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To investigate the relation between periodontal disease (PD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) we systematically searched records published up to August 2022. Odds ratios (OR) and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated to evaluate this relation, then sensitivity analysis was performed accordingly. Begg's test and Egger's test were used to detect publication bias. Out of 970 papers from several databases, 13 studies were included. Summary estimates showed that PD was positively associated with the prevalence of OSCC (OR = 3.28, 95% CI: 1.87 to 5.74), especially for severe PD (OR = 4.23, 95% CI: 2.92 to 6.13). No evident publication bias was revealed. No increased OSCC risk among patients with PD was shown according to the combined results (RR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.93 to 2.42). Patients with OSCC exhibited significant differences in alveolar bone loss, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing, when compared with controls. The systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that there was a positive association between PD and prevalence of OSCC. However, according to the current evidence, a causal relation is unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To translate the English version Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) into the Chinese version and test its reliability and validity in preschool children. To create the Chinese version of the CFNS, it was translated, back-translated, and cross-culturally adapted. The use of the Chinese version of CFNS by 575 parents of preschool children in two kindergartens in Yangzhou City was investigated using cluster sampling to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. The Chinese version of CFNS has nine items in total. The scale-level average content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) is 0.983. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) extracted 2 common factors, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 49.437%. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the 2-factor model was well fitted. The Cronbach'α coefficient of the scale was 0.759, the Cronbach'α coefficients of the two factors were 0.735 and 0.713, the split-half reliability was 0.788, and the test-retest reliability was 0.756. The Chinese version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale has good reliability and validity in preschool children and can be used as an assessment tool for food neophobia in preschool children in China. This study has gone through a rigorous translation process, and the CFNS may support future exploration of food neophobia in preschool children. Food allergy factors in the results may be the next step in the research, and several studies are still needed to understand the relationship between food allergy and food neophobia. • CFNS serves as an assessment tool for food neophobia in Chinese preschool children. • To provide support for the exploration of food neophobia in Chinese preschoolers. • Factors of food allergy should be explored in more studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD) is one of the effective solutions for building a global-scale quantum network. For practical satellite-based polarization-encoding QKD systems, the polarization degradation introduced by the single-mode fiber and the relative rotation between satellites and ground stations will lead to a decrease in the polarization performance and need to be compensated. In this work, we propose two novel on-orbit satellite-to-ground joint polarization measurement and compensation methods, which can ensure high polarization fidelity while effectively saving hardware resources and reducing costs. By establishing a polarization compensation model and performing theoretical analysis, combined with desktop experimental verification, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the satellite-to-ground joint polarization compensation and achieved a low quantum bit error rate below 0.3% after background removal. The presented polarization compensation laid the foundation for the subsequent applications in satellite-based QKD and satellite-based quantum networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A method using laser-Compton scattering γ-ray to verification of nuclear warhead. • Simulating the detection potential of 6 hoaxes using Geant4. • Achieve 99.9% hoax rejection within 90 s. • More effective ability to avoid leakage of isotopic and geometric information. The nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) can provide a unique physical fingerprint, and had played an important role in the physical cryptographic verification of nuclear warheads on bremsstrahlung-based system. In this work, an alternative method using laser-Compton scattering (LCS) γ-ray source to excite NRF for physical cryptographic verification of nuclear warheads is proposed, and Monte Carlo simulation is performed by Geant4. This research indicates that the LCS-based system exhibits a high discernment capability for isotope hoaxes and geometric hoaxes, while maintaining low radiation dose. Moreover, it exhibits a more effective ability to avoid leakage of isotopic and geometric information, and is believed that the LCS-based system has better safety potential compared to the bremsstrahlung-based system. This work indicates that the LCS-based system can provide a possible and promising approach in verification of nuclear warheads in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laboratory standard MRSA strain WHO-2 and clinical isolate S1 were used to establish a pneumonia infection model. The results showed that methicillin increased the expression of Hla and PVL protein at subminimum inhibitory concentration, while artesunate decreased the secretion of Hla and PVL protein. Artesunate alone reduced hemolysin expression and reversed methicillin-induced increases in Hla and PVL proteins. In addition, the study found that the combination of artesunate and methicillin had the best therapeutic effect, with survival rates of 70 % and 40 % at seven days, respectively (corresponding to the WHO-2 and S1 strains). The combination treatment was able to reduce cell mortality, showing a 65 % and 46 % reduction in cell mortality, respectively. The study also found that the combination therapy decreased the expression of alpha-hemolysin and pantone valentin leukin in the culture medium and significantly reduced the activation of NF-kB. This is caused by a significant decrease in the expression of inflammatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) materials-based memtransistors offer a wide range of programmable memory characteristics, high energy efficiency, rapid response, high integration density, and flexible expandability, which have led to significant potential in the field of novel artificial intelligence applications, such as brain-inspired neural computing and the integration of artificial multi-sensory neurons. A clear understanding of the switching mechanism forms the foundation for the advancement and application of memristors. While traditional vertical structure memristors have well-established switching mechanisms, research on the switching mechanisms of 2D material-based memtransistors has only emerged in recent years. In this paper, the concept and background of memtransistors are outlined by describing the material synthesis strategy and device structure. The latest research progress on switching mechanisms associated with memtransistors, including valence change mechanism, charge trapping/detrapping, phase change, and ferroelectric resistance switching have been highlighted. More importantly, the application of advanced electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and simulation calculations to explore the intrinsic links between switching mechanisms and the inherent physicochemical properties, intrinsic defects, and or interfacial doping defects of 2D materials are throughout emphasized. Finally, the new research hotspots for novel applications of 2D material memtransistors are briefly introduced as well and the prospects for future research are proposed. [Display omitted] • Advances in the switching mechanism of 2D-memtransistors are summarized. • A knowledge map of switching mechanisms and advanced characterization is proposed. • Innovative applications of memtransistors such as integrated neurons are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An unusual C Ar ^C NHC -cyclometalated Re(I)-NHC complex (C Ar ^C NHC)Re(CO) 4 was synthesized. • Novel Re(I)-NHC complexes, Re(CO) 3 (L NHC)I, have been synthesized by metathesis of halide. • Re(I)-NHC complexes exhibit luminescence emission in the blue region and high quantum yields. An unusual C Ar ^C NHC -cyclometalated rhenium(I) tetracarbonyl complexes fac - (C Ar ^C NHC)Re(CO) 4 (13) (the first report) and six N Ar ^C NHC -cyclometalated rhenium(I) tricarbonyl iodide/chloride complexes with quinoline-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), fac -Re(CO) 3 (L NHC)I / fac -Re(CO) 3 (L NHC)Cl (L NHC = 1-(quinolin-8-yl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene (4, 10); 1-(quinolin-8-yl)-4-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazoline-5-ylidene (5, 11); 1-(quinolin-8-yl)-3-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene (6, 12) have been synthesized under controllable reaction conditions and characterized by their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI–MS, IR spectra, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray crystallography revealed that the Re(I)-NHC complex 13 is a rare five-member bidentate C Ar ^C NHC -cyclometalated structure containing the coplanar system of quinoline and imidazole ring with a dihedral angle of 7.6°. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations also indicated that the blue shift of 50 nm for the MLCT absorption band of 13 is in good agreement with the coplanar five-member cyclometalated structure and the Re(I)-NHC complex 10 is a thermodynamic product. Seven Re(I)-NHC complexes exhibit photoluminescence emission in the blue region (410–470 nm) with relatively short decay lifetime on the nanosecond time scale, and high quantum yields of the Re(I)-NHC complexes 5 (Φ = 0.558) and 6 (Φ = 0.629) based-triazole were calculated by using [Ru(bpy) 3 ](PF 6) 2 in degassed acetonitrile solution (Φ std = 0.062) as standard, due to the coordination of quinoline rings, NHC ligands to Re(I) center. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology seamlessly integrates and optimizes the merits of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, facilitating charge separation and enhancing solar conversion efficiency. It stands out as a promising approach for CO 2 treatment. GaN as III-Ⅴ semiconductor, has garnered substantial attention in the realm of PEC CO 2 reduction reactions (RR). In this study, GaN and In/GaN micro-rods were prepared via straightforward hydrothermal synthesis. Attaining a current density of approximately 10 mA/cm2 and CO Faradaic Efficiency (FE) of ∼45 % at −0.75 V RHE (Reversible Hydrogen Electrode, RHE), In/GaN exhibited exceptional stability over a 2 h PEC CO 2 RR. The introduction of In into GaN significantly augmented CO 2 adsorption capacity and light harvesting. Additionally, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidated that In-doped GaN can diminish the adsorption of intermediate CO, favoring subsequent CO desorption. Furthermore, the N-vacancy increased with In doping, resulting in a rise in the number of unpaired electrons, facilitating carrier transport. Herein, vibration energy harvester was introduced to drive CO 2 RR, marking a significant advancement in development of PEC CO 2 RR for future green energy applications. [Display omitted] • In-doped GaN micro-rods was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. • DFT calculations revealed that In-doping led to a decrease in the adsorption energy of CO molecules. • The PEC CO 2 RR performance was enhanced on In/GaN ascribe to improving the CO 2 adsorption capacity and light harvesting. • The vibration energy harvester is successfully used to drive CO 2 RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocotillol (OT)-type ginsenosides, one subtype of ginsenosides, consist of a dammarane skeleton and a tetrahydrofuran ring. Most naturally-occurring OT-type ginsenosides exist in Panax species, particularly in Panax quinquefolius , which may be attributed to the warm and humid climate of its native areas. Till now, merely 28 types of naturally-occurring OT-type ginsenosides have been isolated. In contrast, semi-synthesized OT-type ginsenosides are attracted considerable attentions. These ginsenosides can be obtained through oxidation and cyclization of side chains of dammarane-type ginsenosides, and other methods, which may change their physical and chemical properties and further improve their bioavailabilities. It is also notable that the pharmacological activities of ginsenosides are closely related to the stereoisomers caused by the configuration at C-20. Semi-synthesis of OT-type ginsenosides can facilitate our understanding of the biosynthesis, transformation and metabolism of OT-type ginsenosides in the body. This review will systematically summarize the research progress on naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic OT-type ginsenosides, which provides a theoretical basis for their bioactivity-guided research. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer crystallization under biaxial stretching is a basic process for rubber-tire strain-hardening performance as well as for plastic film formation. Its specific microscopic mechanism different from that under uniaxial stretching has not yet been systematically investigated. We conducted dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of biaxially strain-induced crystallization in half-half cross-stretched bulk polymers. We found small thermodynamic but significant kinetic differences between biaxially and uniaxially strain-induced polymer crystallizations under the same conditions of strains, temperatures and strain rates. Furthermore, the cross-stretching among neighboring polymers raises a constraint to lamellar thickening in biaxially strain-induced crystallization, which results in low crystallinity and small crystal sizes in agreement with experimental observations. Our simulations brought new insights into a better understanding of biaxially strain-induced polymer crystallization. [Display omitted] • Biaxial versus uniaxial stretching were compared in strain-induced polymer crystallization. • Little thermodynamic enhancement for strain-induced crystallization in biaxial cases. • Significant kinetic retardation in biaxial cases for lower crystallinity and smaller crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-concentration electrolytes (HCEs) are favored in graphite cathode-based dual-ion batteries (DIBs) due to their high oxidative stability and good interphase compatibility with both anode and cathode. Although a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) with the similar solvation structure as HCE is proposed for graphite cathode by adding weakly solvated fluorinated cosolvents, the balance between salt concentration and fluorinated cosolvent has not been investigated. Herein, various electrolytes were prepared by introducing tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (FTEP) into the HCE composed of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) and triethyl phosphate (TEP), and the moderate concentrated electrolyte at the TEP/FTEP volume ratio of 5:1 can stabilize K/graphite DIBs with the capacity of 45 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. The abundant ion–solvent complexes as HCE and the entrance of FTEP contribute to building stable FSI−-derived cathode/electrolyte interphase with the KF-rich inner layer. Importantly, FTEP replaces partial TEP solvents to coordinate with FSI−, enhancing the electrolyte oxidative stability, whereas their weak interaction further suppresses the solvent co-intercalation. As a proof, this electrolyte enables high output voltage (3.75 V) and good cyclability of dual-ion full cells coupled with tellurium anode. This work will promote the development of fluorinated cosolvent-modified LHCEs for high-performance DIBs. The balance between salt concentration and fluorinated cosolvent is discovered for graphite cathode with high-rate capacity and good cyclability. Abundant ion–solvent complexes and the participation of fluorinated cosolvent facilitate building anion-derived cathode/electrolyte interphase. The coordination of fluorinated cosolvent with anions to replace some solvent molecules enhances the electrolyte oxidative stability, whereas the weak interaction further suppresses the solvent co-intercalation. [Display omitted] • Graphite cathode exhibits high-rate capacity by introducing FTEP as fluorinated cosolvent in HCE. • Abundant ion–solvent complexes and FTEP's participation help build anion-derived and F-rich CEI. • Weak interaction between FTEP and anion suppresses solvent co-intercalation into graphite cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Secondary and tertiary carbamates are prepared in high efficiency in an unprecedentive strategy. • Active transition metal-functionalized MOFs are synthesized via an in situ -grown protocolunder solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. • Both aminesand aniline are well tolerated. The solvent-free synthesis of MOF represents a promising and environmentally benign protocol. This paper outlines a green one-pot mechanochemical method for the synthesizing of UiO-66 in the absence of solvent, along with the implantation of three different metals (Cu, Ni, and Pd) into the defect sites. The materials have proven to be effective catalysts in the transformation between azidocarbonate and amines/anilines in moderate to excellent isolated yields (up to 94%), exhibiting better advantages compared with the exiting methodologies. More interestingly, Cu and Ni exhibited very good catalytic performance towards primary and secondary amines, respectively. It also should be noted that high yield was still observed after six cycles. Our work presents a novel and straightforward strategy for the preparation of secondary and tertiary carbamates in an unprecedented fashion, greatly enriched the toolbox for the synthetic community. Moreover, the combination of experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations gave more insight and evidence for the mechanism. Accompanied by the advantages of the effective and recyclable catalyst, the broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and excellent reaction yields made the established method attractive in heterogeneous catalysis and the carbamates synthesis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As senescence progresses, the sensitivity of wheat organs to plant hormones during the grain-filling stages cannot be ignored. Especially under water deficit situation, non-leaf organs (spikes) have better photosynthesis and drought-tolerance traits than flag leaves. However, the mechanism of ethylene synthesis in wheat organs under water deficit remains unclear. We have studied the influence of water deficit in wheat flag leaves and spike bracts on photosynthetic parameters and on the expression of key enzymes involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway during the late grain-filling stages. More stable chlorophyll content (Chl), maximum PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry under light adaptation (Fv'/Fm') were observed in the spike bracts than that in the flag leaves during the late grain-filling stages. In addition, the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) acid synthase (ACS), and ACC oxidase (ACO) induced ethylene synthesis and influenced plant growth. Further analysis of genes encoding cysteine-ethylene related proteins (γ-ECS, GR, ACO, ACS1, and ASC2) demonstrated that ear organs and flag leaves exhibited different expression patterns. These findings will facilitate future investigations of the regulatory senescence response mechanisms of cysteine interaction with ethylene in wheat under conditions of drought stress. • Spikes maintain stable photosynthetic characteristics than it in flag leaves. • Higher activities of ethylene related enzymes and critical metabolites were observed in the spike organs under water deficit. • Enhanced tolerance to drought in spikes was related to the elevated Cysteine-ethylene pathway. • Glumes and lemmas are more capable of delaying senescence under water deficit condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel nanofiber dressing with immunoregulation and controllable release without external intervention was prepared by electrospinning technology. The FM-Cu-Zn nanofiber can be used as a candidate dressing with immunomodulatory for skin wound healing, [Display omitted] • A novel Cu and Zn loaded nanofiber dressing (FM-Cu-Zn) with immunoregulation and controllable release was developed by electrospinning. • By reducing the environmental pH, Zn2+ is the "promoter" of immunotherapeutic activity of the dressing to trigger H 2 S and Cu2+ releasing from CuS. • The FM-Cu-Zn nanofiber dressing can promote macrophage polarization toward a pro-regenerative M2 phenotype without any external intervention. Immunoregulation is one of the important factors in wound healing. Currently, wound dressings with immunoregulation is necessary to overcome the complicated interventions, high-cost treatments and uncontrolled release behaviors. In this study, a novel Cu and Zn loaded nanofiber dressing (FM-Cu-Zn) with immunoregulation and controllable release without external intervention was prepared by electrospinning. The dressing is composed of ZnCl 2 , CuS nano particles, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate (P34HB). Where Zn2+ is the "promoter" of immunotherapeutic activity by reducing the environmental pH to trigger H 2 S and Cu2+ releasing from CuS. Then, H 2 S and Cu2+ can regulate the inflammatory response and accelerate wound healing. The results in vivo indicated the FM-Cu-Zn nanofiber dressing showed better anti-inflammatory and wound healing ability, the wound healing rate was upto 95 % after 11 days treatment by the obtianed dressing, which was much higher compared to control groups. Notably, the dressing can promote macrophage polarization toward a pro-regenerative M2 phenotype without any external intervention. Therefore, the FM-Cu-Zn nanofiber with the immunomodulatory property can serve as a promising dressing in wound healing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triterpenoid saponins (TS) are the main constituents of Eleutherococcus senticosus , also termed as Siberian ginseng or Ciwujia, a widely used herb in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia for its beneficial effects on memory enhancement, tonifying, heart-nourishing, and tranquilizing. Although the stems, rhizomes, and roots are used identically, a preliminary experiment found TS were specifically distributed in stems rather than the underground parts. However, a comprehensive profiling of the TS compounds in E. senticosus stems (ESS) is still absent. In this study, an MS/MS molecular networking (MN)-based precursor ions (PIs) discovery strategy was applied to fast track the TS compounds from ESS extract. A total of 80 TS were tracked and characterized, among which 78 ones were reported for the first time in ESS. Furthermore, the TS-rich fraction (ESS-TS) was prepared by a series of chromatography separation, and was found with significant neuralprotective effects on attenuating Aβ 25–35 -induced neurite atrophy, and promoting the outgrowth of damaged neurite in the Aβ 25–35 -induced primary cortical neuronal damage model. In conclusion, this study highlighted the existence of TS compounds in ESS, a major medicinal parts nowadays adopted as Ciwujia by the Chinese Pharmacopiea and market. In addition, the TS was found with determined roles in the outgrowth of neuritis, and was proposed as crucial constituent when the E. senticosus was used as the therapeutic agents for neural diseases. These results supplies scientific data for the quality control of E. senticosus and the further development of ESS-TS as memory enhancement agents. [Display omitted] • 80 triterpenoid saponins were tracked by an MS/MS molecular networking strategy. • 78 triterpenoid saponins were reported for the first time from E. senticosus stems. • Triterpenoid saponins of E. senticosus protect neurons from Aβ25-35-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myoblast proliferation and differentiation are highly dynamic and regulated processes in skeletal muscle development. Given that proteins serve as the executors for the majority of biological processes, exploring key regulatory factors and mechanisms at the protein level offers substantial opportunities for understanding the skeletal muscle development. In this study, a total of 607 differentially expressed proteins between proliferation and differentiation in myoblasts were screened out using our chicken muscle antibody array. Biological function analysis revealed the importance of energy production processes and compound metabolic processes in myogenesis. Our antibody array specifically identified an upregulation of LDHA during differentiation, which was associated with the energy metabolism. Subsequent investigation demonstrated that LDHA promoted the glycolysis and TCA cycle, thereby enhancing myoblasts differentiation. Mechanistically, LDHA promotes the glycolysis and TCA cycle but inhibits the ETC oxidative phosphorylation through enhancing the NADH cycle, providing the intermediate metabolites that improve the myoblasts differentiation. Additionally, increased glycolytic ATP by LDHA induces Akt phosphorylation and activate the PI3K-Akt pathway, which might also contribute to the promotion of myoblasts differentiation. Our studies not only present a powerful tool for exploring myogenic regulatory factors in chicken muscle, but also identify a novel role for LDHA in modulating myoblast differentiation through its regulation of cellular NAD+ levels and subsequent downstream effects on mitochondrial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venerable trees are precious natural-cum-cultural heritage and an important component of regional biodiversity, with significant social, cultural and ecological values. A thorough understanding of their spatial patterns in relation to environmental factors can foster co-management for conservation and sustainable resource use. The Jianfengling National Forest Park in tropical China is a unique and rare primary tropical forest protected area with exceptionally high biodiversity and a rich endowment of venerable trees. This study evaluated the venerable tree stock regarding botanical makeup and factors shaping spatial patterns. We collected detailed tree data (species, age, dimensions, location, etc.) and environmental variables (elevation, slope and soil). The environmental variations were analyzed concerning tree abundance, species richness and tree age. The results identified 2134 venerable trees from 72 species, 55 genera and 30 families. Lithocarpus fenzelianus dominated with maximum importance value, followed by Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis , Madhuca hainanensis , Altingia obovata and Castanopsis tonkinensis. The top-ranking species were predominantly Fagaceae members. The age pattern demonstrated an inverted J-shape, with mainly 100–299 years trees and a few > 500 years. DBH, tree height, and crown width displayed an approximately normal distribution. Spatial distributions by age tiers were uneven, with more in the northeast part. The altitudinal gradient significantly influenced the spatial patterns of tree abundance and species richness. The unimodal distribution marked tree and species concentration at circa 600 m mid-elevation. The findings have implications for venerable-tree conservation and management in tropical protected areas with similar threatened and remnant-tree status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• V-aerogels can be easily fabricated on a large scale by ion-induced fast gelation. • V-aerogels show excellent thermal insulation and infrared stealth performance. • The V-aerogels demonstrate robust structural stability up to 1300 °C. Low thermal conductivities and high fire resistance are highly desired for the materials used in energy-efficient buildings with high-level safety. Traditional inorganic insulating materials are either fragile or have high thermal conductivities, while organic insulating materials or hybrids with inorganic ones are limited by poor fire resistance and significant volume shrinkage after heating. Herein we report mechanically robust vermiculite aerogels with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.033 W/(m·K), excellent fire resistance, and robust structural stability at high temperatures. The aerogels were assembled from delaminated two-dimensional vermiculite nanosheets via trivalent cations, such as Al3+, Fe3+, and La3+, induced fast gelation. The nanosheet concentration and ion cross-linking play critical roles in forming monolithic and robust aerogels. The vermiculite aerogels can resist a high-temperature flame without disintegration and show almost no volume shrinkage after long-time heat treatment at 700 °C. The excellent robustness and super-insulating performance (0.021 W/(m·K)) remain and even are improved after heating at 900 °C for 1 h. The as-made vermiculite aerogels show low-bulk density, high-porosity, super-insulating performance, excellent fire resistance, and environmental safety, endowing them with great potential as ideal thermal insulators for various applications, such as energy-efficient buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective drugs for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis have not yet been identified. Isovitexin (IVT) is a promising hepatoprotective agent owing to its efficacy against acute liver injury. However, the role of IVT in liver fibrosis has not been reported. To explore the effect of IVT on liver fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. A mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) and two types of hepatic stellate cell models induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were established to evaluate the effect of IVT on hepatic fibrosis. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were used to predict the underlying targets of IVT and were validated by a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Exploration of miRNA and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications was also carried out to detect the key upstream targets of the above targets. IVT reduced collagen deposition and hepatic stellate cell activation to alleviate liver fibrosis. The transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses showed that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (Akt) signaling and the glutathione (GSH) metabolic pathway may be the main regulatory processes of IVT in hepatic fibrosis. Both the in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of IVT on the PTEN – PI3K – Akt – mTOR axis and activation of the GSH metabolic pathway. A miR-21 mimic inhibited the effects of IVT on these two pathways, suggesting that miR-21 is the hub for IVT regulation of PI3K – Akt signaling and the GSH metabolic pathway. IVT also increased pri-miR-21 level and reduced the m6A enrichment of pri-miR-21 , demonstrating that IVT may regulate pri-miR-21 through m6A modification, thereby affecting the maturation of miR-21. This study is the first to propose a protective effect of IVT against liver fibrosis. The mechanism of IVT against hepatic fibrosis is based on the regulation of miR-21 , targeting PTEN–Akt signaling and the GSH metabolic pathway, which is also a novel discovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the development of highly-efficient Pt/CuO-Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 monolithic catalysts for the low-temperature conversion of NO to N 2 via CO-SCR. In this case, ultrathin TiO 2 nanosheet arrays are designed to in situ grow on flexible Ti mesh to provide more spaces/areas for the loading of highly-dispersed Fe 2 O 3 and CuO active components. Furthermore, Pt nanoparticles with an average size of 1.30 nm are effectively decorated on the surface of CuO-Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2. The H 2 -TPR and NO-TPD results demonstrate that the excellent synergistic effect between TiO 2 , CuO, Fe 2 O 3 and trace amounts of Pt is conducive to enhance the adsorption of NO and finally promote the CO-SCR. The obtained Pt/CuO-Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 catalysts exhibit excellent CO-SCR performance with 100 % NO conversion, and 100 % N 2 selectivity at 250 °C, showing great potential of de-NO x application by using toxic CO as reductant in industry. [Display omitted] • Pt/CuO-Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 monolithic catalysts were in-situ grown on a Ti mesh. • Ultrathin TiO 2 nanosheet array facilitates the high loading of Fe 2 O 3 and CuO. • The decorated Pt nanoparticles facilitate the adsorption and reduction of NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates that can be attached to rough, irregular surfaces and directly collect samples is especially useful for the detection of surface organic residues. Herein, novel AuNPs-pseudo-paper films (APPFs) with uniform structure, flexible properties and wicking capabilities were first fabricated and used as SERS substrate for the sensitive detection of surface pesticides residues. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were in situ synthesized on pseudo-paper films (PPFs) by iterative seeding method to create lots of "hot-spots", accordingly exhibiting high SERS activity (SERS enhancement factor of 3.02 × 106). By virtue of polyethylenimine (PEI) grafted onto the dissolved microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), AuCl 4 - and AuNPs can firmly be bonded to the surfaces of PPFs. The prepared APPFs show high reproducibility (relative standard deviation of 6.13%), which is attributed to the uniform surface of the films. The fabricated APPFs SERS substrate allows rapid detection of surface pesticides residues by a facile "swabbing-measure" detection mode avoiding tedious and time-consuming sampling and separation processes. Based on their inherent SERS spectra, thiram, parathion methyl, and malachite green (MG) can be simultaneously detected on apple peel, which demonstrates the potential applicability of this developed protocol for surface organic residues analysis in agriculture and food security. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • APPFs SERS substrate with uniform structure, flexible properties and wicking capabilities was first fabricated. • Polyethyleneimine grafted cellulose was synthesized by a novel approach. • Thiram, parathion methyl, and MG were simultaneously detected on apple peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) represent an attractive choice for stationary energy storage. Its widespread application relies on the development of novel, reliable cathode materials. Herein, we find NASICON structured Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 manifests simultaneous Zn2+/Na+ intercalation/de-intercalation in a single component electrolyte (2.0 M Zn(CF 3 SO 3) 2). The Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 /rGO microspheres prepared by spray drying deliver a high specific capacity of 114 mAh g−1 with an average discharge platform of 1.23 V at 50 mA g−1. Impressively, a high capacity of 74 mAh g−1 can be obtained after 200 cycles at 500 mA g−1. These excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the stable and open NASICON framework, fast ion diffusion, as well as continuous electron transport. This work sheds light on the development of secondary batteries with hybrid ion intercalation/de-intercalation behaviors using a single component electrolyte. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • NVP@rGO manifests Zn2+/Na+ co-intercalation in a single component electrolyte. • NVP@rGO delivers a high capacity of 114 mAh g-1 with a discharge plateau of 1.23 V. • Hybrid-ion intercalation in single electrolyte promotes the development of batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Rhizome cultures is an alternative plant material of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. • Bioactive compound synthesis of rhizomes was obviously improved after elicitation. • Elicitation effect of salicylic acid was better than that of methl jasmonate. • Treatment of 500 μM salicylic acid for 12 days is the most optimal. Abstract Elicitation is an efficient strategy for enhancement of metabolite production during plant cell or organ culture. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are the wildly used abiotic elicitors. To improve the accumulation of the kinsenoside and polysaccharides in rhizome cultures of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl., the present study added SA or MeJA to the culture medium after 30 days of rhizome suspension culture, and the effects of concentration and elicitation time of both elicitors on the kinsensode and polysaccharide accumulation were investigated. SA and MeJA efficiently enhanced contents of the bioactive compounds in concentration- and time-dependent manners. In SA groups, the maximum kinsenoside and polysaccharide contents were determined when rhizomes were treated with 500 μM SA for 12 days; in MeJA groups, kinsenoside and polysaccharide contents reached the highest levels when rhizomes were treated with 550 μM MeJA for 14 days and 16 days, respectively. In addition, the elicitation effects were compared in a large-scale bioreactor system. Kinsenoside and polysaccharide contents were markedly improved by elicitation with SA and MeJA compared with the un-elicited rhizomes and field-grown plants. The SA-treated group produced high kinsenoside (661.4 mg/g DW), which was 1.9-fold more than that from MeJA treatment. No significant difference was found in the polysaccharide content between SA and MeJA treatments. Thus, SA is a promising elicitor to economically improve the industrial production of kinsenoside and polysaccharides during rhizome culture of A. roxburghii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multivariable risk prediction model was developed to predict a patient's risk of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance. • Six independent risk factors for prolonged duration of viral clearance were found. • Estimating these risk factors could promote individual precision therapy and optimizing the use of medical resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of seawater and wastewater by solar-driven interfacial evaporation is a promising way to alleviate water scarcity. However, the high cost, complex fabrication methods, and short service life of the materials limit their practical application. Herein, a novel three-dimensional (3D) photothermal aerogel composited of vermiculite nanosheets and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) precursors have been prepared via freeze-drying and treated by quick pyrolysis for highly efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation. The vermiculite nanosheets exfoliated from natural clay were used as the skeletal support of the composite aerogels, which are cheap and abundant natural materials. The introduced PVA improves the mechanical properties and produces carbon derivatives after pyrolysis, enhancing the light absorption capacity. The as-prepared aerogels have hierarchical porous structures, impressive mechanical properties, great light absorption capacity, and outstanding salt-rejection ability. The optimized aerogel not only exhibits a high evaporation rate of 2.64 kg m−2 h−1 (normalized to top and side surfaces) under 1.0 sun irradiation with excellent cost-effectiveness at 361.64 g h−1 $−1 but also shows superior performance in treating high-salt (15.0 wt%) brine water and organic dye-contained wastewater. The proposed method provides an attractive and effective way to prepare photothermal aerogels for efficient solar steam generation for mitigating water scarcity issues. • 3D clay-based solar evaporators for desalination were made. • Scalable and low-cost PVPA was prepared via a simple and quick pyrolysis strategy. • The as-prepared PVPA shows excellent evaporation performance and reusability. • The PVPA can treat different concentrations of brine and dye-contained wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 2D nonlayered and layered element nanosheets can be produced from bulk crystals. • A general template-free solution strategy was proposed to prepare 2D Se, Te, and Sb. • 2D layered Sb exhibits high capacity and excellent cyclability for K+ storage. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, particularly anisotropic monoelemental semiconductors, have attracted considerable attention for optoelectronic and electronic applications. Herein, a general substrate-free solution process is presented to prepare 2D non-layered selenium (Se)/tellurium (Te) and layered antimony (Sb) from bulk crystals. As a representative anode for K+ storage, the 2D Sb/mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) composite exhibits a high capacity up to 390.1 mAh/g at 50 mA g−1 and ultra-high retention of 98.9 % after 200 cycles, demonstrating that the reduced particle size and expanded interlayer distance effectively shorten the ionic diffusion pathway for fast kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ion–solvent complex tuning strategy was proposed for superior K+ storage performance of Te electrode. Strong oxidation tendency of ion–solvent complex enables fast in-situ construction of amorphous Cu x Te during cycling. And the weak solvation effect contributes to forming a thin SEI with the KF-rich inner layer, enhancing K+ diffusion. Additionally, the weak interaction between ion–solvent complexes and polytellurides inhibits the shuttle effect. This approach could be extended to other alkali metal–chalcogen batteries. [Display omitted] • High oxidation tendency of ion–solvent complex enables fast conversion of Te electrode. • Weak interaction between ion–solvent complex and polytelluride inhibits the shuttle effect. • Weak solvation benefits the formation of a thin SEI with the KF-rich inner layer. Tellurium (Te) has attracted wide interests as the electrode material of potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and good electronic conductivity, but still faces the issues of polytelluride dissolution in electrolyte and the loss of active Te species. Herein, we propose an ion–solvent complex tunning strategy to allow reversible and fast conversion reaction of Te electrode for K+ storage. The electrolyte of potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6) dissolved in dimethoxyethane (DME) enables rapid electrochemically-driven conversion of Te in electrode to in-situ construct amorphous Cu x Te upon cycling, which benefits from strong oxidation tendency of K+–PF 6 −–2DME complex to lose electrons. Moreover, the weak solvation facilitates the formation of a thin solid/electrolyte interphase with the KF-rich inner layer on Te electrode, further enhancing K+ diffusion. In addition, the weak interaction between the potassium polytelluride and K+–PF 6 −–2DME complex largely inhibits the solubility of polytelluride intermediates. Consequently, the Te-based electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 272 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g, excellent rate capability (168 mAh/g at 2.0 A/g), and superior cycling stability. This approach could be extended to other alkali metal–chalcogen batteries (Li–S, Li–Se, Na–S, Na–Se, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is the primary driving force for regional social economic development, and China’s government is likely to continue promoting urbanization in the Midwestern part of the country. Yet, urbanization in this region has seriously damaged the fragile ecological environment. To explore the urbanization-induced ecological pressure in Midwestern China, the traditional ecological footprint (EF) model was improved in this study and the concept of “local EF” was proposed. By applying the improved model, the eco-environmental pressure from the process of urbanization in Midwestern China from 2005 to 2020 was estimated. The results showed that from 2005 to 2014, the urbanization in Midwestern China had gradually increased the eco-pressure, and it is predicted to continue to increase till 2020. The central region has the greatest eco-pressure. Because it is China’s major grain production area and a large number of urban agglomerations have formed here. The eco-pressure in the west was relatively low. However, because this region is a major energy and chemical industry base of China, this eco-pressure cannot be underestimated. In the future, technological innovations will reduce the ecological impact in Midwestern China. But the promotion of higher living standards and consumption induced by urbanization would continue to exert tremendous pressure on the eco-environment. Therefore, the local government should strive to incentivize the return of its elite talent to their hometowns. The local government also need to build a green industrial chain to promote industrial upgrading and greening in Midwestern China. Doing so would help reduce the pressure on the fragile eco-environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new transition metal fluorosulfates NH 4 MSO 4 F (M = Mn, 1 ; Fe, 2 ; Co, 3 ; Ni, 4 ) were solvothermally synthesized in the solvent of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) with HF as the mineralization agent. The X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses revealed that 1 – 4 are isomorphous, and possess a three-dimensional framework with the same structural topology as the known nonlinear optical material KTiOPO 4 (KTP). The four compounds were constructed from MO 4 F 2 octahedra and SO 4 tetrahedra to form two kinds of intersecting 6-membered ring channels along the a and c axes, respectively. Within the channels locate the NH 4 + cations from the decomposition of DMA molecules. All the compounds are thermally stable up to 330 °C. The magnetic studies of 1 – 4 revealed the antiferromagnetic interaction behaviors in the range of 1.8–300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PtCo bimetallic overlayers supported on bare and graphene covered ZnO(0001) substrates have been successfully prepared and used to investigate the effect of graphene interlayer on the arrangement and the redox behaviour of PtCo. We found that Co is readily oxidized at the PtCo/ZnO interface during annealing in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and low pressure O 2 atmosphere, while after inserting a layer of graphene in-between, the oxidation of Co is restricted. In addition, the reduction of Co oxides by H 2 is more pronounced when PtCo is supported on graphene covered ZnO. Apart from the cobalt oxidation state, graphene insertion at the interface also influences the PtCo arrangement by favouring their intermixing. Raman spectra show that low intensity defects are introduced into graphene layer after the deposition of PtCo and are enhanced by high temperature annealing. This study highlights the prospect of using graphene to tune the interaction between alloys and oxide supports which finds potential applications in catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-rich shale deposited in a marine-continental transitional facies was well developed in the upper Yangtze area during the Late Permian. It is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This paper takes the Upper Permian Longtan shale in the central Guizhou uplift as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the geochemical characteristics of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Longtan shale has fair to good hydrocarbon potential with high total organic carbon (TOC) and contains type III gas-prone organic matter. Its high thermal maturity favors the generation of gas (Ro, 1.10%–2.74%). XRD analyses show that the mineral components of the transitional shale are dominated by high clay content (58.7 wt%). The clay minerals are dominated by illite (44%) and mixed illite/smectite (43%). SEM observation shows that intra-particle pores, inter-particle pores and microfracture were well developed in the Longtan shale, which can provide reservoir space for the accumulation of shale gas. Organic matter pores appear rare due to its organic type. In summary, the Longtan shale has high organic content, high maturation, and high gas content, all of which demonstrate its great potential as a shale-gas resource. But the high clay content of the Longtan shale may be a challenge to shale-gas production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The flow behavior and thermal performance of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel flows in CM and AM mini-channel were investigated. • AM surface rough topography can inhibit the thermal accelerated effect. • Augmentation of Nusselt number did not increase proportionally with the augmentation of friction factor for AM mini-channel. • Correlations are proposed for Nusselt number for AM and CM mini-channel. As additive manufacturing (AM) technology has advanced, an increasing number of aero-engine cooling components are being fabricated by metal AM. However, the effects of the inherent rough surface morphology from using AM technology on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the cooling channel are unclear. Therefore, this experimental investigation compared the flow behavior and thermal performance of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel between horizontal AM (Rz = 43.1 µm) and conventionally mechanically manufactured (CM) (Rz = 11.7 µm) mini-channels. The effects of system pressure (p), Reynolds number at the inlet (R e in), and heat flux rate (q) on the flow and heat transfer performance were evaluated. The findings indicate that heat transfer is significantly enhanced in the AM mini-channel compared to the CM channel. The thermal acceleration effect is inhibited in the AM channel owing to the rough topography. The non-dimensional roughness threshold of AM hydraulic rough channel is or lower than 2.2%. N u AM increased by approximately 16, but N u CM increased by 5 when the heat flow rate increased from 166 to 273 KW/m2. Furthermore, h AM increased by approximately 4 KW/(m2-k), but h CM only increased by approximately 2 KW/(m2-k) when the R e in increased from 6100 to 15,000. Moreover, both N u AM and N u CM decrease with increasing system pressure. Finally, the correlations between N u AM and N u CM for supercritical hydrocarbon fuel was proposed to support future research and design of aero-engine complex cooling structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 70 ellagitannins were characterized by a MS/MS molecular networking strategy. • Oligomeric ellagitannins were profiled for the first time in Melastoma dodecandrum. • Ellagitannins of Melastoma dodecandrum improved memory impairment of AD model mice. Ellagitannins (ETs) are a major classification of natural tannins, with relatively large and complex structures. ETs from medicinal plants are focused increasingly due to urolithins, a kind of intestinal metabolite of ETs, which showed promising anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects. Melastoma dodecandrum (MD), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine is rich in ETs, but their chemistry and potential neuroprotective effects have not been investigated. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of ETs in the crude extract of MD and to investigate their neuroprotective effects in vivo. UPLC-QTOF-MS-based molecular networking (MN) and structural characterization were applied to targeted profiling of the MD-ETs. Animal behavior experiments, including the novel object recognition test (NOR), open field test (OFT), and Morris water maze test (MWM), were conducted to assess the memory improvement effects of MD-ETs in AD model mice. A total of 70 ETs, ranging from monomers to tetramers, were tracked and characterized in the MD extract using MN-guided targeted profiling, with 59 of them reported for the first time in this species. MD-ETs significantly improved memory impairment in AD mice, as indicated by decreased escape latency, increased number of crossings and target quadrant distance in MWM, increased rearing number in OFT, and increased preference index in NOR. This study systematically characterized the composition and structural features of ETs in MD using targeted LC-MS profiling, expanding the chemical information of ETs in MD. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that MD-ETs have significant effects on improving impaired memory in AD mice, suggesting their potential as alternative natural medicines for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Relax the exponent of the partial dissipation to go below 1. • Extend the anisotropic inequalities to the fractional version. • A key inequality (2.10) is introduced. The stability problem of Navier–Stokes equations (N–S equations) with fractional dissipation is one of the new areas in Mathematical research. The generalized N–S equations are the equations resulting from replacing − Δ in the N–S equations by (− Δ) α. It has previously been shown that any classical solution of the d -dimensional generalized N–S equations with α ≥ 1 2 + d 4 is always global in time. This paper considers the stability problem on the 3D N–S equations with only fractional horizontal dissipation (− Δ h) α , where Δ h : = ∂ x 1 2 + ∂ x 2 2. We show that, for any α ∈ (1 2 , 1 ] , the solution corresponding to any sufficiently small initial data in H 3 (R 3) is always global in time and stable in H 3 (R 3). There are many important results on the case when α = 1. Our result relaxes this requirement and allows α to go below 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the severe volume changes of transition metal chalcogenides that results in inferior cycling performance, herein, a unique yolk-shell microsphere composed of mesoporous cobalt sulfide yolk and alveolus-like carbon shell (M-CoS@C) is constructed. The mesoporous CoS yolks possess large surface area (46.3 m 2 g −1 ) accompanied with the interconnected mesoporous structure, which provide a large contact area to facilitate the permeation of the electrolyte and shorten the ion diffusion path. The alveolus-like carbon shells provide enough void spaces and highly self-adaptive structure to ensure the high stability of the electrode. Owing to the multifunctionality of this unique structure, the M-CoS@C electrode shows impressive cycling stability (790 mA h g −1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g −1 for Li-storage, 532 mA h g −1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 for Na-storage) and excellent rate capability (330 mA h g −1 at 20 A g −1 for Li-storage, 190 mA h g −1 at 20 A g −1 for Na-storage). This unique mesoporous yolks@alveolus-like carbon shell structure and the self-sacrificing synthesis method present the effective strategies to promote the utilization of transition metal chalcogenides for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel modeling approach together with a use of group sequential study design for a complicated triple fixed-dose combination was attempted. Probability of success (POS) was used for determining a weighted average power, where weight was based on available information such as data from previous pilot studies or literature. A simulation study was conducted that resulted in the development of the necessary sample size for the studies in addition to identifying a decision algorithm that was prospectively defined in the protocols. Prospective inclusion of decision algorithms in the respective protocols facilitated a decision analytic approach to continuance or discontinuance of the product concept. Whereas the data suggested going to stage 2 was appropriate, the overall POS of meeting the equivalence requirements upon completion of the study were very low, leading to termination of the selected formulation concepts. The use of such novel designs for bioequivalence assessment can be applied for staged investments, particularly when there is uncertainty in formulation POS or when the pilot-scale pharmacokinetic studies are not likely to predict the final-scale pivotal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly formed ectopic hair-cell-like cells (EHCLCs) induced by overexpression of atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1) in vitro were found to possess features of endogenous hair cells (HCs) in previous reports and in the present study. However, limited information is available regarding whether EHCLCs and native spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) form afferent synapses, which are important for the restoration of hearing. In the current study, we focused on the afferent synaptogenesis between EHCLCs and SGN-derived dendrites. Cochlear explants of auditory epithelia with native SGNs retained were cultured in vitro , and human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors encoding Atoh1 were used to overexpress Atoh1 and induce EHCLCs. We observed that the neurites of the original SGNs extended toward the lesser epithelial ridge (LER) and innervated the EHCLCs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the expression of presynaptic ribbon C-terminal-binding protein 2 (CtBP2) and postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-95 in the nerve endings of SGN-derived neurons adjacent to EHCLCs. PSD-95 was located directly opposite CtBP2-positive puncta in the terminals of branches of SGNs, demonstrating that the neurites of SGNs formed afferent-like synaptic connections with EHCLCs. However, the expression of glutamate receptor type 2 (GluR2) could not be detected in the terminals of branches of SGNs surrounding EHCLCs. In addition, we found that the presynaptic ribbon (CtBP2) formation in EHCLCs preceded neural innervation. Furthermore, CtBP2-positive puncta increased and then decreased in EHCLCs, similar to the changes observed in endogenous HCs in terms of their number and distribution. Our finding of the generation of cochlear afferent synapses between EHCLCs and original SGNs will lay the foundation for regenerative approaches to restoring hearing after hair cell loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective approach for fabricating core-shell-satellite magnetic microspheres was developed to form a sub-10 nm positively charged mesoporous silica (mSiO 2 ) interlayer, which was applied to enrich samples and create sufficient hotspots between the inner Fe 3 O 4 @Ag core and outer assembled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) satellites. Based on the prepared Fe 3 O 4 @Ag/mSiO 2 /AuNPs (FASA) as SERS substrates, a sensitive and label-free detection of methotrexate in serum was successfully realized. The positively charged mSiO 2 interlayer exhibited strong capability in enriching methotrexate through the electrostatic interaction. The intraparticle plasmonic coupling between the inner Ag shell and the outside AuNPs satellites, and magnetism-induced aggregation greatly enhanced the SERS activity of methotrexate. The diluted serum containing different concentrations of methotrexate was employed as real samples and the minimum detected concentration of methotrexate was as low as 1 nM with a linear response range from 1 to 200 nM. This sensitive and label-free SERS detection of methotrexate based on FASA offers great potential for practical applications in medicine and biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed evolution has been proved an effective way to improve the stability of proteins, but high throughput screening assays for directed evolution with simultaneous improvement of two or more properties are still rare. In this study, we aimed to establish a membrane-blot assay for use in the high-throughput screening of Rhizomucor miehei lipases (RMLs). With the assistance of the membrane-blot screening assay, a mutant E47K named G10 that showed improved thermal stability was detected in the first round of error-prone PCR. Using G10 as the parent, two variants G10-11 and G10-20 that showed improved thermal stability and methanol tolerance without loss of activity compared to the wild type RML were obtained. The T 50 60 -value of G10-11 and G10-20 increased by 12 °C and 6.5 °C, respectively. After incubation for 1 h, the remaining residual activity of G10-11 and G10-20 was 63.45% and 74.33%, respectively, in 50% methanol, and 15.98% and 30.22%, respectively, in 80% methanol. Thus, we successfully developed a membrane-blot assay that could be used for the high-throughput screening of RMLs with improved thermostability and methanol tolerance. Based on our findings, we believe that our newly developed membrane-blot assay will have potential applications in directed evolution in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of cathodes with both high capacity and excellent cycling stability is a great challenge in the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for energy storage systems. Here, we exploited a novel potassium-ion-intercalated layered iron/manganese-based material (K 0.7 Fe 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 ). On the basis of advanced in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis, we confirm that K 0.7 Fe 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 can provide highly reversible layer spacing variations and an ultra-stable skeleton structure during the sodiation/desodiation processes. As a result, K 0.7 Fe 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 displays superior performance, with both high capacity and superior cycling stability, as a cathode for SIBs. A high discharge capacity of 181 mAh g −1 is achieved at 100 mA g −1 . Remarkably, even when cycled at high rate of 1000 mA g −1 , 85% of the initial discharge capacity is maintained after 1000 cycles. These results indicate that K 0.7 Fe 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 is a promising candidate for high-capacity and long-life SIBs. Additionally, this work will provide a unique insight into the development of high-performance cathodes for energy storages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A data-based Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, Geant4-GENBOD, was developed by coupling the n-body Monte-Carlo event generator to the Geant4 toolkit, aiming at accurate simulations of specific photonuclear reactions for diverse photonuclear physics studies. Good comparisons of Geant4-GENBOD calculations with reported measurements of photo-neutron production cross-sections and yields, and with reported energy spectra of the 6 Li(n,α) t reaction were performed. Good agreements between the calculations and experimental data were found and the validation of the developed program was verified consequently. Furthermore, simulations for the 92 Mo(γ,p) reaction of astrophysics relevance and photo-neutron production of 99 Mo/ 99m Tc and 225 Ra/ 225 Ac radioisotopes were investigated, which demonstrate the applicability of this program. We conclude that the Geant4-GENBOD is a reliable tool for study of the emerging experiment programs at high-intensity γ-beam laboratories, such as the Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics facility and the High Intensity Gamma-Ray Source at Duke University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop a hybrid emergency decision-making (EDM) method by combining best–worst method (BWM), multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) and prospect theory (PT) in trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy rough (TrIT2FR) environment. In this hybrid method, the decision information is represented by trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy rough numbers (TrIT2FRNs). Firstly, this paper defines the TrIT2FRN and analyzes its desirable properties. Then, the TrIT2FR-BWM is developed to determine criteria weights. To develop the TrIT2FR-BWM , this paper completes the following three core issues: (i) propose an effective theorem to normalize the TrIT2FR weights; (ii) build a crisp programming model to transform the minmax objective of weight-determining model for the TrIT2FR-BWM ; (iii) design a consistency ratio for the TrIT2FR-BWM to check the reliability of the determined criteria weights. Afterwards, this paper extends the classical MABAC into TrIT2FR environment to calculate the border approximation area (BAA). Subsequently, the PT is used to rank the alternatives, in which the calculated BAA is selected as the reference point. Lastly, the validity of the proposed method is certificated with a real site selection case of makeshift hospitals on COVID-19. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analyses are conducted to illustrate the robustness and superiorities of the proposed method. Some valuable results are summarized as follows: (i) the best alternative determined by the proposed method conforms with the actual selection result, (ii) the proposed models in the TrIT2FR-BWM have strong robustness, (iii) PT is helpful to improve the decision quality of EDM. • Define the TrIT2FRN and analyzes its desirable properties. • The TrIT2FR-BWM is developed to determine criteria weights. • Extend the classical MABAC into TrIT2FR environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The M-V 2 O 5 -YS microsphere synthesized as an electrocatalyst for Li-S batteries. • The M-V 2 O 5 -YS exhibit strong chemisorption and catalytic conversion activity. • The doped ions enrich the active sites for the adsorption-catalysis of sulfur species. • The batteries exhibit a high initial specific capacity and excellent rate capacity. • The batteries show high-performance even at low E/S ratio and high sulfur loading. An ideal electrocatalyst for sulfur redox reactions (SRRs) should afford an exception catalysis upon the conversion between different sulfur compounds during both discharge and charge processes. Herein, we report transition-metal (M = Fe, Co, Ni) doped V 2 O 5 yolk-shell microspheres (M-V 2 O 5 -YS) as a bidirectional catalytic host of sulfur. After doping, the M-V 2 O 5 -YS samples show abundant lattice defects and improved conductivity. Moreover, the doped metal ions enrich the active sites for the adsorption-catalysis of sulfur species. Kinetics tests results demonstrate the role of bidirectional catalyst for M-V 2 O 5 -YS hosts in speeding up the kinetics of the reduction of LiPSs, as well as the re-oxidation of the deposited Li 2 S. In particular, the S/Co-V 2 O 5 -YS composite shows an outstanding initial discharge capacity up to 1168.1 mAh/g at 0.3 C, rate capability (693.7 mAh/g at 5 C) and cycle stability. Even at low E/S ratio (6 μL mg−1) and high sulfur loading (4.9 mg cm−2), S/Co-V 2 O 5 -YS composite still harvest excellent capacity and satisfactory cycle stability. Therefore, this study displays an effective and feasible method to explore bidirectional catalytic materials to activate SRRs for high performance Li-S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]