Search

• Human-machine interface features from AR-HUD studies were systematically reviewed. • A set of guidelines for AR-HUD design was derived. • Traditional AR-HUD and windshield AR-HUD were compared and defined to not cause terminology confusion in future AR-HUD studies. • AR-HUD human–machine interface studies were few. The augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) recently emerged as a state-of-the-art in-vehicle display. However, no comprehensive guidelines apply to the human–machine interface for AR-HUD. We formulated guidelines for the human-vehicle interface to develop an AR-HUD. A review of existing literature on AR-HUD and applicable human factors and human–computer interaction guidelines was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. In total, 121 articles were selected, and an initial set of guidelines for developing an AR-HUD was drawn up. We analyzed AR-HUD development and categorized the articles based on HMI features relevant to in-vehicle AR-HUD: virtual image distance, field of view, and brightness. Furthermore, research findings on projected information and legibility were investigated. Nine guidelines were devised for developing the AR-HUD human–machine interface. This study also compared the traditional AR-HUD and windshield AR-HUD, defining the requirements for future studies using the term AR-HUD and providing a framework for AR-HUD design. Existing research on AR-HUD is limited. Future research is needed on virtual image distance, field of view, brightness, and legibility. The findings of this study could be used to guide the design of a full-windshield AR-HUD interface and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The VR market is in an early stage of market formation and technological development, and thus, research on the side effects of VR devices such as simulator motion sickness is lacking. In this study, we used the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ), which has been traditionally used for simulator motion sickness measurement. To measure the motion sickness in a VR environment, 24 users performed target selection tasks using a VR device. The SSQ was administered immediately after each task, and the order of work was determined using the Latin square design. The existing SSQ was revised to develop a VR sickness questionnaire, which is used as the measurement index in a VR environment. In addition, the target selection method and button size were found to be significant factors that affect motion sickness in a VR environment. The results of this study are expected to be used for measuring and designing simulator sickness using VR devices in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that radiative transfer equation (RTE) provides more accurate tomographic results than its diffusion approximation (DA). However, RTE-based tomographic reconstruction codes have limited applicability in practice due to their high computational cost. In this article, we propose a new efficient method for solving the RTE forward problem with multiple light sources in an all-at-once manner instead of solving it for each source separately. To this end, we introduce here a novel linear solver called block biconjugate gradient stabilized method (block BiCGStab) that makes full use of the shared information between different right hand sides to accelerate solution convergence. Two parallelized block BiCGStab methods are proposed for additional acceleration under limited threads situation. We evaluate the performance of this algorithm with numerical simulation studies involving the Delta–Eddington approximation to the scattering phase function. The results show that the single threading block RTE solver proposed here reduces computation time by a factor of 1.5–3 as compared to the traditional sequential solution method and the parallel block solver by a factor of 1.5 as compared to the traditional parallel sequential method. This block linear solver is, moreover, independent of discretization schemes and preconditioners used; thus further acceleration and higher accuracy can be expected when combined with other existing discretization schemes or preconditioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Optical tomography belongs to the promising set of non-invasive methods for probing applications of semi-transparent media. This covers a wide range of fields. Nowadays, it is mainly driven by medical imaging in search of new less aggressive and affordable diagnostic means. This paper aims at presenting the most recent research accomplished in the authors’ laboratories as well as that of collaborative institutions concerning the development of imaging algorithms. The light transport modelling is not a difficult question as it used to be. Research is now focused on data treatment and reconstruction. Since the turn of the century, the rapid expansion of low cost computing has permitted the development of enhanced imaging algorithms with great potential. Some of these developments are already on the verge of clinical applications. This paper presents these developments and also provides some insights on still unresolved challenges. Intrinsic difficulties are identified and promising directions for solutions are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The removal efficiency of endocrine disrupting compounds from effluents using pilot scale sewage treatment processes, including various treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for the purpose of water reuse, were estimated and compared. The calculated estrogenic activity, expressed in ng-EEQ/l, based on the concentration detected by GC/MS, and relative potencies for each target compound were compared to those measured using the E-screen assay. The removal efficiencies for nonylphenol, was within the range of 55–83% in effluents. High removal efficiencies of approximately >70% based on the detection limits were obtained for bisphenol A, E1, EE2 and genistein with each treatment processes, with the exception of E1 (∼64%) using the MBR process. The measured EEQ values for the effluents from the MBR, NF and RO processes also indicated low estrogenic activities of 0.65, 0.23 and 0.05ng-EEQ/l, respectively. These were markedly reduced values compared with the value of 1.2ng-EEQ/l in influent. Consequently, the removals of EDCs in terms of the EEQ value from the biological and chemical determinations were sufficiently achieved by the treatment process applied in this study, especially in the cases of the NF and RO treatments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]