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Short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) and medium-chained chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are two of the main groups currently used to classify chlorinated paraffins (CPs). Since only SCCPs have been restricted by the Stockholm Convention, a robust but selective analysis with comparable results especially for SCCPs, but also for all other CPs is needed to ensure official controls to enforce future resulting food legislation. Failing that, expansion of the legislation towards total CP or to include MCCPs and other main groups needs to be considered. A survey taken amongst official and private laboratories in the EU and beyond revealed a large variety of methods currently in use or in planning stages for CP analysis. In June 2017, spiked samples of coconut fat were sent to 27 registered participants from 18 countries for an interlaboratory study. In July 2018, lard samples spiked with CPs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were sent to 13 registered participants from 11 countries. In both cases, more than 55% of participants had a satisfactory overall performance (AZ2<3, σ = 25%). The greatest challenge seemed to be correct quantification of SCCP and MCCP mixtures, hinting at future problems with the through biodegradation much more complex food samples. Of the wide variety of methods being used, GC-MS based methods were favoured. Both HRMS and LRMS methods were able to perform satisfactorily. Identified influencing factors included choice of instrument, choice of standards and data processing strategy. These factors need to be further investigated in future interlaboratory studies. Image 1 • First interlaboratory study scheme on CPs in food matrices. • Method survey shows effectivity of quantification and instruments. • More than 55% overall satisfactory participation. • Problems with mixtures of SCCPs and MCCPs were observed for all methods. • High- and low-resolution instrumentation was represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of persistent contaminants present throughout the aquatic food web. In this study 122 farmed and 11 wild salmon samples were collected over the course of four years (2014–2017). The ratio of short-chain CP and medium-chain CP and the corresponding homologue patterns were determined by means of gas chromatography (GC) with high resolution, accurate mass Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) technology. Characteristic patterns were observed, enabling differentiation between European and non-European (Chilean) samples. Concentration ranges of short-chain CPs (0.97–170 ng/g ww) and medium-chain CPs (1.1–79 ng/g ww) were similarly widespread over three orders of magnitude. Yet, both the mean and median concentrations of MCCPs were usually higher than those of the SCCP. CP levels were generally higher than those of marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs). An age- and gender-dependent estimated intake range of 4.6–35 ng/kg bw/week for short and medium-chain CPs via the consumption of salmon was calculated for adults in Germany. Image 1 • 133 salmon samples (2014–2017, German market) were analysed on chloroparaffins (CPs). • CP homologue patterns showed clear differences between sample origins. • CP levels were higher than those of marker PCBs and HBCDDs. • SCCP and MCCP levels indicated shift towards MCCPs in Europe. • The weekly CP intake for German adults via salmon consumption was estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infant formula and baby cereal are products specifically intended for a vulnerable consumer group and should therefore be strictly controlled. In this study, we analysed 21 infant formula and 10 instant baby cereal samples for the presence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and estimated dietary exposure to these compounds. Results covered short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, globally restricted as persistent organic pollutants in 2017) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, currently used in high quantities). Of the 21 infant formula and 10 instant baby cereal samples, 45% of SCCP results and 94% of MCCP results were below the limit of quantification. Most positive detections were in the range of 25–100 ng/g lipids CPs, and only three samples contained SCCPs at >100 ng/g lipids. The SCCP homologue patterns were shifted to shorter chain lengths (C 10 usually predominant) which indicated that CPs were partly removed compared to the normal pattern in food items. Calculated daily exposures for infant formula for 3-month-olds ranged from 97 to 360 ng/kg bw/day for SCCPs using the upper bound approach. The SCCP exposure was lower than data from European pooled human milk samples by a factor of two. • 45% of ΣSCCP and 94% of ΣMCCP results in infant formula or baby cereal were