertwined with the historical context of the two cities. As a tourist destination, conservative Hiroshima centers on the remembrance of the atomic tragedy and the traditional or nostalgic aspects of Japanese culture, whereas relatively liberal Nagasaki presents itself as a melting pot of cultures. Both cities retain their central role of publicly commemorating the victims of the atomic bomb for the Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationships between brand evidence, brand hearsay, brand distinctiveness, and brand citizenship behavior. The study identifies the crucial factors of brand evidence and brand hearsay they induce customer brand distinctiveness perception. It also investigates whether brand distinctiveness influences brand citizenship behavior. A self-administered survey was conducted with visitors ( n =226) to the Busan Exhibition and Convention Center (BEXCO) in South Korea. The results demonstrate that five components of brand evidence and two components of brand hearsay have significant influence on brand distinctiveness, while one component of brand hearsay, namely publicity, has no significant influence on brand distinctiveness. In addition, brand distinctiveness has a substantial influence on brand citizenship behavior. The results of this study contribute insights into the effect of each component of brand evidence and brand hearsay on brand citizenship behavior mediated by brand distinctiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops and tests a consumer-based chain restaurant brand equity(CBCRBE) model and investigates the mediating effects of brand reputation on the relationship between CBCRBE and brand trust. Using a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, the four dimensions of CBCRBE- food & service quality, brand affect, brand awareness, and brand association- are found to have positive effects on brand reputation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that brand reputation has a positive effect on brand trust. The results of study confirm that brand reputation partially mediates the effects of food & service quality, brand affect, and brand awareness on brand trust. In addition, the effect of brand association on brand trust is fully mediated via brand reputation. The study of CBCRBE offers insights into the efficient strategies that can be used to enhance brand reputation and secure brand trust in the restaurant industry. Finally, based on the result of the relationship between CBCRBE, brand reputation, and brand trust, the study compares the differences among the groups according to the consumer visit purposes in relation to the CBCRBE dimensions. The results of the study contribute to improve understanding of the complex psychological processes involved in consumer selection criteria for a chain restaurant or relevant service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the coupled-cluster T1 operator used in a previous study to define the open-shell D1 diagnostic is ill defined, and leads to an arbitrary definition of the open-shell D1 diagnostic. A new definition is proposed that eliminates this ambiguity and approximately restores the mathematical relationship previously noted between the closed-shell D1 and T1 diagnostics. Statistical comparison of the T1 and D1 diagnostics shows a very high degree of correlation between them for the molecular systems studied thus far, although it is argued that both diagnostics used together can provide more information than either can separately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The CCSD(T) method has been used to compute a highly accurate quartic force field and fundamental frequencies for all 14N and 15N isotopomers of the high energy density material TdN4. The computed fundamental frequencies show beyond doubt that the bands observed in a matrix isolation experiment by Radziszewski and coworkers [Chem. Phys. Lett. 328 (2000) 227] are not due to different isotopomers of TdN4. The most sophisticated thermochemical calculations to date yield a 2N2→N4 heat of reaction of 182.22±0.5 kcal/mol at 0 K (180.64±0.5 at 298 K). It is hoped that the data reported herein will aid in the ultimate detection of TdN4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to evaluate the economic value of urban forests that are used as daily leisure spaces in cities, focusing on the healing value for tourists associated with their public health and environmental functions. To this end, an onsite survey of residents was conducted in Seoul, Korea. In real-world scenarios, willingness-to-pay (WTP) is associated with building a preservation fund and in this case is US$27 per capita per year, and the total fund value obtained is US$530 million, depending on whether the calculation is made using mean WTP or truncated WTP. The findings of this study suggest that urban residents determine the preservation value of urban forests according to how they feel about them. This is in terms of their restorative effect, their ability to absorb particulate matter, and the recreational satisfaction that they bring. The findings also imply that the healing functions of urban forests used mainly as leisure spaces for health promotion reasons are directly reflected in their preservation value. On the other hand, the fact that policies related to the new environmental paradigm (NEP) were found to be insignificant in all three scenarios suggests that it is necessary to educate urban residents about the environmental function of urban forests. • Residents determine the preservation value of urban forests in terms of their restorative effect, ability to reduce risk, and the recreational satisfaction. • The healing function of those urban forests used as leisure spaces for health promotion reasons are reflected in their preservation value. • Urban residents need to be educated about the environmental function of urban forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cognitive and social processes of brand equity affect cultural values. • The social process of global brand equity has greater impact on cultural values. • Cultural values affect brand loyalty. • The cognitive process of brand equity impacts on the social process of brand equity. • There is a leading culture value between individual cultural values. The aim of this study is to increase understanding of the relationship between brand equity and individual cultural values in the marketing strategies of global restaurant brands. The study developed three research models and investigated global brand equity from the perspective that global brand equity has an impact on individual cultural values. The three models were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The findings indicate that both cognitive process and the social process of brand equity have an effect on cultural values. In particular, social process elements such as brand prestige and brand identification can reduce the risk of consumer uncertainty. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between global restaurant brand equity and individual cultural values, and the hierarchy of individual cultural values that has not, to the best of our knowledge, been explored in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For line intensity: • Systematic investigation on the isotopologue consistency of CO 2 and SO 2 IR/MW intensity. • Interesting TDM/Einstein-A patterns found for CO 2 vibrational polyads, SO 2 and CO 2 MW, fundamentals, hotbands, etc. For line positions: • First 2nd-round implementation of BTRHE strategy to minimize the isotope/mass dependent residuals. • –– Two orders of magnitude improvement for SO 2 MW prediction accuracy: 0.01-0.02 MHz (A/B/C), 0-5 MHz (J/Ka<20 lines). • This approach starts from and targets at higher accuracy, can easily extend to other bands or molecules. The semi-empirical molecular rovibrational IR line lists, such as ExoMol, TheoReTs, and Ames, combine the experimental accuracy and theoretical power to reach better than 0.1 cm−1 accuracy for line positions and better than 80–90% agreement for line intensities. The quality of these existing semi-empirical IR lists allows further improvements of intensity and line positions for those unobserved minor isotopologues. This paper presents our new BTRHE (Best Theory + Reliable High-resolution Experiment) strategy implementation. For line intensity, the isotopologue consistency and the patterns of mass dependence in the Ames-296 K SO 2 and CO 2 IR lists are quantitatively presented along the mass-inverse coordinates. The consistency and patterns are better than those in existing experimental data. The methodology proposed here can be used to identify inconsistencies, outliers, and mistakes in intensities, and help improve Effective Dipole Model (EDM) and molecular IR databases. We call for an experimental study on the 50006 and 60007 bands of CO 2 628. For line position predictions, a simple approach combining the variational IR line lists with Effective Hamiltonian (EH) model may refine the effective rotational constants A 0 /B 0 /C 0 and quartic centrifugal distortion constants of minor isotopologues. The prediction accuracy may be improved by two orders of magnitude, i.e. reaching 0–5 MHz prediction accuracy in the range of J < 20–30, K a < 10–20, and 0.01–0.02 MHz accuracy for A 0 /B 0 /C 0. Several important factors have been systematically investigated and discussed, e.g. convergence, uncertainties, higher order terms, fixing EH parameters, mass coordinates, etc. A microwave (MW) line set consisting of 644,636 strong transitions (at 296K) for all 30 isotopologues and corresponding refined EH(Ames) parameters are reported in the supplementary material. This approach may be easily extended to rovibrational bands, hot bands, and other molecular systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • First quantitative validation for the dipole moment surface adopted in Ames-296K SO 2 IR intensity calculations, which integrates variational line lists and effective Hamiltonian and effective dipole model approaches. • Systematic check on the reliability and convergence of vibrational dependence of effective dipole of 13 SO 2 vibrational states. Partition Sum convergence check at 296 K along J and E'. • Isotopologue consistency is superior relative to regular effective dipole models. • Combine the high quality Ames IR intensity with the reliable high-resolution experimental line positions or rovibrational energy levels. • Provide three sets of IR lists for 5 SO 2 isotopologues, the best available alternative for SO 2 high-resolution IR database updates Abstract The quality of Ames-296K SO 2 Infrared (IR) line list intensities is first validated by quantitative exploration of several dipole moment surfaces (DMSs) and partition sum convergence. The DMSs are computed with several of Dunning's correlation-consistent basis sets and their vibrational dependence are compared to the empirical model derived from Stark effect experiments reported by D. Patel, D. Margolese, and T.R. Dyke [ J. Chem. Phys. 70 , 2740 (1979)]. The effective dipole deviations from the DMS adopted in the Ames IR lists is 0.2–0.4% for vibrational states up to 3ν 3. The vibrational dependence of the dipole moment is also in good agreement, except for n ν 1. Partition sum convergence at 296 K is confirmed by new calculations with rotational quantum number J up to 150 and upper state E' up to 8000 cm−1. The isotopologue consistency of the Ames IR line lists is superior relative to the regular Effective Hamiltonian (EH) models and Effective Dipole Moment (EDM) models. The ν 1 + ν 2 and ν 2 + ν 3 intensity consistency check reveals the recently reported experimental intensities need significant improvement or re-analysis. After the accuracy, convergence, and isotopologue consistency have been confirmed, the theoretical Ames-296K intensities are combined with the experimental line positions or EH models that experimental spectroscopists published after 2009. Three high-resolution IR line sets are reported for the 32/33/34S16O 2 , 32S18O 2 and 16O32S18O isotopologues: (1) the "New Lines Sets" include experimentally measured line positions; (2) the "Expanded Line Sets" include possible transitions among new rovibrational levels assigned in experiments and ground state (GS) levels predicted by reliable EH models; (3) the "Ames + MARVEL Sets" include possible transitions among all those levels reported in a recent MARVEL analysis. [Tóbiás et al , JQSRT 208 , 152 (2018)]. Compared to the limited data in High-resolution TRANsmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN), these line sets have significantly improved the data coverage up to 4000 cm−1. Some missing bands can be traced to the unpublished experimental data. The isotopologue consistency of these line sets will help identify the uncertainties and defects in the experimental EH and EDM models. These line sets are good candidates for the next HITRAN update, if line shape parameters are available. The line sets can be downloaded from supplementary files or from the Ames Molecular Spectroscopic Database at http://huang.seti.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rovibrational spectrum of cyclic, protonated acetylene has been established. The improvement in modern telescopes coupled with the different branching ratios in reaction models welcomes study of 13 C-substitution for C 2 H 3 + . Quartic force fields (QFFs) have been previously utilized to predict the antisymmetric HCCH stretch in standard c -C 2 H 3 + to within 0.1 cm −1 of experiment and are employed here to generate rovibrational insights for the 13 C isotopologues. The zero-point energies are also given for the cyclic and ‘Y’-shaped isomers for both 13 C and D substitutions. Vibrational intensities and the dipole moments are provided in order to characterize more fully this simple cation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]