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A series of probe measurements of low-temperature plasma parameters ahead of the front of the incident shock wave was carried out using a double-diaphragm shock tube DDST-M of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University. Such investigations are needed for determining the electron concentration in front of the shock wave. This characteristic is important for the safety of the spacecraft flight since it's directly affects to communication problems during the descent and is necessary for adequate description of kinetic processes behind the shock wave. Nitrogen, oxygen, air, and argon were used as working gases. The results obtained make it possible to describe the processes of the photoelectric effect and photoionization of gas particles due to the hard radiation of a shock-heated medium, to evaluate the effect of these processes on the change in the probe potential, and to measure the electron concentration. The probe measurements were synchronized with the registration of the light flux, which was carried out using an avalanche photodiode and a 9-frame video camera located at the end of the shock tube. Data from the camera and piezoelectric sensors record the dynamics of the opening of the diaphragm, as well as the process of formation of a shock wave in the gas under study. • Electron emission due to the photoelectric effect. • Photoionization of the gas ahead of the shock front. • Estimation of electron concentration from the probe measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of flight safety of high-speed aircrafts is primarily related to the reliability of engines, which, in turn, depends on the correct understanding of the processes of ignition and combustion of fuel in the combustion chambers of engines during their design. In this work, a new method for registration the ignition of shock heated gaseous fuels using a thermoelectric detector is proposed. The detector well measures the ignition delay time of fuels in the microsecond range, which is characteristic of detonation processes in the combustion chambers of promising aircraft engines operating on detonation combustion. The efficiency of the detector is demonstrated by the ignition of a propane-air mixture behind a reflected shock wave as an example. During the experiments, the thermoelectric detector showed such properties as the ability to register high heat flux values, low inertia, high signal-to-noise ratio, and high temporal resolution. The data obtained are compared with the measurement data of the ignition delay time by optical and piezoelectric methods obtained in this work, as well as in the studies of other authors. • Clarification the ignition delay time of fuels in microseconds and less. • Application of thermoelectric detector under conditions of high pressure and temperature. • New data about heat fluxes during self-ignition and combustion of shock heated gaseous fuels. • High heat flux value registration with low inertia, high signal-to-noise ratio, and high temporal resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern emotional companion robots can support multimodal communicative interaction with humans using speech, gestures, and facial expressions. This paper researches the potential of a social robot in the educational process: in a situation of learning a foreign language vocabulary. We have compared a classic text interface for word-learning with a companion robot, orally supporting the learning process of students (43 people, 34 women, average age 22.5years). It was shown that selection of one of the two methods does not affect the efficiency of word memorization, however, most of the students appreciate the robot as an assistant and indicate is as a preferable, or one of the possible learning tools in their future studies. The obtained results open up further prospects for using emotional companion robots in the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual basis of psychopathology within cancer survivorship is critical, as the chosen conceptualisation informs assessment and explanatory models, as well as interventions and supportive care approaches. The validity of a chosen conceptualisation of psychopathology is therefore paramount for ensuring cancer survivors receive high-quality and efficacious care and support that can be iteratively improved via coordinated research efforts. In this paper, we discuss the traditional diagnostic approach to conceptualising psychopathology within cancer care, including the diagnostic system the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (DSM) [1], and the significant issues it presents within cancer survivorship. We detail and discuss how an alternate conceptualisation of psychopathology may enhance both research and practice within psycho-oncology. We ultimately pose, and provide our perspective, on the question "Is it Time to Discard the DSM in Psycho-Oncology?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local heterogeneities can have significant effects on the performance of anti-corrosion coatings. Even small features can act as initiation points for damage and result in corrosion of the substrate material. Analysis methods with high spatial resolution and the ability to collect information relevant to crosslinking and degradation behavior of these coatings are therefore highly relevant. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of nanomechanical AFM measurements and nano-FTIR in investigating the nanoscale mechanical and chemical properties of two polyester coil coating clearcoats before and after weathering. On the nanoscale, weathering led to a stiffer and less deformable coating with less variation in the nanomechanical properties. Chemical degradation was quantified using changes in band ratios in the IR-spectra. Macro and nano-scale measurements showed similar trends with the latter measurements showing larger heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the described analysis techniques and will pave the way for future studies of local properties in other coating systems and formulations. [Display omitted] • Two simplified coil coating systems underwent accelerated weathering. • Chemical and mechanical properties were measured with nanoscale spatial resolution. • Over small areas, weathering resulted in stiffening and higher homogeneity. • Chemical degradation was as severe on both the nano- and macroscale. • Variation in chemical degradation was considerably larger on the nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents correction for results included in the paper "Talbot wavefront sensor measurement possibilities under Gaussian illumination" by Kotov et al. (2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of schizophrenia, operationalized in diagnostic manuals, faces existential challenges of low reliability, arbitrary boundaries, overlap with other disorders, and heterogeneity. The Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP) was developed to address these challenges. It conceptualizes psychotic disorders as continuous with normality. To alleviate heterogeneity, psychotic disorders are decomposed into 14 tightly-knit symptom and trait dimensions. These narrow dimensions form two broader spectra-psychoticism (e.g., positive symptoms, peculiarity, fantasy-proneness) and detachment (e.g., negative symptoms, emotional detachment, romantic disinterest)-that comprise the psychosis superspectrum. The full HiTOP model includes four other spectra that can be useful in a comprehensive evaluation. This model is undergoing rigorous validation. It has shown greater reliability, explanatory power, and prognostic value than schizophrenia diagnosis. The HiTOP approach produced promising evidence of clinical utility in surveys of clinicians. The HiTOP reconceptualization of schizophrenia suggests four major implications. First, schizophrenia spans two spectra, and therefore detachment is important to study including in people who have never been psychotic. Second, large population-based studies with comprehensive profiling of psychopathology can address shortcomings of case-control design. Third, elevations on psychoticism and detachment dimensions early in life offer opportunities for prevention. Fourth, actionable ranges can be identified on dimensions to guide specific clinical decisions. The elaborate HiTOP model may be unnecessary in acute treatment settings, but it can benefit prevention, long-term management, and research. The categorical schizophrenia concept offers valuable continuity and can be used in parallel with HiTOP, but we predict that eventually the dimensional approach will make this category obsolete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the categorical properties of Z -graded manifolds. We start by describing the local model paying special attention to the differences in comparison to the N -graded case. In particular we explain the origin of formality for the functional space and spell-out the structure of the power series. Then we make this construction intrinsic using a new type of filtrations. This sums up to proper definitions of objects and morphisms in the category. We also formulate the analog of the Borel's lemma for the functional spaces on Z -graded manifolds and the analogue of Batchelor's theorem for the global structure of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companion robots should perceive speech, recognize objects in the real world, and further react with speech utterances and nonverbal communicative cues. Robots should also remember the interaction history and accumulate knowledge from external text sources: news, blogs, and e-mails. We have designed a conceptual representation system for a companion robot, able to support this list of interactive tasks. The system includes a speech processing component and operates with semantic representations: sets of semantic markers, assigned to valencies within sentence predications. The reaction support system inherits a classic production architecture and consists of scripts, sensitive to rational or emotional stimuli. The general architecture is based on parallel processing of scripts, it may trigger several behavioral reactions in response to a stimulus, and after that it combines speech output and nonverbal reactions of these scripts on the robot, thus, constructing compound and rich behavior. Semantic representations and scripts are also used to index incoming utterances in a memory base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The crystal structure of the new iodobismuthate (PyPy) 2 (PyPyH) 2 Bi 6 I 26 was found to consist of unusual hexanuclear [Bi 6 I 26 ]6− anions containing the linear I 4 2− unit, and the experimental Bi–I bond lengths in this anion were used to obtain the relationship between bond length and bond energy. A statistical analysis of 229 crystal structures of iodobismuthates, based on the quantum chemically estimated strength of Bi–I bonds, revealed that the total energy of the Bi3+ polyhedron remains virtually constant at 64 ± 2 kcal mol−1, regardless of its geometry within this family of materials. Thus, the polyhedron geometry flexibly adapts to the relatively weak interactions between iodobismuthate anions and embedded cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional face perception (EFP) deficits have been identified as a significant feature of psychotic disorders and are associated with symptoms and real-world functioning in these disorders. The amygdala is frequently implicated in EFP and bears extensive structural connectivity with other brain regions supporting EFP. Amygdala functional connectivity during attentional control of implicitly processed emotional faces in psychotic disorders is well examined. However, it is unclear whether amygdala functional connectivity while explicitly processing emotional faces contributes to EFP deficits in psychotic disorders. Further, it is unclear whether these connectivity differences are associated with symptoms or functioning and if these relationships are transdiagnostic across psychotic disorders. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and seed-based functional connectivity analyses to examine connectivity of amygdala to other regions of the face processing network during an EFP task. The sample consisted of 55 cases with psychotic disorders and 29 participants with no history of psychosis (NP). Results indicated that, compared to NP, cases showed worse accuracy, greater inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation, and greater amygdala-insula connectivity while matching emotional and neutral faces. Additionally, worse accuracy, greater IFG activation, greater amygdala-insula and amygdala-IFG connectivity during emotional vs. neutral faces was associated with worse negative symptoms and greater deficits in social and global functioning in cases. Importantly, these relationships transcended diagnostic categories, and applied across psychotic disorders. The present study presents compelling evidence relating alterations in amygdala functional connectivity during explicit EFP with clinical and functioning deficits seen across psychotic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les lacunes des classifications de la psychopathologie fondées sur des consensus d'experts ont conduit à de nombreuses tentatives actuelles pour classer la psychopathologie de manière quantitative. Dans cet article, nous passons en revue les progrès accomplis dans la réalisation d'une classification quantitative et empirique de la psychopathologie. Une littérature empirique substantielle montre que la psychopathologie est généralement plus dimensionnelle que catégorielle. Et lorsque la distinction entre une psychopathologie discrète et une psychopathologie continue est traitée comme une question de recherche, par opposition à une distinction basée sur un argument d'autorité, alors les preuves scientifiques soutiennent clairement l'hypothèse d'une psychopathologie continue. En outre, un corpus de littérature connexe montre comment les dimensions de la psychopathologie peuvent être organisées selon une hiérarchie qui va de dimensions très larges d'un niveau de type « spectre » à des groupes spécifiques et étroits de symptômes. De cette manière, une approche quantitative résout le « problème de la comorbidité » en modélisant explicitement la cooccurrence entre les signes et les symptômes au sein d'une hiérarchie détaillée et variée, maniant des concepts dimensionnels qui ont une utilité clinique directe. De nombreuses preuves concernant la structure dimensionnelle et hiérarchique de la psychopathologie ont conduit à la formation du consortium Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP, taxonomie hiérarchique de la psychopathologie). Il s'agit d'un groupe de 70 chercheurs travaillant ensemble pour étudier la classification empirique de la psychopathologie. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les objectifs et les axes de recherches actuels du consortium HiTOP. Ces objectifs concernent la poursuite des recherches sur l'organisation empirique de la psychopathologie ; le lien entre la personnalité et la psychopathologie ; l'utilité des construits empiriques de la psychopathologie, à la fois pour la recherche et pour la clinique ; et enfin, le développement de nouveaux modèles exhaustifs et d'instruments d'évaluation correspondant aux construits psychopathologiques dérivés d'une approche empirique. Shortcomings of approaches to classifying psychopathology based on expert consensus have given rise to contemporary efforts to classify psychopathology quantitatively. In this paper, we review progress in achieving a quantitative and empirical classification of psychopathology. A substantial empirical literature indicates that psychopathology is generally more dimensional than categorical. When the discreteness versus continuity of psychopathology is treated as a research question, as opposed to being decided as a matter of tradition, the evidence clearly supports the hypothesis of continuity. In addition, a related body of literature shows how psychopathology dimensions can be arranged in a hierarchy, ranging from very broad "spectrum level" dimensions, to specific and narrow clusters of symptoms. In this way, a quantitative approach solves the "problem of comorbidity" by explicitly modeling patterns of co-occurrence among signs and symptoms within a detailed and variegated hierarchy of dimensional concepts with direct clinical utility. Indeed, extensive evidence pertaining to the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology has led to the formation of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) Consortium. This is a group of 70 investigators working together to study empirical classification of psychopathology. In this paper, we describe the aims and current foci of the HiTOP Consortium. These aims pertain to continued research on the empirical organization of psychopathology; the connection between personality and psychopathology; the utility of empirically based psychopathology constructs in both research and the clinic; and the development of novel and comprehensive models and corresponding assessment instruments for psychopathology constructs derived from an empirical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New hybrid bromobismuthates of 1,1'-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(n-methylpyridin-1-ium) 1 (n = 4) and 2 (n = 3) dications and halobismuthates of 1-{[4-(Hal-methyl)phenyl]methyl}-2-methylpyridin-1-ium) 3 (Hal = Br) and 4 (Hal = I) monocations have been synthesized and characterized. The [BiBr 5 ]2- anion with structure unusual for halobismuthates and two [BiBr 6 ]3- anions form a linear 0-D fragment in compound 2. The Bi-Br (ax) distance in [BiBr 5 ]2- anion (2.587 Å) is rather short for usual bromobismuthates. The formation of the linear fragment in compound 2 and the presence of short Bi-Br (ax) bonds in its structure do not affect a value of optical band gap. Image 1 • New hybrid halobismuthate complexes were synthesized and characterized. • The unusual anionic framework {[BiBr 6 ]...[BiBr 5 ]...[BiBr 6 ]}8- was observed. • The optical band gap value was found to be insensitive to the formation of this linear fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a formation of four mixed hybrid halobismuthates (two of them have new structures) from solutions containing both Br− and I− ions, solid products enriched with iodine were isolated. Either oxidation or drying of mother liquors resulted in products with even higher iodine contents, up to pure iodobismuthates. All the compounds were characterized by a set of comprehensive methods (NMR, X-ray, DRS, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-image formation under Gaussian illumination conditions is studied. • It is observed and explained additional measurements errors in Talbot wavefront sensor illuminated by Gaussian beam. • It is observed narrowing of spatial spectrum of grating self-image in case when Gaussian waist is less than two grating periods. Present paper deals with the measurement errors in Talbot wavefront sensor under Gaussian illumination conditions. The measurement possibilities of wavefront sensor based on the self-imaging phenomenon is investigated theoretically and based on the simulation results. A theoretical model based on Fresnel regime is used in order to determine the intensity distribution in the near field. The effect of Gaussian field is described in the terms of spatial spectrum of the grating image. On the basis of four different gratings was shown that Gaussian field affects on the spatial spectrum of the grating self-image if Gaussian waist is less than two grating periods and self-images of used gratings are almost the same. Four kinds of gratings are tested for their performance in the wavefront sensor. Simulation results show that binary gratings with square and circle unit cells show less value of measurement error in comparison with gratings that have cosine and Gaussian profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address several algebraic constructions in the context of groupoids, algebroids and Z -graded manifolds. We generalize the results of integration of N -graded Lie algebras to the honest Z -graded case and provide some examples of application of the technique based on Harish–Chandra pairs. We extend the construction to the action Lie algebroid setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following recent results of A.K. and V.S. on Z -graded manifolds, we give several local and global normal forms results for Q -structures on those, i.e. for differential graded manifolds. In particular, we explain in which sense their relevant structures are concentrated along the zero-locus of their curvatures, especially when the negative-part is of Koszul-Tate type. We also give a local splitting theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the η ′ in N f = 2 + 1 + 1 lattice QCD simulations at finite temperature. Results are obtained from the analysis of the gluonic defined topological charge density correlator after gradient flow. Our results indicate the growth of the η ′ mass above the pseudocritical temperature, associated with the chiral symmetry restoration. In the vicinity of the pseudocritical temperature the results are consistent with a small dip in the η ′ mass. The magnitude of the dip is compatible with the reduction of the η ′ mass obtained by experimental analysis and suggests that η ′ mass comes close to zero temperature non-anomalous contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (bmimCl) are efficient solvents for cellulose, but high viscosity of the resulting solutions hampers further cellulose shaping and derivatization. To solve this problem, mixtures of ILs with various organic co-solvents are often employed in place of neat ILs. So far, the intermolecular interactions in such mixtures are poorly understood, which hinders further development of this class of cellulose solvents. In this work, we utilized infrared spectroscopy (IR) and quantum chemical model calculations to study the intermolecular interactions in differently concentrated mixtures of bmimCl with two typical co-solvents, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N , N -dimethylacetamide (DMAc). First, we refined the assignment of the relevant characteristic bands in the IR spectra of the individual mixture components. This then helped us to reveal that bmim+-DMSO and bmim+-DMAc associates, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the imidazolium ring CH groups and oxygens of DMSO or DMAc, are formed in the studied mixtures. Importantly, only a relatively small fraction of co-solvent molecules (up to ca. 20 mol% for DMSO and ca. 45 mol% for DMAc) are involved in the associate formation, leaving a large proportion of bmimCl molecules non-solvated. While the maximum co-solvent concentration at which direct cellulose dissolution can be achieved is considerably different for DMSO and DMAc, the corresponding molar ratio of bmimCl to interacting co-solvent molecules was the same for both the studied systems (about 2.5:1). We propose that this ratio might be related to the critical size of bmimCl clusters necessary for achieving cellulose dissolution. Furthermore, increasing the temperature from 25 to 80 °C resulted in a significantly decreased fraction of interacting solvent molecules for bmimCl/DMSO but not for bmimCl/DMAc. This indicates that the comparatively lower tendency of DMSO to form associates with bmimCl is due to the lower strength of the underlying hydrogen bond. The results of this study illustrate how intermolecular interactions influence the macroscopic performance of different IL-based solvent systems. • Updated characteristic IR band assignments are proposed for DMSO, DMAc, and bmimCl. • FTIR spectra and DFT calculations indicate existence of hydrogen bond-stabilized associates between bmim+ and DMSO or DMAc. • BmimCl is more prone to form associates with DMAc than with DMSO, but most bmimCl molecules remain non-interacting. • The size of bmimCl clusters is correlated with the molar ratio of bmimCl to interacting co-solvent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Time variations of the magnetic field of the Sun, seen as a star (the data 1968–2018, with more than 27 thousand daily measurements of the solar mean magnetic field), allowed to specify the rotation period of the gravitating solar mass: 27.027(6) days, synodic. This indicates a presumably unknown physical connection between motions of the Sun and the Earth: in the course of a year our star accomplishes nearly 27 half-revolutions, while the planet itself performs an identical number of its spinnings during one complete axial revolution of the Sun. True origin of this strange Sun–Earth resonance is unknown, but it is supposed the phenomenon might be caused by slight coherent perturbations of gravity within the solar system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Principal tensor analysis (PTA) is considered as a potentially useful tool in geosciences, particularly for reconstructions of multi-way (time (depth), space, and proxies) datasets. We introduce an extension of PTA: PTA enhanced with Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). Using this enhancement, we were able to isolate clear patterns in noisy multi-way data. As an illustrative example, the method has been applied to 4-way data tensor (time, space, proxies, and delay-time) constructed from marine sediment proxies. Possible restrictions and main reasons for the method's limitations are discussed. The algorithm has been implemented as an R function which is provided in the supplementary data and appendix. Highlights • Multi-way geo-data and tensor decomposition • How can we enhance tensor analysis using singular spectrum analysis • De-noising, de-trending, and orthogonal decomposition in one computer run [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle is one of the most significant maladaptive mechanisms activated in response to increased workload. It is associated with histological and ultrastructural alterations, changes in the quantitative parameters and the expression of different enzymes. While the structural and functional consequences of systemic hypertension on the left ventricle have been well evaluated, the right ventricle has received less attention. The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the changes in the left and right ventricle during the development of cardiac hypertrophy initiated by systemic hypertension in different age groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Therefore, we studied the histology and ultrastructure of the cells of the myocardium, evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase and conducted a quantitative analysis of several morphometric parameters. We used three groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats. For the quantitative analysis we also used three age groups of age- and weight-matched control animals (normotensive Wistar rats). In both ventricles, we described cardiomyocytic hypertrophy, focal myocytolysis and increased collagen deposition in the interstitial space. Our observations on the ultrastructural level were associated with changes in the cardiomyocytic nuclei, the arrangement, maturity and organisation of the myofibrils, the localisation and ultrastructure of the mitochondria, the development and maturity of the intercalated discs, as well as changes in the components of the interstitium. The immunohistochemical expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the left ventricle was stronger than that in the right ventricle across all age groups. The comparative quantitative analysis revealed that changes in the studied morphometric parameters in the two ventricles occurred disproportionately. In conclusion, the present study characterised the development of cardiac hypertrophy in response to systemic hypertension in both ventricles and demonstrated the involvement of the right ventricle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Consider an anchored bundle (E , ρ) , i.e. a vector bundle E → M equipped with a bundle map ρ : E → T M covering the identity. M. Kapranov showed in the context of Lie–Rinehard algebras that there exists an extension of this anchored bundle to an infinite rank universal free Lie algebroid F R (E) ⊃ E. We adapt his construction to the case of an anchored bundle equipped with an arbitrary connection, (E , ∇) , and show that it gives rise to a unique connection ∇ ̃ on F R (E) which is compatible with its Lie algebroid structure, thus turning (F R (E) , ∇ ̃) into a Cartan–Lie algebroid. Moreover, this construction is universal: any connection-preserving vector bundle morphism from (E , ∇) to a Cartan–Lie Algebroid (A , ∇ ̄) factors through a unique Cartan–Lie algebroid morphism from (F R (E) , ∇ ̃) to (A , ∇ ̄). Suppose that, in addition, M is equipped with a geometrical structure defined by some tensor field t which is compatible with (E , ρ , ∇) in the sense of being annihilated by a natural E -connection that one can associate to these data. For example, for a Riemannian base (M , g) of an involutive anchored bundle (E , ρ) , this condition implies that M carries a Riemannian foliation. It is shown that every E -compatible tensor field t becomes invariant with respect to the Lie algebroid representation associated canonically to the Cartan–Lie algebroid (F R (E) , ∇ ̃). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pair creation energy, ω and the Fano factor of silicon were measured using a CCD sensor and X-rays from an 55 F e source. The measurements were performed at a sensor temperature of 185K. The pair creation energy was measured for X-rays in the 1.7–6.5 keV range. The measured pair creation energy is ω = ( 3 . 650 ± 0 . 009 ) eV at the M n K α line energy. The Fano factor at this energy is F = 0 . 128 ± 0 . 001 . The agreement with theory and previous measurements is satisfactory. The system gain was obtained from flat field exposures using the Poisson distribution properties. These results and the details of our measurement procedure are presented below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxious youth are at increased risk for later depressive disorders, but not all anxious youth develop depression. Sequential comorbidity models emphasize shared risk factors and anxiety sequelae, but some anxious youth who later develop depression may have risk factors that are relatively specific to depression, in addition to a liability to anxiety. We examined several variables that appear relatively specific to risk for depression-the personality traits of low positive affectivity and high sadness, and an electrophysiological measure of blunted response to reward - in predicting first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms in clinically anxious adolescent girls.Methods: A sample of 114 adolescents with baseline anxiety disorders completed personality and psychopathology measures, psychophysiology tasks, and diagnostic interviews. Interviews and a measure of depressive symptoms were re-administered over 27 months.Results: After controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, blunted reward sensitivity uniquely predicted first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms 27 months later. Post-hoc analyses indicated that blunted reward sensitivity only predicted first-onset depressive disorders and depressive symptoms in girls with high social anxiety symptoms.Limitations: Analyses were unable to account for concurrent anxiety symptoms and disorders.Conclusions: The depression-specific risk factor, blunted reward sensitivity, may comprise one pathway to subsequent depressive disorders and symptoms in anxious youth and indicate which anxious youth need intervention to prevent later depression, particularly in socially anxious girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel titanium-based alloys are required to increase the efficiency of superplastic forming technology and decrease energy consumption. For this purpose, the superplastic deformation behavior, strain-induced microstructure evolution in a temperature range of 625–775 °C, and post-deformation mechanical properties of Ti–4Al–1V–1Fe–1Ni-0.1B- x Mo alloys (x = 1, 2.5, or 5 wt%) were investigated. The studied alloys demonstrated a stable flow with a high strain rate sensitivity coefficient m of 0.50–0.65 and an elongation-to-failure δ of 700–1000% at temperatures of 700–775 °C. Molybdenum insignificantly influenced superplastic deformation behavior at high temperatures due to a high fraction of the β phase of 22–62%. The Mo effect was significant at a low deformation temperature of 625 °C. At this temperature, an increase in Mo content from 1 to 5% provided the β -phase fraction above the critical value of ∼20% and increased the m- value from 0.4 to 0.5 and δ from ∼200 to ∼700%. Increasing Mo from 1 to 5% enhanced the post-deformation yield strength at room temperature by 180 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength by 170 MPa, and the ductility by 2.5%. Consequently, alloying Ti–4Al–1V–1Fe–1Ni-0.1B with 5% Mo provided an excellent combination of superplasticity at a low temperature of 625 °C and post-forming tensile mechanical properties. • Increase in Mo content from 1 to 5 wt% improved low temperature superplasticity. • 5Mo and 20% of the β phase are required for low-temperature superplasticity at 625 °C. • Alloys exhibit a stable fine-grained structure during deformation at 625–700 °C. • Increase in Mo content improved the post-forming mechanical properties. • 5 wt%Mo provided a good combination of the superplastic and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the Iowa 500 study, residential and occupational status have been frequently used as indicators of everyday achievements in research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The relationships of residential and occupational status with impairment in multiple domains including physical health indicators across these two diagnoses, however, have rarely been studied. We examined these relationships at the 20-year follow-up assessment of a first-admission sample.Methods: We included 146 participants with schizophrenia and 87 with bipolar disorder with psychosis who participated in the 20-year follow-up of the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. In addition to interviewer-based ratings of employment and residential independence, we examined self-reported impairment derived from the WHODAS, standard measures of current psychopathology, indicators of obesity, as well as performance-based measures of physical and cognitive functioning.Results: Participants with bipolar disorder were more likely to live independently and be gainfully employed; they also performed significantly better on each indicator of impairment apart from balance ability. In both groups, unemployment, but not residential independence, was associated with greater self-reported disability on the WHODAS. Residential independence, gainful employment, and subjective disability were also associated with better physical functioning. Across the two groups, psychiatric symptoms and physical functioning were the major determinants of subjective disability.Discussion: People with psychotic bipolar disorder were more likely to be gainfully employed and living independently than participants with schizophrenia but as a group, much less frequently than population standards. Interventions aimed at physical fitness may have the potential to improve both objective functioning and perceived disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four hybrid 3,3'-(alkane-1,n-di-yl)-bis(1-methyl- 1H- imidazole-3-ium) halobismuthates were prepared by a facile solution route and characterized by diffuse reflectance spectra and photoluminescence measurements. Crystal structure of 3,3'-(buthane-1,4-di-yl)-bis(1-methyl- 1H- imidazole-3-ium) bromobismuthate (1) contains zero-dimensional Bi 2 Br 10 anions. Crystal structure of 3,3'-(pentane-1,5-di-yl)-bis(1-methyl- 1H- imidazole-3-ium) iodobismuthate (4) contains zero-dimensional Bi 2 I 9 anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four hybrid 1,1′-(1, n -alkanediyl)bis(4-methylpyridinium) bromobismuthates, namely (PiC 2 ) 2 Bi 2 Br 10 ( 1 ), PiC 4 (H 5 O 2 )BiBr 6 ·2H 2 O ( 2 ), (PiC 5 ) 2 Bi 2 Br 10 ( 3 ) and (PiC 6 ) 2 (H 5 O 2 )Bi 2 Br 11 ( 4 ), were prepared by a facile solution method. The crystal structures of 1 and 3 contain zero-dimensional Bi 2 Br 10 anion units. A 2-D network structure consisting of {H 5 O 2 }[BiBr 6 ]·2H 2 O interconnected by hydrogen bonds was found in 2 and a 1-D network structure consisting of {H 5 O 2 }[Bi 2 Br 11 ] was observed in 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erosion from the first mirrors of optical diagnostics can be enhanced by injecting neutral particles into plasma in the vicinity of the diagnostic entrance aperture. In the present paper feasibility of this method for cleaning from deposits is investigated numerically for conditions of the ITER main chamber diagnostics. Besides erosion on the mirror the local gas puff also increases fluxes of impurities due to sputtering from the neighboring surfaces. Calculations have shown that for external impurities coming from the main chamber (Be) the enhancement of erosion – cleaning effect – by far exceeds the extra deposition. However, two further problems have been revealed which may prevent practical use of the proposed technique. First, the gas puffing rate required for effective cleaning may be too large. Second is the contamination by “internal impurities” – sputtered material of the channels where the mirrors are installed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale infrared (IR) spectroscopy and microscopy, enabling the acquisition of IR spectra and images with a lateral resolution of 20 nm, is employed to chemically characterize individual cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to elucidate if the CNCs and CNFs consist of alternating crystalline and amorphous domains along the CNF/CNC. The high lateral resolution enables studies of the nanoscale morphology at different domains of the CNFs/CNCs: flat segments, kinks, twisted areas, and end points. The types of nanocellulose investigated are CNFs from tunicate, CNCs from cotton, and anionic and cationic wood-derived CNFs. All nano-FTIR spectra acquired from the different samples and different domains of the individual nanocellulose particles resemble a spectrum of crystalline cellulose, suggesting that the non-crystalline cellulose signal observed in macroscopic measurements of nanocellulose most likely originate from cellulose chains present at the surface of the nanocellulose particles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a test structure containing two memory cells with a shared floating gate (FG), we analyzed the processes of hot-electron-induced charge trapping in the FG oxide with a single-trap resolution. Unlike the traditional RTN-based method for single-trap study, the proposed approach allows one to detect not only the interface traps showing capture-emission events in the time domain, but also to resolve virtually all individual trapping-detrapping events in the floating gate oxide during the program-erase cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The charge sharing between neighboring pixels in pixelated sensors can be used to measure particle or x-ray coordinates with accuracy better than the pixel pitch. The accurate model of the charge distribution shape is essential to achieve ultimate coordinate accuracy. The charge sharing is caused by charge carriers diffusion on the path from the generation point to pixels. This paper is focused on the diffusion of the initially compact charge cloud in the field free region. The diffusion equation solutions are obtained using separation of variable and Fourier synthesis method for different initial conditions and resulting charge distributions are integrated over pixel areas. The look up table containing pre-calculated values for pixel charge fractions is proposed to speed up numerical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superplastic properties of two high strength aluminium alloys are investigated. The first alloy contains fine, coherent Al 3 (Zr,Sc) particles, and the second alloy contains both fine, coherent Al 3 Zr particles and coarse, eutectic Al 3 Ni particles. Due to its fine, stable grain structure, the alloy containing both Al 3 Zr and Al 3 Ni particles exhibits significantly better superplastic properties. The superplastic behaviour in tension under both constant and initial strain rates was compared, and the effective activation energy of superplastic deformation was calculated. The alloy containing both fine and coarse particles exhibit 1100%–1200% elongation at strain rates of 1 × 10 −2 s −1 –1 × 10 −1 s −1 and temperature of 440 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterfleas (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) are among the most successful invertebrates in current freshwater ecosystems, occupying a wide range of niches worldwide. Cladocerans are an important component of the zooplankton, occur in high abundance, and show a marked degree of morphological diversification and species richness with over 700 extant species, in > 100 genera. Though this group is of prime importance in the global aquatic food chain, comparably little is known of its early evolution. Until recently cladoceran evolutionary history has been clouded by a mixture of assumptions, erroneous fossil identifications and circular reasoning without context. Our knowledge of the cladoceran fossil record and our understanding of freshwater palaeo-ecosystems and their communities have made important progress over the last decades but still need further analysis of cladoceran palaeontological data and a discussion of molecular clock estimates. Here we present a critical review of the complete fossil record of the Cladocera including the first ever deep-time palaeolimnological framework for the group. Cladocera are key primary consumers whose evolution is crucial to the understanding of the Mesozoic Lacustrine Revolution that helped to shape aquatic ecosystems. The fossil record is placed in the context of major historical changes in the freshwater environment including the appearance of predator-prey relationships and niche availability that have impacted Cladocera evolution. The Cladocera exhibit a striking morphological stasis over millions of years yet they have overcome significant ecological shifts and they continue to show remarkable plasticity which have been the key to their survival and success in the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks are widespread throughout the structures of all of the continental massifs in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, although its tectonic setting is not yet clear. Generally, they are associated with subduction and plume processes or rifting. Such uncertainty is mostly explained by the unequal investigation of Early Mesozoic magmatism. This paper presents the results of geochemical, Sm-Nd isotope, and U–Pb geochronologic (ID-TIMS) studies of “key-type” Early Mesozoic magmatic rock complexes of the Bureya Terrane. This is one of the largest continental massifs in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt and knowledge of its geological structure is of fundamental importance in understanding the history of its formation. It has been established that the leucogranites of the Altakhtinsky Complex and the trachyrhyolites of the Talovsky Complex are practically coeval ( ~ 209–208 Ma). The subalkaline leucogranites of the Kharinsky Complex have a slightly younger age of ~ 199 Ma. These data correspond to the general stage of Early Mesozoic magmatic and metamorphic events (236–180 Ma) in most continental massifs in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. We believe that large-scale Early Mesozoic events were related to the amalgamation of the continental massifs of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt into a single continental structure (the Amur superterrane or microcontinent Amuria) and collision with the North Asian Craton. It should be noted that the collision processes were followed by crustal thickening, thus creating the conditions for metamorphism and formation of magmatic rock complexes of various geochemical types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germline-specific RNA helicase Spindle-E (Spn-E) is known to be essential for piRNA silencing in Drosophila that takes place mainly in the perinuclear nuage granules. Loss-of-function spn-E mutations lead to tandem Stellate genes derepression in the testes and retrotransposon mobilization in the ovaries. However, Spn-E functions in the piRNA pathway are still obscure. Analysis of total library of short RNAs from the testes of spn-E heterozygous flies revealed the presence of abundant piRNA ping-pong pairs originating from Su(Ste) transcripts. The abundance of these ping-pong pairs were sharply reduced in the library from the testes of spn-E mutants. Thus we found that ping-pong mechanism contributed to Su(Ste) piRNA generation in the testes. The lack of Spn-E caused a significant drop of protein levels of key ping-pong participants, Aubergine (Aub) and AGO3 proteins of PIWI subfamily, in the germline of both males and females, but did not disrupt of their assembly in nuage granules. We found that observed decline of the protein expression was not caused by suppression of aub and ago3 transcription as well as total transcription, indicating possible contribution of Spn-E to post-transcriptional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PING-M experiment is designed to investigate solar X-ray activity. The instrument includes a hard X-ray polarimeter (PING-P), a hard X-ray spectrometer (HXRS) and a soft X-ray spectrometer (SXRS). PING-P has the energy range of 20–150 keV and an effective area of about 2.5 cm 2 . It uses three organic scintillation detectors as active scatterers, which work in coincidence with six absorber detectors, based on CsI(Tl) scintillator. This technique allows us to considerably improve the polarimeter sensitivity. HXRS has the energy range of 20–600 keV and an effective area of about 15 cm 2 . It is based on a fast inorganic scintillator (LaBr 3 (Ce) or CeBr 3 ) with a relatively high energy resolution of 3.5–4.5% at 662 keV. The SXRS energy range is 1.5–25 keV, and its aperture is ø0.1 mm, which provides the registration of solar flares in the range from C1 to X20 class of GOES scale. It is based on a SDD semiconductor detector with an energy resolution better than 200 eV at 5.9 keV line. The experiment will be performed onboard the Russian interplanetary mission Interhelioprobe which is planned for launch after 2025. The instrument will allow us to investigate angular and energy distributions of accelerated electrons, plasma heating processes, etc. Stereoscopic polarimetry and spectrometric observations will be possible if a similar instrument is installed onboard a near Earth satellite, or the second probe of the Interhelioprobe mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Modern mosaic cameras have grown both in size and in number of sensors. The required volume of sensor testing and characterization has grown accordingly. For camera projects as large as the LSST, test automation becomes a necessity. A CCD testing and characterization laboratory was built and is in operation for the LSST project. Characterization of LSST study contract sensors has been performed. The characterization process and its automation are discussed, and results are presented. Our system automatically acquires images, populates a database with metadata information, and runs express analysis. This approach is illustrated on 55Fe data analysis. 55Fe data are used to measure gain, charge transfer efficiency and charge diffusion. Examples of express analysis results are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In thick fully depleted CCDs charge carrier transport from the back window to the gates is accompanied by charge diffusion. Lateral diffusion smooths out density variations of the incoming photon flux by redistributing charges spatially. This creates short range positive correlations in recorded amplitudes. Pixel-to-pixel amplitude variations can also be caused by pixel size and quantum efficiency variations. Pixel size variations result in short range negative correlations. Our study shows that the characteristic diffusion width can be extracted from flat field data. The study was performed on fully depleted, thick CCDs produced in a technology study for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Data were taken in the laboratory at bias voltages between −5 and −40V. To increase statistical accuracy, images taken in identical conditions were co-added after base line subtraction and master files were produced. A flat field image simulator was developed for statistical comparison of simulated and measured images. Results on diffusion, pixel response variations, data features, analysis and modeling techniques are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study showed that RNA helicase Belle (DDX3) was required intrinsically for mitotic progression and survival of germline stem cells (GSCs) and spermatogonial cells in the Drosophila melanogaster testes. We found that deficiency of Belle in the male germline resulted in a strong germ cell loss phenotype. Early germ cells are lost through cell death, whereas somatic hub and cyst cell populations are maintained. The observed phenotype is related to that of the human Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome caused by the loss of DBY (DDX3) expression in the human testes and results in a complete lack of germ cells with preservation of somatic Sertoli cells. We found the hallmarks of mitotic G2 delay in early germ cells of the larval testes of bel mutants. Both mitotic cyclins, A and B, are markedly reduced in the gonads of bel mutants. Transcription levels of cycB and cycA decrease significantly in the testes of hypomorph bel mutants. Overexpression of Cyclin B in the germline partially rescues germ cell survival, mitotic progression and fertility in the bel-RNAi knockdown testes. Taken together, these results suggest that a role of Belle in GSC maintenance and regulation of early germ cell divisions is associated with the expression control of mitotic cyclins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gauge principle is at the heart of a good part of fundamental physics: Starting with a group G of so-called rigid symmetries of a functional defined over space–time Σ , the original functional is extended appropriately by additional Lie ( G ) -valued 1-form gauge fields so as to lift the symmetry to Maps ( Σ , G ) . Physically relevant quantities are then to be obtained as the quotient of the solutions to the Euler–Lagrange equations by these gauge symmetries. In this article we show that one can construct a gauge theory for a standard sigma model in arbitrary space–time dimensions where the target metric is not invariant with respect to any rigid symmetry group, but satisfies a much weaker condition: It is sufficient to find a collection of vector fields v a on the target M satisfying the extended Killing equation v a ( i ; j ) = 0 for some connection acting on the index a . For regular foliations this is equivalent to requiring the conormal bundle to the leaves with its induced metric to be invariant under leaf-preserving diffeomorphisms of M , which in turn generalizes Riemannian submersions to which the notion reduces for smooth leaf spaces M / ∼ . The resulting gauge theory has the usual quotient effect with respect to the original ungauged theory: in this way, much more general orbits can be factored out than usually considered. In some cases these are orbits that do not correspond to an initial symmetry, but still can be generated by a finite-dimensional Lie group G . Then the presented gauging procedure leads to an ordinary gauge theory with Lie algebra valued 1-form gauge fields, but showing an unconventional transformation law. In general, however, one finds that the notion of an ordinary structural Lie group is too restrictive and should be replaced by the much more general notion of a structural Lie groupoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are given a sequence of items that can be packed into m unit size bins and the goal is to assign these items online to m bins while minimizing the stretching factor. Bins have infinite capacities and the stretching factor is the size of the largest bin. We present an algorithm with stretching factor 26 / 17 ≈ 1.5294 improving the best known algorithm by Kellerer and Kotov (2013) [1] with a stretching factor 11 / 7 ≈ 1.5714 . Our algorithm has 2 stages and uses bunch techniques: we aggregate bins into batches sharing a common purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRIS (Gamma and Roentgen Irradiation of the Sun) is a scientific instrument for detection of hard X-rays and gamma-rays of solar flares with the energies from 50 keV to 200 MeV and for registration of solar neutrons with energies above 30 MeV. The experiment will be performed since 2019 onboard the International Space Station. The instrument includes two spectrometers: the low energy spectrometer based on a fast scintillator with high energy resolution 3.5–4.5% at 662 keV (LaBr 3 (Ce) or CeBr 3 ) and dimensions ø7.62 × 7.62 cm, and the high energy spectrometer based on CsI(Tl) scintillator ø12 × 15 cm (which is also intended for neutron registration). The apparatus will be mounted on the oriented platform outside the Zvezda service module in 2019. Simulated response of the detectors to background radiation and to solar flares of different magnitudes and compositions obtained with GEANT4 toolkit confirms the instrument’s possibility to measure different components of the solar flares spectra: narrow gamma lines, pion decay component, etc. with a sufficient confidence due to the usage of two types of detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]