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Abstract: An ever-increasing demand for high-performance parts calls for locally adapted material properties. This can be achieved by joining several materials into one part featuring common functional surfaces which have to be machined afterwards. These compounds provoke different material removal mechanisms which influence tool wear, cutting forces and surface properties. To introduce adapted parameters, in-process identification of the machined material is needed. Acoustic emission signals are used in grinding of steel/ceramic compounds to identify the machined material in-process. Unconditioned signals are recorded and by comparing material specific frequency ranges, the ground material is identified independently of the chosen cutting conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

River restoration practice frequently employs conservative designs that create and maintain prescribed, static morphology. Such approaches ignore an emerging understanding of resilient river systems that typically adjust their morphology in response to hydrologic, vegetative and sediment supply changes. As such, using increased dynamism as a restoration design objective will arguably yield more diverse and productive habitats, better managed expectations, and more self-sustaining outcomes. Here, we answer the following question: does restoring lateral migration in a channelised river that was once a wandering gravel-bed river, result in more diverse in-channel geomorphology? We acquired pre- and post-restoration topographic surveys on a segment of the Allt Lorgy, Scotland to quantify morphodynamics and systematically map geomorphic units, using Geomorphic Unit Tool (GUT) software. GUT implements topographic definitions to discriminate between a taxonomy of fluvial landforms that have been developed from an extension of the River Styles framework, using 3-tiered hierarchy: (1) differentiation based on stage or elevation relative to channel; (2) classification of form based on shape (mound, bowl, trough, saddle, plane, wall); and (3) mapping geomorphic units based on attributes (e.g., position and orientation). Results showed restoration increased geomorphic unit diversity, with the Shannon Diversity Index increasing from 1.40 pre-restoration (2012) to 2.04 (2014) and 2.05 (2016) after restoration. Channel widening, due to bank erosion, caused aerial coverage of in-channel geomorphic units to increase 23% after restoration and 6% further in the two-years following restoration. Once bank protection was removed, allowing bank erosion yieled a local supply of sediment to enable the formation and maintenance of lateral and point bars, riffles and diagonal bar complexes, and instream wood created structurally-forced pools and riffles. The methodology used systematically quantifies how geomorphic unit diversity increases when a river is given back its freedom space. The framework allows for testing restoration design hypotheses in post-project appraisal. Unlabelled Image • Does restoring lateral migration in a channelised gravel-bed river result in more diverse in-channel geomorphology? • Geomorphic Unit Tool (GUT) applied for consistent repeat geomorphic unit mapping. • The absent mechanism of bank erosion returned following removal of stop-banks and bank protection. • Bank erosion produced the accommodation space and provided the local sediment supply to build better habitat. • Geomorphic unit diversity increased after constraints to lateral erosion were removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]