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Muscle atrophy is one of the complications of people with diabetes. Exercise have reversing effect of muscle atrophy in various conditions, hence the aim of the study was to evaluate The effect of five weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of Atrogin-1, miR-23a, miR-206 and myostatin in gastrocnemius muscles of diabetic rats. For this purpose, diabetes was induced in 14 Wistar male rats with an average weight of 260 ± 10 g by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). They were randomly divided into two groups, controls (n = 7) and HIIT (n = 7). HIIT protocol included implementing four sets (3-minutes) at intensity of 85–90% VO2max and one minute recovery between each set with intensity of 30 to 35% VO2max. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, animals were anesthetized, gastrocnemius muscles were removed and Atrogin-1, miR-23a, miR-206 and myostatin genes expression was evaluated by quantitative REAL time PCR. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and t -test (P < 0.05). Independent t -test showed that in the HIIT group the expression of miR-206 and miR-23a genes was significantly increased compared to the control group (P = 0.021), (P = 0.031). In addition, the expression of myostatin and Atrogin-1 genes in the HIIT group was significantly lower than the control group (P ≤ 0.05). It indicates that HIIT due to hyperglycemic healing can alter the expression of atrogin-1 , miR-23a , miR-206 and myostatin genes, as an effective factors in reducing the complications of diabetes, including muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Understanding and predicting physical and chemical trapping mechanisms are important for designing successful CO2 storage projects. The processes have been investigated extensively by numerical modeling and, to a lesser degree, by laboratory experiments. The results of modeling and laboratory studies need to be verified at field conditions and scales. A variety of field data sets have been collected at the Cranfield CO2 injection and monitoring site of the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) where 3.54 million tons of CO2 had been injected by February 2012. Field characterization and extensive monitoring provide unique insights into the trapping processes that help in immobilizing injected CO2. The four-way closure of the injection zone ensures effective structural trapping of buoyant CO2 and maximum opportunity for chemical trapping. The fluvial reservoir shows a high degree of lithologic and petrophysical heterogeneity associated with multiple episodes of fluvial-channel incision and deposition. Variable diagenetic chlorite further exerts a complex overprint on rock properties because chlorite grain coatings prevent quartz cementation and preserve porosity. CO2 solubility in the brine under the field condition is approximately 36g/L (9kg/m3 rock volume). The CO2–brine contact area is maximized within the sinuous and focused flow pathways that could increase dissolution. Yet geochemical reactions are found to be very slow in the reservoir. Mineral trapping capacity is limited because the reservoir rocks contain only trace amount of reactive minerals that supply cations to convert CO2 into carbonate minerals. Two parallel multiphase flow experiments show that CO2 residual saturation varies significantly between conglomerate and sandstone (31% and 3.5%) facies in the reservoir, which complicates estimates of residual trapping capacity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]